UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

Commission File Number: 1-10883

	WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)   1000 Sagamore Parkway South Lafayette, Indiana (Address of Principal Executive Offices)			52-1375208 (IRS Employer Identification Number)   47905 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (765) 771-5300

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes   x    No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2017 was $1,267,688,443 based upon the closing price of the Company's common stock as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape on such date.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of February 16, 2018 was 57,650,183.

Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2017.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

FORM 10-K FOR THE FISCAL

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report of Wabash National Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Wabash,” “Company,” “us,” “we,” or “our”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements may include the words “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan” or “anticipate” and other similar words. Our “forward-looking statements” include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:

Although we believe that the expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in our forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, such as those disclosed in this Annual Report. Each forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report reflects our management’s view only as of the date on which that forward-looking statement was made. We are not obligated to update forward-looking statements or publicly release the result of any revisions to them to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

Currently known risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations are described throughout this Annual Report, including in “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” We urge you to carefully review that section for a more complete discussion of the risks of an investment in our securities.

PART I

ITEM 1—BUSINESS

Overview

Wabash National Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Wabash,” “Wabash National,” “the Company,” “us,” “we,” or “our”) was founded in 1985 as a start-up company in Lafayette, Indiana. We are now a diversified industrial manufacturer and a leading producer of semi-trailers, truck bodies, specialized commercial vehicles, and liquid transportation systems. We design, manufacture and market a diverse range of products, including dry freight and refrigerated trailers, platform trailers, bulk tank trailers, dry and refrigerated truck bodies, truck-mounted tanks, intermodal equipment, aircraft refueling equipment, structural composite panels and products, trailer aerodynamic solutions, and specialty food grade and pharmaceutical equipment. We have achieved this diversification through acquisitions and product innovation. We continue to search for acquisitions that will increase margins, enhance business stability, create new products, reduce cyclicality, and provide operational synergies.

We believe our position as a leader in our key industries is the result of longstanding relationships with our core customers, our demonstrated ability to attract new customers, our broad and innovative product lines, our technological leadership, and our extensive distribution and service network. Our management team is focused on growing the company in a profitable and sustainable manner, while continuing to optimize operations to match the current demand environment, implementing cost savings initiatives and lean manufacturing techniques, strengthening our capital structure, developing innovative products that enable our customers to succeed, improving earnings and continuing diversification of the business into higher margin opportunities that leverage our intellectual and process capabilities.

Wabash was incorporated in Delaware in 1991 and is the successor by merger to a Maryland corporation organized in 1985. Our internet website is www.wabashnational.com. We make our electronic filings with the Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports available on our website free of charge as soon as practicable after we file them with or furnish them to the SEC. Information on the website is not part of this Annual Report. We are listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “WNC”.

Operating Segments

Previously, we managed our business in two segments: Commercial Trailer Products and Diversified Products. In the third quarter of 2017, we completed the acquisition of Supreme Industries, Inc. (“Supreme”). As a result, we created a new reporting segment in the fourth quarter referred to as the Final Mile Products segment, which includes the Supreme operations and certain other truck body operations which were previously included in our Commercial Trailer Products segment. Certain corporate-related administrative costs, interest and income taxes are not allocated to these segments, but are reported in our Corporate and Eliminations segment. Financial results by operating segment, including information about revenue, measures of profit and loss, and financial information regarding geographic areas and export sales are discussed in Note 13, Segments, of the accompanying consolidated financial statements. By operating segment, net sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales as a percentage of our consolidated net sales and gross margin measured prior to intersegment eliminations were:

The Commercial Trailer Products segment manufactures standard and customized dry van, refrigerated van, and platform trailers and other transportation related equipment to customers who purchase directly from us or through independent dealers. We have been one of largest producers of van trailers in North America since 1994, with one of the most widely recognized brands in the industry. We seek to identify and produce proprietary custom products that offer exceptional value to customers with the potential to generate higher profit margin than standardized products. We believe that we have the engineering and manufacturing capability to produce these products efficiently. We introduced our proprietary composite product, DuraPlate^â, in 1996 and have experienced widespread truck trailer industry acceptance. Since 2002, sales of our DuraPlate^â trailers have represented approximately 95% of our total new dry van trailer sales. We are a significant producer of refrigerated trailer products as well as other specialty products, including converter dollies. Through our Transcraft subsidiary we are of the one the leading producers of steel and aluminum flatbed and dropdeck trailers. Our Commercial Trailer Products segment also operates a wood flooring production facility that manufactures laminated hard wood oak products for our van trailer products.

Commercial Trailer Products’ transportation equipment is marketed under the Wabash^â, DuraPlate^â, DuraPlateHD^â, DuraPlate^â XD-35^®, ArcticLite^®, RoadRailer^®, Transcraft^® and Benson^® trademarks directly to customers and through independent dealers. Historically, we have focused on our longstanding core customers representing many of the largest companies in the trucking industry, but have expanded this focus over the past several years to include numerous additional key accounts. Our relationships with our core customers have been central to our growth since inception. We have also actively pursued the diversification of our customer base through our network of independent dealers. For our van business we utilize a total of 27 independent dealers with approximately 73 locations throughout North America to market and distribute our trailers. We distribute our flatbed and dropdeck trailers through a network of 75 independent dealers with approximately 124 locations throughout North America. In addition, we maintain a used fleet sales center to focus on selling both large and small fleet trade packages to the wholesale market.

Diversified Products

Diversified Products segment sales as a percentage of our consolidated net sales and gross margin measured prior to intersegment eliminations were:

The Diversified Products segment is comprised of four strategic business units: Tank Trailer, Process Systems, Composites, and Aviation & Truck Equipment, The Tank Trailer business sells products through several brands including Walker Transport, Brenner^® Tank, Bulk International and Beall^® Trailers. These brands represent leading positions in liquid transportation systems and include a full line of stainless steel and aluminum tank trailers for the North American chemical, dairy, food and beverage, and petroleum and energy services markets. Our Process Systems business includes brands such as Walker^® Engineered Products and Extract Technology^® and represent what we estimate to be leading positions in isolators, stationary silos and downflow booths around the world for the chemical, dairy, food and beverage, pharmaceutical and nuclear markets. The Aviation & Truck Equipment business is a leading manufacturer of truck-mounted tanks used in the aviation, refined fuel, heating oil, propane and liquid waste industries with products offered under the Garsite and Progress Tank brands. Our Composites business includes offerings under our DuraPlate^® composite panel technology, which contains unique properties of strength and durability that can be utilized in numerous applications in addition to truck trailers and truck bodies. The Diversified Products segment has leveraged our DuraPlate^® panel technology to develop numerous proprietary products, including a full line of aerodynamic solutions designed to improve overall trailer aerodynamics and fuel economy, most notably the DuraPlate^® AeroSkirt^®, AeroSkirt CX™, Ventix DRS^TM and AeroFin^TM. In addition, we utilize our DuraPlate^® technology in the production of truck bodies, overhead doors, foldable portable storage containers, truck boxes, decking systems, and other industrial applications. These DuraPlate^® composite products are sold to original equipment manufacturers and aftermarket customers.

The Diversified Products segment focuses on our commitment to expand our customer base, diversify our product offerings, end markets and revenues, and extend our market leadership by leveraging our intellectual property and technology, including our proprietary DuraPlate^® panel technology, drawing on our core manufacturing expertise and making available products that are complementary to the truck and tank trailers and transportation equipment we offer. This segment includes a wide array of products and customer-specific solutions. Leveraging our intellectual property and technology and core manufacturing expertise into new applications and market sectors enables us to deliver greater value to our customers and shareholders.

Through these brands and product offerings, our Diversified Products segment now serves a variety of end markets. We expect to continue to focus on diversifying our Diversified Products segment to enhance our business model, strengthen our revenues and become a more diverse company that can deliver greater value to our shareholders.

Final Mile Products

Final Mile Products segment was established after completing the Supreme acquisition on September 27, 2017. Since this date, Final Mile Products segment sales as a percentage of our consolidated net sales and gross margin measured prior to intersegment eliminations were:

Supreme is one of the nation’s leading manufacturers of specialized commercial vehicles, including cutaway and dry-freight van bodies, refrigerated units, and stake bodies. This acquisition allows us to accelerate our growth and expand our presence in the final mile space, with increased distribution paths and greater customer reach, and supports our objective to transform our business into a more diversified industrial manufacturer. Final Mile Product truck bodies are offered in aluminum, FiberPanel PW, FiberPanel HC, or DuraPlate^®, and are marketed under Kold King®, Iner-City®, Spartan, as well as other Wabash brands that leverage our fleet-proven DuraPlate^® technology utilized in dry van trailers. Our Final Mile Products also include our molded structural composite panels. With the acquisition of Supreme, our truck body line was expanded to include Classes 2 through 5, allowing us to serve a large variety of end customers in the final mile space. The dealer and distributor network for truck bodies consists of more than 1,000 commercial dealers and a limited number of truck equipment distributors.

Strategy

In addition to our commitment to long-term profitable growth within each of our reporting segments, our strategic initiatives include a focus on diversification efforts, both organic and strategic, to further transform Wabash into a diversified industrial manufacturer with a higher growth and margin profile and successfully deliver greater value to our shareholders. Organically, our focus is on profitably growing and diversifying our operations by leveraging our existing assets, capabilities, and technology into higher margin products and markets and thereby providing value-added customer solutions. Strategically, we continue to focus on our transition into a more diversified industrial manufacturer, profitably growing and further broadening the product portfolio we offer, the customers and end markets we serve and strengthening our geographic presence. In addition to our acquisition of Supreme, future acquisitions may further provide us the opportunity to move forward on this strategic initiative and our long-term plan to become a more diversified industrial manufacturer. Our most recent acquisitions have enabled us to recognize top-line growth, improved profitability, and margin expansion; provided us access to additional markets while expanding our manufacturing footprint; and allowed us to offer one of the broadest product portfolios in the transportation equipment industry.

Industry and Competition

Trucking in the U.S., according to the American Trucking Association (ATA), was estimated to be a $676 billion industry in 2016, representing approximately 80% of the total U.S. transportation industry revenue. Furthermore, ATA estimates that approximately 71% of all freight tonnage in 2016 was carried by trucks. Trailer demand is directly impacted by the amount of freight to be transported. ATA estimates that total freight tonnage carried by trucks will grow 34% by 2028. To meet this continued high demand for freight, truck carriers will need to replace and expand their fleets, which typically results in increased trailer orders.

Transportation in the U.S., including trucking, is a cyclical industry that has experienced three cycles over the last 20 years. In each of the last three cycles the decline in freight tonnage preceded the general U.S. economic downturn by approximately two and one-half years and the recovery has generally preceded that of the economy as a whole. The trailer industry generally follows the transportation industry, experiencing cycles in the early and late 90’s lasting approximately 58 and 67 months, respectively. Truck freight tonnage, according to ATA statistics, started declining year-over-year in 2006 and remained at depressed levels through 2009. The most recent cycle concluded in 2009, lasting a total of 89 months. After three consecutive years with total trailer demand well below normal replacement demand levels estimated to be approximately 220,000 trailers, the period ending December 2017 demonstrated five consecutive years of healthy demand in which it is estimated there were total trailer shipments of approximately 234,000, 269,000, 308,000, 286,000, and 287,000 for the years ended 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. We expect to see continued strong demand for new trailer equipment as the economic and industry specific indicators we track, including ATA’s truck tonnage index, employment growth, housing and auto sectors, as well as the overall gross domestic product, appear to be trending in a positive direction.

Wabash, Great Dane, Utility and Hyundai Translead, are generally viewed as the top manufacturers in U.S. trailer shipments by volume. Our share of U.S. total trailer shipments in 2017 was approximately 19%. Trailer manufacturers compete primarily through the quality of their products, customer relationships, innovative technology, and price. We have seen others in the industry also pursue the development and use of composite sidewalls that compete directly with our DuraPlate^â products. Our product development is focused on maintaining a leading position with respect to these products and on development of new products and markets, leveraging our proprietary DuraPlate^® product, as well as our expertise in the engineering and design of customized products.

The table below sets forth new trailers shipped for Wabash and, as provided by Trailer Body Builders Magazine, the principal producers within North America. The data represents all segments of the industry, except containers and chassis. For the years included below, we have participated primarily in the van, platform, and tank trailer segments. Van trailer demand, the largest segment within the trailer industry, has recovered from a low of approximately 52,000 trailers in 2009 to an estimated 223,000 van trailers in 2017.

Our Diversified Products segment, in most cases, participates in markets different than our traditional van and platform trailer product offerings. The end markets that our Diversified Products segment serve are broader and more diverse than the trailer industry, including environmental, pharmaceutical, biotech, oil and gas, moving and storage, and specialty vehicle markets. In addition, our diversification efforts pertain to new and emerging markets and many of the products are driven by regulatory requirements or, in most cases, customer-specific needs. However, some of our diversification efforts are considered to be in the early growth stages and future success is largely dependent on continued customer adoption of our product solutions and general expansion of our customer base and distribution channels.

Our Final Mile Products segment competes in the specialized vehicle industry, which is highly competitive with only a few national competitors and many smaller, regional companies. As a result of this broad competition, we are often faced with competitive pricing pressures. Other competitive factors include quality of product, lead times, geographic proximity to customers, and the ability to manufacture a product customized to customer specifications. With our national presence and diverse product offerings, we believe that we are well positioned to meet the competitive challenges presented.

Competitive Strengths

We believe our core competitive strengths include:

Our DuraPlate^â proprietary technology offers what we believe to be a superior trailer, which customers value. A DuraPlate^â trailer is a composite plate trailer using material that contains a high-density polyethylene core bonded between high-strength steel skins. We believe that the competitive advantages of our DuraPlate^â trailers compared to standard trailers include providing a lower total cost of ownership through the following:

-       Extended Service Life – operate three to five years longer;

-       Lower Operating and Maintenance Costs – greater durability and performance;

-       Less Downtime – higher utilization for fleets;

-       Extended Warranty – warranty period for DuraPlate^â panels is ten years; and

-       Improved Resale Value – higher trade-in and resale values.

We have been manufacturing DuraPlate^â trailers for over 22 years and through December 2017 have sold approximately 700,000 DuraPlate^® trailers. We believe that this proven experience, combined with ownership and knowledge of the DuraPlate^â panel technology, will help ensure continued industry leadership in the future.

We have also focused on a customer-centered approach in developing product enhancements for other industries we serve. Some of the more recent innovations include: the development of mobile clean rooms, or self-contained laboratories, which are configured to provide isolation and containment solutions into a rapidly deployable and flexible manufacturing facility for pharmaceutical and other technology applications; the development of a Refined Fuel truck with integrated Auxiliary Power Unit designed to improve fuel efficiency and prolong the useful operating life of fuel delivery vehicles; introduction of a prototype Side Impact Guard (SIG) designed to prevent passenger car under ride in side collisions, introduction of advanced materials to remove over 300 pounds from the standard Dry Van; introduction of RIG-16 offset rear under ride guard, and the introduction of the Truck Body line leveraging our fleet-proven DuraPlate^® technology for dry truck bodies as well as the introduction of a revolutionary proprietary composite designed to improve weight and thermal efficiency in refrigerated truck body applications. We will also be introducing a new modified core DuraPlate to remove 300 pounds from a dry van trailer in 2018. This will allow us to continue providing unrivaled value to our customers and differentiate Wabash from our competitors.

Regulation

Truck trailer length, height, width, maximum weight capacity and other specifications are regulated by individual states. The federal government also regulates certain safety and environmental sustainability features incorporated in the design and use of truck and tank trailers, as well as truck bodies. These regulations include, requirements to install Electronic Logging Devices, the use of aerodynamic devices and fuel saving technologies, as well as operator restrictions as to hours of service and minimum driver safety standards (see the section on “Industry Trends” in Item 7 for more details on these regulations). In addition, most tank trailers we manufacture have specific federal regulations and restrictions that dictate tank design, material type and thickness. Manufacturing operations are subject to environmental laws enforced by federal, state and local agencies (see "Environmental Matters").

Products

Since our inception, we have expanded our product offerings from a single truck trailer dry van product to a broad range of transportation equipment and diversified industrial products. Wabash National manages a diverse product portfolio, maintains long-standing customer relationships, and focuses on innovative and breakthrough technologies within three operating segments.

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales represented approximately 76%, 81% and 78% of our consolidated net sales in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our current Commercial Trailer Products segment primarily includes the following products:

Diversified Products segment sales represented approximately 20%, 19% and 22% of our consolidated net sales in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our current Diversified Products segment primarily includes the following products:

The Final Mile Products segment, established after the acquisition of Supreme, had 2017 sales representing approximately 4% of our consolidated net sales in 2017. The Final Mile Products segment primarily includes the following products:

Customers

Our customer base has historically included many of the nation’s largest truckload (TL) common carriers, leasing companies, private fleet carriers, less-than-truckload (LTL) common carriers and package carriers. We continue to expand our customer base and diversify into the broader trailer market through our independent dealer and company-owned retail networks, as well as through strategic acquisitions. Furthermore, we continue to diversify our products organically by expanding the use of DuraPlate^® composite panel technology through products such as DuraPlate^® AeroSkirts^®, truck bodies, overhead doors and portable storage containers as well as strategically through our acquisitions. All of these efforts have been accomplished while maintaining our relationships with our core customers. Our five largest customers together accounted for approximately 24%, 24% and 25% of our aggregate net sales in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. No individual customer accounted for more than 10% or more of our aggregate net sales during the past three years. International sales accounted for less than 10% of net sales for each of the last three years.

We have established relationships as a supplier to many large customers in the transportation industry, including the following:

Through our Diversified Products segment we also sell our products to several other customers including, but not limited to: Atlantic Aviation; GlaxoSmithKline Services Unlimited; W.M. Sprinkman; Dairy Farmers of America; Southwest Airlines Company; Nestlé; Matlack Leasing LLC; and Wabash Manufacturing, Inc. (an unaffiliated company)

Through our Final Mile Products segment we sell to fleet leasing customers and direct customers including, but not limited to: Budget Truck Rental, LLC; Enterprise Holdings, Inc.; Flowers Foods, Inc.; Penske Truck Leasing Company; Rent-A-Center; Ryder System, Inc.; and Southern Glazer’s Leasing, LLC.

Marketing and Distribution

We market and distribute our products through the following channels:

Factory direct accounts are generally large fleets that are high volume purchasers. Historically, we have focused on the factory direct market in which customers are highly knowledgeable of the life-cycle costs of equipment and, therefore, are best equipped to appreciate the innovative design and value-added features of our products, as well as the value proposition for lower total cost of ownership over the lifecycle of our products.

We also sell our van trailers through a network of 27 independent dealers with approximately 73 locations throughout North America. Our platform trailers are sold through 75 independent dealers with approximately 124 locations throughout North America. Our tank trailers are distributed through a network of 58 independent dealers with 59 locations throughout North America. Additionally, our truck body dealer network consists of more than 1,000 commercial dealers. Our dealers primarily serve mid-market and smaller sized carriers and private fleets in the geographic region where the dealer is located and occasionally may sell to large fleets. The dealers may also perform service and warranty work for our customers.

Raw Materials

We utilize a variety of raw materials and components including, specialty steel coil, stainless steel, plastic, aluminum, lumber, tires, landing gear, axles and suspensions, which we purchase from a limited number of suppliers. Costs of raw materials and component parts represented approximately 61%, 59%, and 63% of our consolidated net sales in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Raw material costs as a percentage of our consolidated net sales realized throughout 2017 are up compared to prior year as we have seen some increasing raw material costs. Significant price fluctuations or shortages in raw materials or finished components have had, and could have further, adverse effects on our results of operations. In 2018 and for the foreseeable future, we expect that the raw materials used in the greatest quantity will be steel, aluminum, plastic and wood. We will endeavor to pass along any raw material and component cost increases and, to minimize the effect of price fluctuations, we hedge certain commodities that have the potential to significantly impact our operations.

Backlog

Orders that have been confirmed by customers in writing, have defined delivery timeframes and can be produced during the next 18 months are included in our backlog. Orders that comprise our backlog may be subject to changes in quantities, delivery, specifications, terms or cancellation. Our backlog of orders at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was approximately $1,213 million and $802 million, respectively, and we expect to complete the majority of our backlog orders as of December 31, 2017 within 12 months of this date.

Patents and Intellectual Property

We hold or have applied for 141 patents in the U.S. on various components and techniques utilized in our manufacture of transportation equipment and engineered products. In addition, we hold or have applied for 169 patents in foreign countries.

Our patents include intellectual property related to the manufacture of trailers, containers, and aerodynamic-related products using our proprietary DuraPlate^® product as well as other lightweight panel products, truck body, trailer, and aerodynamic-related products utilizing other composite materials, our containment and isolation systems, and other engineered products – all of which we believe offer us a significant competitive advantage in the markets in which we compete.

Our DuraPlate^® patent portfolio includes several patents and pending patent applications, which cover not only utilization of our DuraPlate^® product in the manufacture of trailers, but also cover a number of aerodynamic-related products aimed at increasing the fuel efficiency of trailers. U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications in our DuraPlate^® patent portfolio have expiration dates extending until 2036. Certain U.S. patents relating to the combined use of DuraPlate^® panels and logistics systems within the sidewalls of our dry van trailers will not expire until 2027 or after; several other issued U.S. patents and pending patent applications relating to the use of DuraPlate® panels, or other composite materials, within aerodynamic-related products as well as modular storage and shipping containers will not begin to expire until after 2030. Additionally, we also believe that our proprietary DuraPlate^® production process, which has been developed and refined since 1995, offers us a significant competitive advantage in the industry – above and beyond the benefits provided by any patent protection concerning the use and/or design of our DuraPlate^® products. We believe the proprietary knowledge of this process and the significant intellectual and capital hurdles in creating a similar production process provide us with an advantage over others in the industry who utilize composite sandwich panel technology.

Our intellectual property portfolio further includes a number of patent applications related to the manufacture of truck bodies and trailers using polymer composite component parts. These patent applications cover the polymer composite component structure and method of manufacturing the same. We believe the intellectual property related to this emerging use of polymer composite technology in our industry will offer us a significant market advantage to create proprietary products exploiting this technology. These patent applications will not begin to expire until 2036. Additionally, our intellectual property portfolio includes patent applications related to the rear impact guard (RIG) and to a side impact guard (SIG) of a trailer. The RIG patent applications include new RIG designs which surpass the current and proposed federal regulatory RIG standards for the U.S. and Canada while the SIG patent applications include new and innovative designs for effectively protecting against side underride.

In addition, our intellectual property portfolio includes patents and patent applications covering many of our engineered products, including our containment and isolation systems, as well as many trailer industry components. These products have become highly desirable and are recognized for their innovation in the markets we serve. The engineered products patents and patent applications relate to our industry leading isolation systems, sold under the Extract Technologies^® brand name. These patents will not begin to expire until 2021. The patents and patent applications relating to our proprietary trailer-industry componentry include, for example, those covering the Trust Lock Plus^® door locking mechanism, the Max Clearance^® Overhead Door System, which provides additional overhead clearance when an overhead-style rear door is in the opened position that would be comparable to that of swing-door models, the use of bonded intermediate logistics strips, the bonded D-ring hold-down device, bonded skylights, and the DuraPlate^® arched roof. The patents covering these products will not expire before 2029. Further, another patented product sold by the Diversified Products segment includes the ShakerTank^® trailer, a vibrating bulk tank trailer used in transporting viscous materials, whose patents will not expire before 2026. We believe all of these proprietary products offer us a competitive market advantage in the industries in which we compete.

We also hold or have applied for 49 trademarks in the U.S. as well as 64 trademarks in foreign countries. These trademarks include the Wabash^®, Wabash National^®, Transcraft^®, Benson^®, Extract Technology^®, Beall^®, Brenner^®, and Supreme® brand names as well as trademarks associated with our proprietary products such as DuraPlate^®, RoadRailer^®, Transcraft Eagle^®, Arctic Lite^®, Kold King®, and Iner-City®. Additionally, we utilize several tradenames that are each well-recognized in their industries, including Walker Transport, Walker Stainless Equipment, Walker Engineered Products, Garsite, Bulk Tank International and Progress Tank. Our trademarks associated with additional proprietary products include MaxClearance^® Overhead Door System, Trust Lock Plus^®, EZ-7^®, DuraPlate Aeroskirt^®, Aeroskirt CX^®, DuraPlate XD-35^®, DuraPlate HD^®, SolarGuard^®, VentixDRS^®, AeroFin^®, AeroFin XL® and EZ-Adjust^®. We believe these trademarks are important for the identification of our products and the associated customer goodwill; however, our business is not materially dependent on such trademarks.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses are charged to earnings as incurred and were $3.9 million, $6.4 million and $4.8 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Environmental Matters

Our facilities are subject to various environmental laws and regulations, including those relating to air emissions, wastewater discharges, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes and occupational safety and health. Our operations and facilities have been, and in the future may become, the subject of enforcement actions or proceedings for non-compliance with such laws or for remediation of company-related releases of substances into the environment. Resolution of such matters with regulators can result in commitments to compliance abatement or remediation programs and, in some cases, the payment of penalties (see “Legal Proceedings” in Item 3 for more details).

We believe that our facilities are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. Our facilities have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in complying with these laws and regulations. However, we currently do not anticipate that the future costs of environmental compliance will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Employees

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, we had approximately 6,500 and 5,100 full-time employees, respectively. Throughout 2017, essentially all of our active employees were non-union. Our temporary employees represented approximately 10% of our overall production workforce as of December 31, 2017 as compared to approximately 14% at the end of the prior year period. We place a strong emphasis on maintaining good employee relations and development through competitive compensation and related benefits, a safe work environment and promoting educational programs and quality improvement teams.

Executive Officers of Wabash National Corporation

The following are the executive officers of the Company:

Richard J. Giromini. Mr. Giromini has served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2007, and served as our President from that date until October 2016. On December 14, 2017, Mr. Giromini notified the Company that he will step down from his position as Chief Executive Officer on June 1, 2018. Mr. Giromini is expected to then continue his employment with the Company through June 1, 2019 to assist in the leadership transition. On June 1, 2019 Mr. Giromini will retire from the Company, and he will not stand for reelection to the Board of Directors at the 2019 Annual Meeting. Mr. Giromini joined the Company in July 2002, as Senior Vice President - Chief Operating Officer and served as our Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer from February 2005 until December 2005 when he was appointed President and a Director of the Company. Earlier experience includes 26 years in the transportation industry, having begun his career with General Motors Corporation (1976 – 1985), then serving in a variety of positions of increasing responsibility within the Tier 1 automotive and transportation sectors, most recently with Accuride Corporation (Senior Vice President and General Manager), AKW LP (President and CEO), and ITT Automotive (Director of Manufacturing). Mr. Giromini holds a Master of Science degree in Industrial Management and a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, both from Clarkson University. He is also a graduate of the Advanced Management Program at the Duke University Fuqua School of Management.

Brent L. Yeagy. Mr. Yeagy has served as our President and Chief Operating Officer, and a Director of the Company since October 2016. On December 15, 2017 the Board of Directors announced the appointment of Mr. Yeagy to serve as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer effective June 2, 2018. Mr. Yeagy had been Senior Vice President – Group President of Commercial Trailer Products Group from June 2013 to October 2016. Previously, he served as Vice President and General Manager for the Commercial Trailer Products Group from 2010 to 2013. Mr. Yeagy has held numerous operations related roles since joining Wabash National in February 2003. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Yeagy held various roles within Human Resources, Environmental Engineering and Safety Management for Delco Remy International from July 1999 through February 2003. Mr. Yeagy served in various Plant Engineering roles at Rexnord Corporation from December 1995 through June 1999. Mr. Yeagy is a veteran of the United States Navy, serving from 1991 to 1994. He received his Masters of Business Administration from Anderson University and his Master and Bachelor degrees in Science from Purdue University. He is also a graduate of the University of Michigan, Ross School of Business Program in Executive Management and the Stanford Executive Program.

Kevin J. Page. Mr. Page was appointed to Senior Vice President - Group President of Diversified Products Group on October 1, 2017. Mr. Page joined the Company in February 2017 as Vice President and General Manager, Final Mile and Distributed Services within Commercial Trailer Products. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Page was Interim President of Truck Accessories Group, LLC, manufacturer of fiberglass and aluminum truck caps and tonneaus, from June 2015 to September 2016, and Vice President of Sales, Marketing and Business Development from April 2012 to June 2015. Additionally, he served as President of Universal Trailer Cargo Group from June 2008 to December 2011. Mr. Page also had a 23-year tenure at Utilimaster Corporation serving in various sales roles, including Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Mr. Page has a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Wabash College and an MBA (Executive) from Notre Dame. Throughout his career he has also completed programs at the University of Chicago, Harvard Business School, University of Michigan and American Management Association.

Michael N. Pettit. Mr. Pettit was appointed Senior Vice President – Group President of Final Mile Products effective January 1, 2018. Mr. Pettit previously served as Vice President – Finance/Investor Relations since 2014, and has recently served as the Company’s Final Mile Products segment integration leader, following the Company’s acquisition of Supreme in September 2017. He joined Wabash National in 2012 and has held a number of positions with increasing responsibility, including Director of Finance for Commercial Trailer Products. Prior to Wabash National, from 1998 to 2012, Mr. Pettit held various finance positions with increasing responsibility at Ford Motor Company. Mr. Pettit earned his Masters of Business Administration from Indiana University and his Bachelor of Science in Industrial Management from Purdue University.

William D. Pitchford. Mr. Pitchford was promoted to Senior Vice President – Human Resources and Assistant Secretary in June 2013. He joined the Company in December 2011 as Vice President – Human Resources with an extensive Human Resource background including executive leadership, talent management, training and development, labor relations, employee engagement, compensation design and organizational development. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Pitchford served as Vice President - Human Resources for Rio Tinto Alcan Corporation in Chicago, Illinois, from January 2009 to December 2010 and was with Ford Motor Company for more than 30 years where he held a variety of key leadership positions including Human Resources Director, Labor Relations Director and Senior Human Resources Manager. Mr. Pitchford holds a Master of Arts degree in Human Resources from Central Michigan University and a Bachelor of Science degree from Indiana State University.

Dustin T. Smith. Mr. Smith was appointed Senior Vice President and Group President, Commercial Trailer Products on October 1, 2017. Most recently he served as Senior Vice President and General Manager, Commercial Trailer Products. Mr. Smith joined Wabash National in 2007 and has held a number of positions with increasing responsibility, including Director of Finance, Director of Manufacturing, and Vice President of Manufacturing. Prior to Wabash National, from 2000 to 2007, Mr. Smith held various positions at Ford Motor Company in Dearborn Michigan, across both product development and manufacturing divisions, including Plant Controller. His more than 17 years of experience in finance and operations gives Mr. Smith a unique understanding of how manufacturing systems directly affect financial results. Mr. Smith holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting and an MBA in Corporate Finance from Purdue University. He has also attended several executive programs at the Booth School of Management from University of Chicago, as well as Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management. 

Jeffery L. Taylor. Mr. Taylor was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in January 2014. Mr. Taylor joined the company in July 2012 as Vice President of Finance and Investor Relations and was promoted to Vice President – Acting Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer in June 2013. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Taylor was with King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from May 2006 to July 2011 as Vice President, Finance – Technical Operations, and with Eastman Chemical Company from June 1997 to May 2006 where he served in various positions of increasing responsibility within finance, accounting, investor relations and business management, including its Global Business Controller – Coatings, Adhesives, Specialty Polymers & Inks. Mr. Taylor earned his Masters of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin and his Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from Arizona State University.

ITEM 1A—RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to other information contained or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report before investing in our securities. Realization of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business, Strategy and Operations

Our business is highly cyclical, which has had, and could have further, adverse effects on our sales and results of operations.

The truck trailer manufacturing industry historically has been and is expected to continue to be cyclical, as well as affected by overall economic conditions. Customers historically have replaced trailers in cycles that run from five to 12 years, depending on service and trailer type. Poor economic conditions can adversely affect demand for new trailers and has led to an overall aging of trailer fleets beyond a typical replacement cycle. Customers’ buying patterns can also be influenced by regulatory changes, such as federal hours-of-service rules as well as overall truck safety and federal emissions standards.

The steps we have taken to diversify our product offerings through the implementation of our strategic plan do not insulate us from this cyclicality. During downturns, we operate with a lower level of backlog and have had to temporarily slow down or halt production at some or all of our facilities, including extending normal shut down periods and reducing salaried headcount levels. An economic downturn may reduce, and in the past has reduced, demand for trailers and our other products, resulting in lower sales volumes, lower prices and decreased profits or losses.

Demand for our products is sensitive to economic conditions over which we have no control and that may adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Demand for our products is sensitive to changes in economic conditions, including changes related to unemployment, consumer confidence, consumer income, new housing starts, industrial production, government regulations, and the availability of financing and interest rates. The status of these economic conditions periodically have an adverse effect on truck freight and the demand for and the pricing of our products, and have also resulted in, and could in the future result in, the inability of customers to meet their contractual terms or payment obligations, which could cause our operating revenues and profits to decline.

Global economic weakness could negatively impact our operations and financial performance.

While the trailer industry has recently experienced a period of strong demand levels, we cannot provide any assurances that we will be profitable in future periods or that we will be able to sustain or increase profitability in the future. Increasing our profitability will depend on several factors, including, our ability to increase our overall trailer volumes, improve our gross margins, gain continued momentum on our product diversification efforts and manage our expenses. If we are unable to sustain profitability in the future, we may not be able to meet our payment and other obligations under our outstanding debt agreements.

We continue to be reliant on the credit, housing and construction-related markets in the U.S. The same general economic concerns faced by us are also faced by our customers. We believe that some of our customers are highly leveraged and have limited access to capital, and their continued existence may be reliant on liquidity from global credit markets and other sources of external financing. Lack of liquidity by our customers could impact our ability to collect amounts owed to us. While we have taken steps to address these concerns through the implementation of our strategic plan, we are not immune to the pressures being faced by our industry or the global economy, and our results of operations may decline.

We may not be able to execute on our long-term strategic plan and growth initiatives, or meet our long-term financial goals.

Our long-term strategic plan is intended to generate long-term value for our shareholders while delivering profitable growth through all our business segments.  The long-term financial goals that we expect to achieve as a result of our long-term strategic plan and organic growth initiatives are based on certain assumptions, which may prove to be incorrect. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to fully execute on our strategic plan or growth initiatives, which are subject to a variety of risks, including, our ability to: diversify the product offerings of our non-trailer businesses; leverage acquired businesses and assets to grow sales with our existing products; design and develop new products to meet the needs of our customers; increase the pricing of our products and services to offset cost increases and expand gross margins; and execute potential future acquisitions, mergers, and other business development opportunities. If we are unable to successfully execute on our strategic plan, we may experience increased competition, adverse financial consequences and a decrease in the value of our stock. Additionally, our management’s attention to the implementation of the strategic plan, which includes our efforts at diversification, may distract them from implementing our core business which may also have adverse financial consequences.

Our diversification strategy may not be successfully executed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to our commitment to long-term profitable growth within each of our existing reporting segments, our strategic initiatives include a focus on diversification, both organic and strategic, to continue to transform Wabash into a more diversified industrial manufacturer with a higher growth and margin profile and successfully deliver a greater value to our shareholders. Organically, our focus is on profitably growing and diversifying our operations by leveraging our existing assets, capabilities, and technology into higher margin products and markets and thereby providing value-added customer solutions. Strategically, we continue to focus on becoming a more diversified industrial manufacturer, broadening the product portfolio we offer, the customers and end markets we serve and our geographic reach.

Some of our existing diversification efforts are in the early growth stages and future success is largely dependent on continued customer adoption of our new product solutions and general expansion of our customer base and distribution channels.  We also expect future acquisitions to form a key component of strategic diversification. Diversification through acquisitions involve identifying and executing on transactions and managing successfully the integration and growth of acquired companies and products, all of which involve significant resources and risk of failure. Diversification efforts put a strain on our administrative, operational and financial resources and make the determination of optimal resource allocation difficult. If our efforts to diversify the business organically and/or strategically do not meet the expectations we have, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a limited number of suppliers of raw materials and components; increases in the price of raw materials or the inability to obtain raw materials could adversely affect our results of operations.

We currently rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain key components and raw materials in the manufacturing of our products, such as tires, landing gear, axles, suspensions, specialty steel coil, stainless steel, plastic, aluminum and lumber. From time to time, there have been and may in the future be shortages of supplies of raw materials or components, or our suppliers may place us on allocation, which would have an adverse impact on our ability to meet demand for our products. Shortages and allocations may result in inefficient operations and a build-up of inventory, which can negatively affect our working capital position. In addition, price volatility in commodities we purchase that impacts the pricing of raw materials could have negative impacts on our operating margins. The loss of any of our suppliers or their inability to meet our price, quality, quantity and delivery requirements could have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations.

Volatility in the supply of vehicle chassis and other vehicle components could adversely affect our Final Mile Products business.

With the exception of some specialty vehicle products, we generally do not purchase vehicle chassis for our inventory and accept shipments of vehicle chassis owned by dealers or end-users for the purpose of installing and/or manufacturing our specialized truck bodies on such chassis. Historically, General Motors Corporation (“GM”) and Ford Motor Company (“Ford”) have been the primary suppliers of chassis. In the event of a disruption in supply from one major supplier, we would attempt to use another major supplier, but there can be no assurance that this attempt would be successful. Nevertheless, in the event of chassis supply disruptions, there could be unforeseen consequences that may have a significant adverse effect on our truck body operations.

We also face risks relative to finance and storage charges for maintaining an excess supply of chassis from GM and Ford. Under the converter chassis pool agreements, if a chassis is not delivered to a customer within a specified time frame, we are required to pay finance or storage charges on such chassis.

A change in our customer relationships or in the financial condition of our customers has had, and could have further, adverse effects on our business.

We have longstanding relationships with a number of large customers to whom we supply our products. We do not have long-term agreements with these customers. Our success is dependent, to a significant extent, upon the continued strength of these relationships and the growth of our core customers. We often are unable to predict the level of demand for our products from these customers, or the timing of their orders. In addition, the same economic conditions that adversely affect us also often adversely affect our customers. Furthermore, we are subject to a concentration of risk as the five largest customers together accounted for approximately 24% of our aggregate net sales in 2017. While no customers over the previous three years have individually accounted for greater than 10% of our aggregate net sales, we have historically had individual customers who have accounted for greater than 10% of our aggregate net sales. The loss of a significant customer or unexpected delays in product purchases could further adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Significant competition in the industries in which we operate may result in our competitors offering new or better products and services or lower prices, which could result in a loss of customers and a decrease in our revenues.

The industries in which we participate are highly competitive. We compete with other manufacturers of varying sizes, some of which have substantial financial resources. Manufacturers compete primarily on the quality of their products, customer relationships, service availability and price. Barriers to entry in the standard trailer and truck body manufacturing industry are low. As a result, it is possible that additional competitors could enter the market at any time. In the recent past, manufacturing over-capacity and high leverage of some of our competitors, along with bankruptcies and financial stresses that affected the industry, contributed to significant pricing pressures.

If we are unable to successfully compete with other manufacturers, we could lose customers and our revenues may decline. In addition, competitive pressures in the industry may affect the market prices of our new and used equipment, which, in turn, may adversely affect our sales margins and results of operations.

Our Final Mile Products segment competes in the highly competitive specialized vehicle industry which may impact its financial results.

The competitive nature of the specialized vehicle industry creates a number of challenges for our Final Mile Products segment. Important factors include product pricing, quality of product, lead times, geographic proximity to customers, and the ability to manufacture a product customized to customer specifications. Specialized vehicles are produced by a number of smaller, regional companies which create product pricing pressures that could adversely impact our profits. Chassis manufacturers have not generally shown an interest in manufacturing specialized vehicles, including truck bodies, because such manufacturers’ highly-automated assembly line operations do not lend themselves to the efficient production of a wide variety of highly-specialized vehicles with various options and equipment.

Our technology and products may not achieve market acceptance or competing products could gain market share, which could adversely affect our competitive position.

We continue to optimize and expand our product offerings to meet our customer needs through our established brands, such as DuraPlate^®, DuraPlateHD^®, DuraPlate^® XD-35^®, DuraPlate AeroSkirt^®, ArcticLite^®, Transcraft^®, Benson^®, Walker Transport, Brenner^® Tank, Garsite, Progress Tank, Bulk Tank International, and Extract Technology^®, Supreme, Iner-City^®, Spartan, and Kold King^®. While we target product development to meet customer needs, there is no assurance that our product development efforts will be embraced and that we will meet our strategic goals, including sales projections. Companies in the truck transportation industry, a very fluid industry in which our customers primarily operate, make frequent changes to maximize their operations and profits.

We have seen a number of our competitors follow our leadership in the development and use of composite sidewalls that bring them into direct competition with our DuraPlate^â products. Our product development is focused on maintaining our leadership for these products but competitive pressures may erode our market share or margins. We hold patents on various components and techniques utilized in our manufacturing of transportation equipment and engineered products with expiration dates ranging from 2018 to 2036. We continue to take steps to protect our proprietary rights in our products and the processes used to produce them. However, the steps we have taken may not be sufficient or may not be enforced by a court of law. If we are unable to protect our intellectual properties, other parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain or use our products or technology. If competitors are able to use our technology, our ability to effectively compete could be harmed. In addition, litigation related to intellectual property could result in substantial costs and efforts which may not result in a successful outcome.

Our backlog may not be indicative of the level of our future revenues.

Our backlog represents future production for which we have written orders from our customers that can be produced in the next 18 months. Orders that comprise our backlog may be subject to changes in quantities, delivery, specifications and terms, or cancellation. Our reported backlog may not be converted to revenue in any particular period and actual revenue from such orders may not equal our backlog. Therefore, our backlog may not be indicative of the level of our future revenues.

International operations are subject to increased risks, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our ability to manage our business and conduct operations internationally requires considerable management attention and resources and is subject to a number of risks, including the following:

Compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to international operations may increase our cost of doing business and could expose us or our employees to fines, penalties and other liabilities. These numerous and sometimes conflicting laws and regulations include import and export requirements, content requirements, trade restrictions, tax laws, environmental laws and regulations, sanctions, internal and disclosure control rules, data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, and U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and substantially equivalent local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials and/or other foreign persons. Although we have policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our officers, employees, contractors or agents will not violate our policies. Any violation of the laws and regulations that apply to our operations and properties could result in, among other consequences, fines, environmental and other liabilities, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, and prohibitions on our ability to offer our products and services to one or more countries and could also materially damage our reputation, our brand, our efforts to diversify our business, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and our operating results.

Disruption of our manufacturing operations would have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We manufacture our van trailer products at two facilities in Lafayette, Indiana, a flatbed trailer facility in Cadiz, Kentucky, a hardwood floor facility in Harrison, Arkansas, six liquid-transportation systems facilities in New Lisbon, Wisconsin; Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; Kansas City, Kansas; Portland, Oregon; and Queretaro, Mexico, three engineered products facilities in New Lisbon, Wisconsin; Elroy, Wisconsin; Huddersfield, United Kingdom, seven truck body facilities in Goshen, IN; Ligonier, IN; Cleburne, TX; Griffin, GA; Jonestown, PA; Moreno Valley, CA; and Lafayette, IN, and produce Composite products at facilities in Lafayette, Indiana and Frankfort, Indiana. An unexpected disruption in our production at any of these facilities for any length of time would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The inability to attract and retain key personnel could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our ability to operate our business and implement our strategies depends, in part, on the efforts of our executive officers and other key associates. Our future success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, including manufacturing personnel, sales professionals and engineers. The unexpected loss of services of any of our key personnel or the failure to attract or retain other qualified personnel could have an adverse effect on the operation of our business.

We rely significantly on information technology to support our operations and if we are unable to protect against service interruptions or security breaches, our business could be adversely impacted.

We depend on a number of information technologies to integrate departments and functions, to enhance the ability to service customers, to improve our control environment and to manage our cost reduction initiatives. We have put in place a number of systems, processes, and practices designed to protect against the failure of our systems, as well as the misappropriation, exposure or corruption of the information stored thereon. Unintentional service disruptions or intentional actions such as intellectual property theft, cyber-attacks, unauthorized access or malicious software, may lead to such misappropriation, exposure or corruption if our protective measures prove to be inadequate. Any issues involving these critical business applications and infrastructure may adversely impact our ability to manage operations and the customers we serve. We could also encounter violations of applicable law or reputational damage from the disclosure of confidential business, customer, or employee information or the failure to protect the privacy rights of our employees in their personal identifying information. In addition, the disclosure of non-public information could lead to the loss of our intellectual property and diminished competitive advantages. Should any of the foregoing events occur, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.

We are subject to extensive governmental laws and regulations, and our costs related to compliance with, or our failure to comply with, existing or future laws and regulations could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The length, height, width, maximum weight capacity and other specifications of truck and tank trailers are regulated by individual states. The federal government also regulates certain trailer safety features, such as lamps, reflective devices, tires, air-brake systems and rear-impact guards. In addition, most tank trailers we manufacture have specific federal regulations and restrictions that dictate tank design, material type and thickness. Changes or anticipation of changes in these regulations can have a material impact on our financial results, as our customers may defer purchasing decisions and we may have to re-engineer products. We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations dealing with the transportation, storage, presence, use, disposal and handling of hazardous materials, discharge of storm water and underground fuel storage tanks, and we may be subject to liability associated with operations of prior owners of acquired property. In addition, we are subject to laws and regulations relating to the employment of our employees and labor-related practices.

If we are found to be in violation of applicable laws or regulations in the future, it could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our costs of complying with these or any other current or future regulations may be material. In addition, if we fail to comply with existing or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to governmental or judicial fines or sanctions.

Regulations related to conflict-free minerals may force us to incur additional expenses and otherwise adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted rules regarding disclosure of the use of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo or adjoining countries. These requirements require ongoing due diligence efforts and disclosure requirements. We may incur significant costs to determine the source of any such minerals used in our products. We may also incur costs with respect to potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of our diligence activities. Further, the implementation of these rules and their effect on customer and/or supplier behavior could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products, as the number of suppliers offering conflict-free minerals could be limited. We may incur additional costs or face regulatory scrutiny if we determine that some of our products contain materials not determined to be conflict-free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins of all conflict minerals used in our products. Accordingly, compliance with these rules could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition.

Product liability and other legal claims could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

As a manufacturer of products widely used in commerce, we are subject to product liability claims and litigation, as well as warranty claims. From time to time claims may involve material amounts and novel legal theories, and any insurance we carry may not provide adequate coverage to insulate us from material liabilities for these claims.

In addition to product liability claims, we are subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as workers' compensation claims, OSHA investigations, employment disputes and customer and supplier disputes arising out of the conduct of our business. Litigation may result in substantial costs and may divert management's attention and resources from the operation of our business, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

An impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and other long-lived intangible assets could negatively affect our operating results.

We have a substantial amount of goodwill and purchased intangible assets on our balance sheet as a result of acquisitions. At December 31, 2017, approximately 59% of these long-lived intangible assets were concentrated in our Final Mile Products segment, 39% were concentrated in our Diversified Products segment, and 2% were concentrated in our Commercial Trailer Products segment. The carrying value of goodwill represents the fair value of an acquired business in excess of identifiable assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date. The carrying value of other long-lived intangible assets represents the fair value of trademarks and trade names, customer relationships and technology as of the acquisition date, net of accumulated amortization. Under generally accepted accounting principles, goodwill is required to be reviewed for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if potential interim indicators exist that could result in impairment, and other long-lived intangible assets require review for impairment only when indicators exist. If any business conditions or other factors cause profitability or cash flows to significantly decline, we may be required to record a non-cash impairment charge, which could adversely affect our operating results. Events and conditions that could result in impairment include a prolonged period of global economic weakness, a decline in economic conditions or a slow, weak economic recovery, sustained declines in the price of our common stock, adverse changes in the regulatory environment, adverse changes in the market share of our products, adverse changes in interest rates, or other factors leading to reductions in the long-term sales or profitability that we expect.

Our ability to fund operations and pay dividends is limited by our operational results, cash on hand, and available borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility.

Our ability to fund our working capital needs and capital expenditures, and our ability to pay dividends on our common stock, is limited by the net cash provided by operations, cash on hand and available borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Declines in net cash provided by operations, increases in working capital requirements necessitated by an increased demand for our products and services, decreases in the availability under the revolving credit facility or changes in the credit our suppliers provide to us, could rapidly exhaust our liquidity.

We recently reinstituted a policy of paying regular quarterly dividends on our common stock, but there is no assurance that we will have the ability to continue a regular quarterly dividend.

In December 2016, our Board of Directors approved the reinstatement of a dividend program under which we will pay regular quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. Prior to 2017, no dividends had been paid since the third quarter of 2008. Our ability to pay dividends, and our Board of Directors’ determination to maintain our current dividend policy, will depend on numerous factors, including:

Each of the factors listed above could negatively affect our ability to pay dividends in accordance with our dividend policy or at all. In addition, the Board may elect to suspend or alter the current dividend policy at any time.

Changes to U.S. or foreign tax laws could affect our effective tax rate and our future profitability.

Changes in tax legislation could significantly impact our overall profitability, the provisions for income taxes, the amount of taxes payable and our deferred tax asset and liability balances. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was signed into law. The Act contains numerous new and changed provisions related to the U.S. federal taxation of domestic and foreign corporate operations. Although most of these provisions went into effect starting January 1, 2018 for calendar year corporate taxpayers, companies are still required to record the income tax accounting effects within the financial statements in the period of enactment. As such, management has included the estimated effects of remeasuring deferred taxes for the new U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% going into effect in 2018, as well as assessed our ability to realize deferred income tax assets in the future under the new rules. At December 31, 2017, we have not completed our accounting for the tax effects of enactment of the Act, including with respect to the effects on our existing deferred tax balances. We will continue to monitor further regulatory guidance issued by the Department of Treasury and Internal Revenue Service with regard to new provisions under the Act, and make adjustments accordingly to these estimates over the one year measurement period as outlined under Staff Accounting Bulletin 118. However, the final impact of the Act may differ, possibly materially, from our current estimates.

Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations thereunder.

As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $558.5 million of total indebtedness, and approximately $169.6 million of additional borrowings were available and undrawn under the Credit Agreement (as defined below). We also have other contractual obligations and currently pay a regular quarterly dividend of approximately $0.075 per share, or approximately $4.7 million in the aggregate per quarter.

Our debt level could have significant consequences on future operations. For example, it could:

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to fund our day-to-day operations or to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, and other cash requirements, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures or to sell assets or operations, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, such alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The indenture governing the Senior Notes, the Credit Agreement, and Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined below) restrict (a) our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from any such dispositions and (b) the Company’s and our subsidiaries’ ability to raise debt or certain equity capital to be used to repay the our indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our indebtedness.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, it will be in default and, as a result, holders of Senior Notes could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under the Credit Agreement and Term Loan Credit Agreement could terminate their commitments to loan money, our secured lenders could foreclose against the assets securing such borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Despite current indebtedness levels, we may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks described above.

We and our subsidiaries have incurred substantial indebtedness in connection with the Supreme acquisition and may be able to incur substantial additional indebtedness in the future. Although the indenture governing the Senior Notes, the Credit Agreement, and Term Loan Credit Agreement contain, restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are and will be subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries now face could intensify.

Provisions of the Convertible Notes and the Senior Notes could discourage a potential future acquisition of us by a third party.

Certain provisions of the Convertible Notes and the Senior Notes (each as defined below) could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. Upon the occurrence of certain transactions constituting a fundamental change, holders of the Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes will have the right, at their option, to require us to repurchase all of their Convertible Notes or Senior Notes, as applicable, or any portion of the principal amount of such Convertible Notes or the Senior Notes, as applicable. We also may be required to issue additional shares upon conversion in the event of certain corporate transactions. In addition, the indentures governing the Convertible Notes and the Senior Notes prohibit us from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Convertible Notes and the Senior Notes. These and other provisions of the Convertible Notes and the Senior Notes could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us even where the acquisition could be beneficial to our stockholders.

Our Term Loan Credit Agreement, Senior Notes indenture, and Revolving Credit Facility contain restrictive covenants that, if breached, could limit our financial and operating flexibility and subject us to other risks.

Our Term Loan Credit Agreement, Senior Notes indenture, and revolving credit facility include customary covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, repay subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. As required under our Credit Agreement, we are required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.1 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the facility is less than 10% of the total revolving commitment.

If availability under the Credit Agreement is less than 12.5% of the total revolving commitment or if there exists an event of default, amounts in any of the Borrowers’ and the Revolver Guarantors’ deposit accounts (other than certain excluded accounts) will be transferred daily into a blocked account held by the Revolver Agent and applied to reduce the outstanding amounts under the facility.

As of December 31, 2017, we believe we are in compliance with the provisions of our Term Loan Credit Agreement, Senior Notes indenture, and our revolving credit facility. Our ability to comply with the various terms and conditions in the future may be affected by events beyond our control, including prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions.

Risks Related to an Investment in Our Common Stock

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could lower the market price for our common stock.

In the future, we may sell additional shares of our common stock to raise capital. In addition, a substantial number of shares of our common stock are reserved for issuance upon the exercise of stock options and upon conversion of the Convertible Notes. We cannot predict the size of future issuances or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price for our common stock. The issuance and sale of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Our common stock has experienced, and may continue to experience, price and trading volume volatility.

The trading price and volume of our common stock has been and may continue to be subject to large fluctuations. The market price and volume of our common stock may increase or decrease in response to a number of events and factors, including:

This volatility may adversely affect the prices of our common stock regardless of our operating performance. To the extent that the price of our common stock declines, our ability to raise funds through the issuance of equity or otherwise use our common stock as consideration will be reduced. These factors may limit our ability to implement our operating and growth plans.

Also, shareholders may from time to time engage in proxy solicitations, advance shareholder proposals or otherwise attempt to effect changes or acquire control over the Company. Such shareholder campaigns could disrupt the Company’s operations and divert the attention of the Company’s Board of Directors and senior management and employees from the pursuit of business strategies and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to the Supreme Acquisition

It may be difficult to integrate the business of Supreme into our current business.

If we experience greater than anticipated costs to integrate Supreme into our existing operations or are not able to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition, including cost savings and other synergies, our business and results of operations could be negatively affected. In addition, it is possible that the ongoing integration process could result in the loss of key employees, errors or delays in systems implementation, the disruption of our ongoing business or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. Integration efforts also may divert management attention and resources. These integration matters may have an adverse effect on us, particularly during any transition period. In addition, although Supreme is subject to many of the same risks and uncertainties that we face in our business, the acquisition also involves our entering into or significantly expanding our existing presence in new product areas, markets and industries, which presents risks resulting from our relative inexperience in these new areas. We face the risk that we will not be successful with these products or in these new markets.

In addition, uncertainty about the effect of the acquisition on Supreme’s customers, employees or suppliers may have an adverse effect on Supreme. These uncertainties may impair our ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel through the transition and into the future, and could cause disruptions in its relationships with customers, suppliers and other parties with which it deals.

We also expect that integration-related issues will place a significant burden on our and Supreme’s management, employees and internal resources, which could otherwise have been devoted to other business opportunities and improvements.

We have made certain assumptions relating to the Supreme acquisition that may prove to be materially inaccurate.

We have made certain assumptions relating to the Supreme acquisition which may prove to be inaccurate, including as a result of the failure to realize the expected benefits of the acquisition, higher than expected transaction and integration costs and unknown liabilities, as well as general economic and business conditions that adversely affect the combined company following the acquisition. These assumptions relate to numerous matters, including:

If one or more of these assumptions are incorrect, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, and operating results, and the perceived benefits from the acquisition may not be realized.

ITEM 1B—UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2—PROPERTIES

We have manufacturing and retail operations located throughout the United States as well as facilities in Mexico and the United Kingdom. Properties owned by Wabash are subject to security interests held by our lenders. We believe the facilities we are now using are adequate and suitable for our current business operations and the currently foreseeable level of operations. The following table provides information regarding the locations of our major facilities which are in the following areas in the United States, Mexico and United Kingdom:

ITEM 3—LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in a number of legal proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our business activities, and are periodically subject to governmental examinations (including by regulatory and tax authorities), and information gathering requests (collectively, "governmental examinations"). As of December 31, 2017, we were named as a defendant or were otherwise involved in numerous legal proceedings and governmental examinations in various jurisdictions, both in the United States and internationally.

We have recorded liabilities for certain of our outstanding legal proceedings and governmental examinations. A liability is accrued when it is both (a) probable that a loss with respect to the legal proceeding has occurred and (b) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We evaluate, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings and governmental examinations that could cause an increase or decrease in the amount of the liability that has been previously accrued. These legal proceedings, as well as governmental examinations, involve various lines of business and a variety of claims (including, but not limited to, common law tort, contract, antitrust and consumer protection claims), some of which present novel factual allegations and/or unique legal theories. While some matters pending against us specify the damages claimed by the plaintiff, many seek a not-yet-quantified amount of damages or are at very early stages of the legal process. Even when the amount of damages claimed against Wabash is stated, the claimed amount may be exaggerated and/or unsupported. As a result, it is not currently possible to estimate a range of possible loss beyond previously accrued liabilities relating to some matters including those described below. Such previously accrued liabilities may not represent our maximum loss exposure. The legal proceedings and governmental examinations underlying the estimated range will change from time to time and actual results may vary significantly from the currently accrued liabilities.

Based on our current knowledge, and taking into consideration litigation-related liabilities, we believe we are not a party to, nor are any of our properties the subject of, any pending legal proceeding or governmental examination other than the matters below, which are addressed individually, that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or liquidity if determined in a manner adverse to us. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such matters, the ultimate outcome of a particular matter could be material to our operating results for a particular period depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of our income for that period. Costs associated with the litigation and settlements of legal matters are reported within General and Administrative Expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Brazil Joint Venture

In March 2001, Bernard Krone Indústria e Comércio de Máquinas Agrícolas Ltda. (“BK”) filed suit against Wabash in the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Because of the bankruptcy of BK, this proceeding is now pending before the Second Civil Court of Bankruptcies and Creditors Reorganization of Curitiba, State of Paraná (No. 232/99).

The case grows out of a joint venture agreement between BK and Wabash related to marketing of RoadRailer trailers in Brazil and other areas of South America. When BK was placed into the Brazilian equivalent of bankruptcy late in 2000, the joint venture was dissolved. BK subsequently filed its lawsuit against Wabash alleging that it was forced to terminate business with other companies because of the exclusivity and non-compete clauses purportedly found in the joint venture agreement. BK asserted damages, exclusive of any potentially court-imposed interest or inflation adjustments, of approximately R$20.8 million (Brazilian Reais). BK did not change the amount of damages it asserted following its filing of the case in 2001.

A bench (non-jury) trial was held on March 30, 2010 in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. On November 22, 2011, the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba partially granted BK’s claims, and ordered Wabash to pay BK lost profits, compensatory, economic and moral damages in excess of the amount of compensatory damages asserted by BK. The total ordered damages amount was approximately R$26.7 million (Brazilian Reais), which was approximately $8.1 million U.S. dollars using current exchange rates and exclusive of any potentially court-imposed interest, fees or inflation adjustments. On October 5, 2016, the Court of Appeals re-heard all facts and legal questions presented in the case, and ruled in favor of Wabash on all claims at issue. In doing so, the Court of Appeals dismissed all claims against Wabash and vacated the judgment and damages amounts previously ordered by the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba. On September 30, 2017, BK filed its notice for a special appeal of the Court of Appeals ruling to the Superior Court of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court. However, unless these higher courts find in favor of BK on any of its claims, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is final. As a result of the Court of Appeals ruling, Wabash does not expect that this proceeding will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations; however, it will continue to monitor these legal proceedings.

Intellectual Property

In October 2006, we filed a patent infringement suit against Vanguard National Corporation (“Vanguard”) regarding our U.S. Patent Nos. 6,986,546 and 6,220,651 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana (Civil Action No. 4:06-cv-135). We amended the Complaint in April 2007. In May 2007, Vanguard filed its Answer to the Amended Complaint, along with Counterclaims seeking findings of non-infringement, invalidity, and unenforceability of the subject patents. We filed a reply to Vanguard’s counterclaims in May 2007, denying any wrongdoing or merit to the allegations as set forth in the counterclaims. The case was stayed by agreement of the parties while the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“Patent Office”) undertook a reexamination of U.S. Patent No. 6,986,546. In June 2010, the Patent Office notified Wabash that the reexamination was completed and the Patent Office reissued U.S. Patent No. 6,986,546 without cancelling any claims of the patent. The parties have not yet petitioned the Court to lift the stay, and it is unknown at this time when the parties may do so.

We believe that our claims against Vanguard have merit and that the claims asserted by Vanguard are without merit. We intend to vigorously defend our position and intellectual property. We believe that the resolution of this lawsuit will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity or future results of operations. However, at this stage of the proceeding, no assurance can be given as to the ultimate outcome of the case.

Walker Acquisition

In connection with our acquisition of Walker in May 2012, there is an outstanding claim of approximately $2.9 million for unpaid benefits owed by Walker that is currently in dispute and that, if required to be paid by us, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Environmental Disputes

In August 2014, we were noticed as a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (“DHEC”) pertaining to the Philip Services Site located in Rock Hill, South Carolina pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and corresponding South Carolina statutes. PRPs include parties identified through manifest records as having contributed to deliveries of hazardous substances to the Philip Services Site between 1979 and 1999. The DHEC’s allegation that we are a PRP arises out of four manifest entries in 1989 under the name of a company unaffiliated with Wabash National (or any of its former or current subsidiaries) that purport to be delivering a de minimis amount of hazardous waste to the Philip Services Site “c/o Wabash National Corporation.” As such, the Philip Services Site PRP Group (“PRP Group”) notified Wabash in August 2014 that is was offering us the opportunity to resolve any liabilities associated with the Philip Services Site by entering into a Cash Out and Reopener Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the PRP Group, as well as a Consent Decree with the DHEC. We accepted an offer from the PRP Group to enter into the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree, while reserving our rights to contest our liability for any deliveries of hazardous materials to the Philips Services Site. The requested settlement payment is immaterial to Wabash’s financial conditions or operations, and as a result, if the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree are finalized, the payment to be made by us thereunder is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2006, we received a letter from the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources indicating that a site that we formerly owned near Charlotte, North Carolina has been included on the state's October 2005 Inactive Hazardous Waste Sites Priority List. The letter states that we were being notified in fulfillment of the state's “statutory duty” to notify those who own and those who at present are known to be responsible for each Site on the Priority List. Following receipt of this notice, no action has ever been requested from Wabash, and since 2006 we have not received any further communications regarding this matter from the state of North Carolina. We do not expect that this designation will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Supreme Litigation

Prior to our acquisition of Supreme, a complaint was filed against Supreme Corporation, a subsidiary of Supreme, in a suit (SVI, Inc. v. Supreme Corporation, Hometown Trolley (a/k/a Double K, Inc.) and Dustin Pence) in the United States District Court, District of Nevada on May 16, 2016.  The plaintiff is Supreme’s former trolley distributor.  The plaintiff filed an amended complaint on January 3, 2017, which alleges that Supreme’s sale of its trolley assets to another trolley manufacturer was improper.  Supreme filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted in part on May 30, 2017.  The remaining claims alleged against Supreme include: (i) misappropriation of trade secrets; (ii) civil conspiracy/collusion; (iii) tortious interference with contractual relationships; (iv) breach of contract; and (v) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.  The plaintiff alleges damages amounting to approximately $40 million.  However, due to the inherent risk of litigation, the outcome of this case is uncertain and unpredictable; and, further, management believes that the allegations are without merit and is vigorously defending the matter.  As a result, management does not believe this matter will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Prior to our acquisition of Supreme on November 4, 2016, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against our subsidiary, Supreme, Mark D. Weber (Supreme’s former Chief Executive Officer) and Matthew W. Long (Supreme’s former Chief Financial Officer) in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 by making material, misleading statements in July 2016 regarding projected backlog.  The plaintiff seeks to recover unspecified damages.  On February 14, 2017, the court transferred the venue of the case to the Northern District of Indiana upon the joint stipulation of the plaintiff and the defendants.  An amended complaint was filed on April 24, 2017 challenging statements made during a putative class period of October 22, 2015 through October 21, 2016.  Due to the inherent risk of litigation, the outcome of this case is uncertain and unpredictable; however, at this time, management believes that the allegations are without merit and is vigorously defending the matter.  As a result, management does not believe this matter will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4—MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5—MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON STOCK, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Information Regarding our Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbol: WNC). The number of record holders of our common stock at February 16, 2018 was 619.

In December 2016, our Board of Directors approved the reinstatement of a dividend program under which we pay regular quarterly cash dividends to holders of our common stock. We paid quarterly dividends of $0.06 per share on our common stock throughout 2017. On December 18, 2017 our Board of Directors approved an increase in the quarterly dividend to $0.075 per share payable beginning January 25, 2018 to holders of record on January 4, 2018. Prior to 2017, no dividends had been paid since the third quarter of 2008. Payments of cash dividends depends on our future earnings, capital availability, financial condition and the discretion of our Board of Directors.

Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and approved by our stockholders, authorizes 225 million shares of capital stock, consisting of 200 million shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 25 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share.

High and low stock prices as reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the last two years were:

Performance Graph

The following graph shows a comparison of cumulative total returns for an investment in our common stock, the S&P 500 Composite Index and the Dow Jones Transportation Index. It covers the period commencing December 31, 2012 and ending December 31, 2017. The graph assumes that the value for the investment in our common stock and in each index was $100 on December 31, 2012.

Comparative of Cumulative Total Return

December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2017

among Wabash National Corporation, the S&P 500 Index

and the Dow Jones Transportation Index

Purchases of Our Equity Securities

The Company’s share repurchase program (“Repurchase Program”) was approved by our Board of Directors and announced in February 2016. On February 24, 2017, the Board of Directors approved the repurchase of an additional $100 million in shares of common stock over a two year period. Stock repurchases under the Repurchase Program may be made in the open market or in private transactions at times and in amounts that management deems appropriate. Management may limit or terminate the Repurchase Program at any time based on market conditions, liquidity needs, or other factors. During the fourth quarter of 2017, there were 1,414,348 shares repurchased pursuant to our Repurchase Program. Additionally, for the quarter ended December 31, 2017, there were 6,822 shares surrendered or withheld to cover minimum employee tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock awards. As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding authorization from the Board of Directors to purchase up to $52.9 million of common stock based on settled trades as of that date.

ITEM 6—SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected consolidated financial data with respect to Wabash National for each of the five years in the period ending December 31, 2017, have been derived from our consolidated financial statements. The following information should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

ITEM 7—MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) describes the matters that we consider to be important to understanding the results of our operations for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and our capital resources and liquidity as of December 31, 2017. Our discussion begins with our assessment of the condition of the North American trailer industry along with a summary of the actions we have taken to strengthen the Company. We then analyze the results of our operations for the last three years, including the trends in the overall business and our operating segments, followed by a discussion of our cash flows and liquidity, capital markets events and transactions, our credit facility and contractual commitments. We also provide a review of the critical accounting judgments and estimates that we have made that we believe are most important to an understanding of our MD&A and our consolidated financial statements. These are the critical accounting policies that affect the recognition and measurement of our transactions and the balances in our consolidated financial statements. We conclude our MD&A with information on recent accounting pronouncements that we adopted during the year, if any, as well as those not yet adopted that may have an impact on our financial accounting practices.

As a result of the acquisition of Supreme in the third quarter of 2017, we now manage our business in three segments: Commercial Trailer Products, Diversified Products, and Final Mile Products. The Commercial Trailer Products segment manufactures standard and customized van and platform trailers and other transportation related equipment for customers who purchase directly from us or through independent dealers. The Diversified Products segment, comprised of four strategic business units including, Tank Trailer, Aviation & Truck Equipment, Process Systems, and Composites, focuses on our commitment to expand our customer base and diversify our product offerings and revenues. The Diversified Products segment also seeks to extend our market leadership by leveraging the proprietary DuraPlate^® panel technology, drawing on our core manufacturing expertise and making available products that are complementary to truck and tank trailers and transportation equipment. The Final Mile Products segment manufactures specialized commercial vehicles that are attached to a truck chassis, including cutaway and dry-freight van bodies, refrigerated units, and stake bodies, for customers who purchase directly from us or through independent dealers. The acquisition of Supreme, a leading manufacturer of specialized commercial vehicles, is the continuation of our growth and diversification strategy into the rapidly growing final mile space. The Final Mile Products segment was created in the fourth quarter of 2017.

Executive Summary

2017 provided another year of strong overall demand for trailers. According to ACT estimates, total new trailer industry shipments were 287,000 units in 2017, consistent with shipment volumes in 2016. It also represents the second best year in the past fifteen and is the seventh consecutive year that total trailer demand exceeded normal replacement demand levels, currently estimated to be approximately 220,000 trailers per year.

The overall strength in the Company’s operating performance highlights the success of our growth and diversification initiatives driven by our long-term strategic plan to continue to transform the Company into a diversified industrial manufacturer with a higher growth and margin profile, while maintaining our focus and expertise in lean and six sigma optimization initiatives. After five consecutive years of record profitability, a small reset was seemingly inevitable at some point. Operating income in 2017 totaled $130.8 million and operating income margin was 7.4%, both are the third best performance in our history only surpassed by 2015 and 2016 performance. The addition of the Supreme truck body business in September 2017 was a key accomplishment as it not only adds immediate revenue and profit opportunity, but also provides significant diversification into a high-growth segment driven by the ever-increasing adoption of e-commerce.

In addition to our commitment to sustain profitable growth within each of our existing reporting segments, our long-term strategic initiatives included a focus on diversification efforts, both organic and strategic, to continue to transform Wabash into a diversified industrial manufacturer with a higher growth and margin profile and successfully deliver a greater value to our shareholders. Our ability to generate solid margins and cash flows and a healthy balance sheet positions the Company with ample resources to (1) fund our internal capital needs to support both organic growth and productivity improvements, (2) assure continued reduction of our debt obligations, (3) return capital to shareholders and (4) selectively pursue strategic acquisitions. As evidenced by our purchase of Supreme in September 2017, we continue our internal effort to strategically identify potential acquisition targets that we believe can create shareholder value and accelerate our growth and diversification efforts, while leveraging our strong competencies in manufacturing execution, sourcing and innovative engineering leadership to assure strong value creation. Organically, our focus is on profitably growing and diversifying our operations through leveraging our existing assets, capabilities and technology into higher margin products and markets and thereby providing value-added customer solutions.

Throughout 2017 we demonstrated our commitment to be responsible stewards of the business by maintaining a balanced approach to capital allocation. Our continuing strong operational performance, healthy backlog and industry outlook, and financial position provided us the opportunity to take specific actions as part of the ongoing commitment to prudently manage the overall financial risks of the Company, returning capital to our shareholders and deleveraging our balance sheet. These actions included completing $70 million in share repurchases as authorized by our Board of Directors in both February 2016 and February 2017, executing agreements with existing holders of our outstanding Convertible Notes to purchase approximately $4 million in principal, and paying dividends in excess of $15 million. In December 2017, we announced an increase of the regular quarterly dividend paid to the holders of our common stock. Collectively, these actions demonstrate our confidence in the financial outlook of the company and our ability to generate cash flow, both near and long term, and reinforces our overall commitment to deliver shareholder value while maintaining the flexibility to continue to execute our strategic plan for profitable growth and diversification.

The outlook for the overall trailer market for 2018 continues to indicate a strong demand environment. In fact, the most recent estimates from industry forecasters, ACT and FTR, indicate demand levels expected to be in excess of the estimated replacement demand in every year through 2022. More specifically, ACT is currently estimating 2018 demand will be approximately 299,000 trailers, an increase of 4.3% as compared to the previous year period, with 2019 through 2022 industry demand levels ranging between 256,000 and 285,000 trailers. In addition, FTR anticipates trailer production for 2018 to remain strong at approximately 290,000 trailers, an increase of 1.8% as compared to 2017 levels. This continued strong demand environment for new trailer equipment as well as the positive economic and industry specific indicators we monitor reinforce our belief that the current trailer demand cycle will be an extended cycle with a strong likelihood for several more years of demand above replacement levels.

In spite of a strong forecasted demand environment, there remain downside risks relating to issues with both the domestic and global economies, including the housing, energy and construction-related markets in the U.S. Other potential risks as we proceed into 2018 will primarily relate to our ability to effectively manage our manufacturing operations as well as the cost and supply of raw materials, commodities and components. Significant increases in the cost of certain commodities, raw materials or components have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our results of operations. As has been our practice, we will endeavor to pass raw material and component price increases to our customers in addition to continuing our cost management and hedging activities in an effort to minimize the risk that changes in material costs could have on our operating results. In addition, we rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain key components and raw materials in the manufacturing of our products, including tires, landing gear, axles, suspensions, aluminum extrusions, and specialty steel coil. At the current and expected demand levels, there may be shortages of supplies of raw materials or components which would have an adverse impact on our ability to meet demand for our products. Despite these risks, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize on the expected strong overall demand levels while maintaining or growing margins through improvements in product pricing as well as productivity and other operational excellence initiatives.

We remain committed to enhancing and diversifying our business model through the organic and strategic initiatives discussed above in the Annual Report. We believe we remain well-positioned for long-term success in the transportation industry because: (1) our core customers are among the dominant participants in the trucking industry; (2) our DuraPlate^® and other industry leading brands continue to have a strong market acceptance; (3) our focus is on developing solutions that reduce our customers’ trailer maintenance and operating costs providing the best overall value; and (4) our presence throughout North America utilizing our extensive dealer network to market and sell our products. Continuing to identify attractive opportunities to leverage our core competencies, proprietary technology and core manufacturing expertise into new applications and end markets enables us to deliver greater value to our customers and shareholders.

Operating Performance

We measure our operating performance in five key areas – Safety/Morale, Quality, Delivery, Cost Reduction and Environment. We maintain a continuous improvement mindset in each of these key performance areas. Our mantra of being better today than yesterday and better tomorrow than we are today is simple, straightforward and easily understood by all our employees.

Industry Trends

Truck transportation in the U.S., according to the ATA, was estimated to be a $676 billion industry in 2016. ATA estimates that approximately 71% of all freight tonnage is carried by trucks. Trailer demand is a direct function of the amount of freight to be transported. To monitor the state of the industry, we evaluate a number of indicators related to trailer manufacturing and the transportation industry. Recent trends we have observed include the following:

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain operating data as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated:

2017 Compared to 2016

Net Sales

Net sales in 2017 decreased $78.3 million, or 4.2%, compared to the 2016 period. By business segment, net sales prior to intersegment eliminations and related units sold were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $1.3 billion in 2017, a decrease of $157.7 million, or 10.5%, compared to 2016. The decrease in sales was primarily due to a 10.3% decrease in new trailer shipments as 52,800 trailers were shipped in 2017 compared to 58,850 trailer shipments in the prior year. Used trailer sales decreased $1.3 million, or 10.6%, compared to the prior year due to the product mix available through fleet trade packages. Parts and service sales in 2017 decreased $8.0 million, or 14.3%, compared to 2016 primarily due to fewer retail branch locations throughout 2017 as compared to the prior year.

Diversified Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $361.4 million in 2017, an increase of $9.0 million, or 2.5%, compared to 2016. New trailer sales increased $10.5 million, or 8.1%, due to a 7.1% increase in new trailer shipments, as approximately 2,250 trailers were shipped in 2017 compared to 2,100 trailers shipped in the prior year on higher demand for tank trailers. Sales of our components, parts and service product offerings in 2017 increased $6.3 million, or 5.9%, compared to the prior year due to strong demand for our composite product offerings. Equipment and other sales decreased $7.5 million, or 7.4%, due to lower demand for our non-trailer truck mounted equipment and other engineered products.

Final Mile Product segment sales, prior to the eliminations of intersegment sales, were $70.5 million in 2017 for this newly created segment.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $1.5 billion in both 2017 and 2016.  Cost of sales is comprised of material costs, a variable expense, and other manufacturing costs, comprised of both fixed and variable expenses, including direct and indirect labor, outbound freight, and overhead expenses. 

Commercial Trailer Products segment cost of sales was $1.2 billion in 2017, a decrease of $88.4 million, or 7.0%, compared to the prior year period.  The decrease was primarily driven by a $70.3 million reduction in materials costs as lower production volumes more than offset the increase in commodity costs as compared to the prior year period. Other manufacturing costs decreased $18.1 million as compared to the prior year period due to lower new trailer production volumes.

Diversified Products segment cost of sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was $291.2 million in 2017, an increase of $14.4 million, or 5.2%, compared to the prior period.  The increase was primarily driven by a $10.5 million increase in materials costs due to increased commodity costs and a $3.9 million increase in other manufacturing costs related to increased volume and product mix.

Final Mile Product segment cost of sales was $62.3 million in 2017 for this newly created segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $260.9 million in 2017, a decrease of $64.7 million, or 19.9% from 2016. Gross profit as a percentage of sales was 14.8% in 2017 as compared to 18.0% in 2016. Gross profit by segment was as follows (in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment gross profit was $183.9 million in 2017 compared to $253.3 million in the prior year, a decrease of $69.4 million. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 13.6% in 2017 as compared to 16.8% in 2016, a decrease of 320 basis points. The decreases in gross profit and gross profit margin as compared to the prior year was primarily driven by lower shipments of new trailers, increases in commodity costs, and labor constraints resulting in higher overtime requirements to meet current demand.

Diversified Products segment gross profit was $70.2 million in 2017 compared to $75.6 million in 2016. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 19.4% in 2017 compared to 21.5% in 2016. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, as compared to the prior year, was due primarily to product mix and higher commodity costs.

Final Mile Product segment gross profit was $8.2 million in 2017 for this newly created segment. Gross profit, as a percentage of sales, was 11.6% in 2017.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses in 2017 increased $3.7 million, or 5.0%, from the prior year. The increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added expenses of $6.8 million in the current year period. The Supreme expenses were offset by a $3.0 million decrease in employee related costs, including costs associated with employee incentive programs. General and administrative expenses, as a percentage of net sales, were 4.4% in 2017 compared to 4.0% in 2016.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $25.6 million in 2017, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 6.2%, compared to the prior year. The decrease was largely due to lower employee related costs, including costs associated with employee incentive programs, which were partially offset by the inclusion of Supreme, which added $3.0 million in expense during the current year. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses were 1.5% in both 2017 and 2016.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangibles was $17.0 million in 2017 compared to $19.9 million in 2016. Amortization of intangibles for both periods primarily includes amortization expense recognized for intangible assets recorded from the acquisition of Walker in May 2012 and certain assets acquired from Beall in February 2013.

Acquisition Expenses

Acquisition expenses totaling $9.6 million for 2017 represent costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of Supreme including fees paid to an investment banker for acquisition services and the related bridge financing commitment, as well as professional fees for diligence, legal, and accounting.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest expense in 2017 totaled $16.4 million compared to $15.7 million in the prior year. Interest expense for both periods primarily related to interest and non-cash accretion charges on our Convertible Notes and Term Loan Credit Agreement. The increase from the prior year is primarily due to the issuance of our Senior Notes in September 2017 related to the financing of a portion of the Supreme acquisition, partially offset by the repurchase of the Convertible Notes completed over the previous year.

Other, net for 2017 represented income of $8.1 million as compared to expense of $1.5 million for the prior year period. The current year period primarily consists of a gain on the sale of certain retail branch assets.

Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense of $11.1 million in 2017 compared to $66.0 million in the prior year. The effective tax rate for 2017 was 9.1%, which differs from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the impact of the revaluation of deferred income taxes associated with the change in the US federal income tax rate with the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017. In addition, the rate for 2017 includes a tax benefit related to the release of income tax reserves resulting from the closing of open tax years to which those reserves related. Cash taxes paid in 2017 were $41.2 million.

2016 Compared to 2015

Net Sales

Net sales in 2016 decreased $182.0 million, or 9.0%, compared to the 2015 period. By business segment, net sales prior to intersegment eliminations and related units sold were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $1.5 billion in 2016, a decrease of $76.1 million, or 4.8%, compared to 2015. The decrease in sales was primarily due to a 4.0% decrease in new trailer shipments as 58,850 trailers were shipped in 2016 compared to 61,300 trailer shipments in 2015. Used trailer sales decreased $19.0 million, or 61.3%, compared to 2015 due to decreased availability and selective management of product through fleet trade packages as approximately 950 fewer used trailers shipped in 2016 as compared to the prior year. Parts and service sales in 2016 decreased $4.3 million, or 7.1%, compared to 2015 primarily due to fewer retail branch locations throughout 2016 as compared to the prior year.

Diversified Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $352.4 million in 2016, down $104.5 million, or 22.9%, compared to 2015. New trailer sales decreased $88.4 million, or 40.1%, due to a 38.2% decrease in new trailer shipments, as approximately 2,100 trailers were shipped in 2016 compared to 3,400 trailers shipped in 2015. Sales of our components, parts and service product offerings in 2016 were comparable to 2015. Equipment and other sales decreased $13.5 million, or 11.1%, due to lower demand for our non-trailer truck mounted equipment and other engineered products.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $1.5 billion, a decrease of $204.1 million, or 11.8%, as compared to 2015.  Cost of sales is comprised of material costs, a variable expense, and other manufacturing costs, comprised of both fixed and variable expenses, including direct and indirect labor, outbound freight, and overhead expenses. 

Commercial Trailer Products segment cost of sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was $1.3 billion in 2016, a decrease of $131.6 million, or 9.5%, compared to 2015.  The decrease was primarily driven by a $131.2 million reduction in materials costs attributable to lower new trailer production volumes, as well as lower commodity costs and continued optimization through product design and sourcing.

Diversified Products segment cost of sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was $276.8 million in 2016, an decrease of $73.1 million, or 20.9%, compared to 2015.  The decrease was primarily driven by a $58.7 million reduction in materials costs and a $14.4 million decrease in other manufacturing due primarily to decreased sales volumes resulting from weaker tank trailer demand, lower material costs and continued operational efficiencies as compared to 2015.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $325.5 million in 2016, an improvement of $22.1 million, or 7.3% from 2015. Gross profit as a percentage of sales was 18.0% in 2016 as compared to 15.0% in 2015. Gross profit by segment was as follows (in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment gross profit was $253.3 million in 2016 compared to $197.8 million in 2015, an increase of $55 million. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 16.8% in 2016 as compared to 12.5% in 2015, an increase of 430 basis points. The increases in gross profit and profit margin as compared to 2015 was primarily driven by improved pricing, favorable material costs, including cost optimization through product design and sourcing, and continued operational efficiencies.

Diversified Products segment gross profit was $75.6 million in 2016 compared to $107.0 million in 2015. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 21.5% in 2016 compared to 23.4% in 2015. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, as compared to 2015, was due primarily to lower sales volume and the reduced leverage of fixed costs from lower production levels which more than offset the favorable material costs and continued operational efficiencies.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses in 2016 increased $0.6 million, or 0.9%, from 2015 as a result of a $2.7 million increase in outside service and professional fee expenditures, as well as a $0.9 million increase in various other operating expenses, primarily information technology related costs. These increases were offset by a $3.0 million decrease in employee related costs, including costs associated with employee incentive programs. General and administrative expenses, as a percentage of net sales, were 4.0% in 2016 compared to 3.6% in 2015.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $27.3 million in 2016, an increase of $0.1 million, or 0.1%, compared to 2015 as a $0.3 million increase in advertising and promotional efforts were partially offset by lower employee related costs, including costs associated with employee incentive programs. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses were 1.5% in 2016 compared to 1.3% in 2015.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangibles was $19.9 million in 2016 compared to $21.3 million in 2015. Amortization of intangibles for both periods primarily includes amortization expense recognized for intangible assets recorded from the acquisition of Walker in May 2012 and certain assets acquired from Beall in February 2013.

Other Operating Expenses

Other operating expenses of $1.7 million in 2016 is the impairment of goodwill recognized during the second quarter of 2016. Based on an analysis we performed to determine the allocations of goodwill with the realignment of our reporting segments, we determined a portion of goodwill allocated to our retail branch operations was impaired as the fair value of reporting did not exceed its carrying value resulting in an impairment charge for the Commercial Trailer Products reporting segment.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest expense in 2016 totaled $15.7 million compared to $19.5 million in 2015. Interest expense for both periods primarily related to interest and non-cash accretion charges on our Convertible Notes and Term Loan Credit Agreement. The decrease from the prior year is primarily due to Convertible Notes repurchases completed in late 2015 and during the first and fourth quarters of 2016.

Other, net for 2016 represented expense of $1.5 million as compared to income of $2.5 million for 2015. The current year expense includes $1.9 million loss on debt extinguishment for voluntary purchases of our outstanding Convertible Notes partially offset by a $0.3 million gain on the transition of our retail branches to independent dealer facilities. The 2015 period primarily consists of an $8.3 million gain on the sale of our former retail branch real estate in Fontana, California and Portland, Oregon partially offset by $5.3 million of accelerated amortization and related fees in connection with the refinancing of our Term Loan Credit Agreement in March 2015 and $0.3 million of charges incurred in connection with the amendment to our Credit Agreement in June 2015.

Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense of $66.0 million in 2016 compared to $59.0 million in 2015. The effective tax rate for 2016 was 35.6%, which differs from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the impact of state and local taxes offset by the benefit of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code domestic manufacturing deduction. In addition, the rate for 2016 includes a tax benefit related to employee share-based payment awards, which are now recorded as an income tax expense (or benefit) in earnings effective with the adoption of a new accounting standard. Cash taxes paid in 2016 were $68.9 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Structure

Our capital structure is comprised of a mix of debt and equity. As of December 31, 2017, our debt to equity ratio was approximately 1.1:1.0. Our long-term objective is to generate operating cash flows sufficient to support the growth within our businesses and increase shareholder value. We intend to achieve this objective through a balanced capital allocation strategy of maintaining strong liquidity, deleveraging our balance sheet, investing in the business, both organically and strategically, and returning capital to our shareholders. Throughout 2017, and in keeping to this balanced approach, several actions were taken to demonstrate our commitment to prudently manage the overall financial risk and increase shareholder value through a return of capital. These actions include the repurchase of $70.1 million of our common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors, reinstating our quarterly dividend in 2017 totaling $0.24 per share and $15.3 million, as well as completing the purchase of $4.4 million in principal of our outstanding Convertible Notes (see “Debt Agreements and Related Amendments” section below for details). For 2018, we expect to continue our commitment to fund our working capital requirements and capital expenditures while also returning capital to our shareholders and deleveraging our balance sheet through cash flows from operations as well as available borrowings under our existing Credit Agreement.

Debt Agreements and Related Amendments

Convertible Senior Notes

In April 2012, we issued Convertible Senior Notes due 2018 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a public offering with an aggregate principal amount of $150 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest at the rate of 3.375% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1, and mature on May 1, 2018. The Convertible Notes are senior unsecured obligations and rank equally with our existing and future senior unsecured debt. We used the net proceeds of $145.1 million from the sale of the Convertible Notes to fund a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition of Walker in May 2012.

As of December 31, 2017, and at any time until the close of business on the second business day immediately preceding the maturity date, the Convertible Notes are convertible by their holders into cash, shares of our common stock or any combination thereof at our election, at an initial conversion rate of 85.4372 shares of our common stock per $1,000 in principal amount of Notes, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $11.70 per share.

If the Convertible Notes outstanding at December 31, 2017 had been converted as of December 31, 2017, the if-converted value would exceed the principal amount by approximately $38 million. It is our intent to settle conversions in cash for both the principal portion and the excess of the conversion value over the principal portion. The Convertible Notes mature on May 1, 2018 and are classified as current within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

We account separately for the liability and equity components of the Convertible Notes in accordance with authoritative guidance for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion. The guidance requires the carrying amount of the liability component to be estimated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated conversion feature. We determined that senior, unsecured corporate bonds traded on the market represent a similar liability to the Convertible Notes without the conversion option. Based on market data available for publicly traded, senior, unsecured corporate bonds issued by companies in the same industry and with similar maturity, we estimated the implied interest rate of the Convertible Notes to be 7.0%, assuming no conversion option. Assumptions used in the estimate represent what market participants would use in pricing the liability component, including market interest rates, credit standing, and yield curves, all of which are defined as Level 2 observable inputs. The estimated implied interest rate was applied to the Convertible Notes, which resulted in a fair value of the liability component of $123.8 million upon issuance, calculated as the present value of implied future payments based on the $150.0 million aggregate principal amount. The $21.7 million difference between the cash proceeds before offering expenses of $145.5 million and the estimated fair value of the liability component was recorded in additional paid-in capital. The discount on the liability portion of the Convertible Notes is being amortized over the life of the Convertible Notes using the effective interest rate method.

During 2017, we acquired $4.4 million in principal of such Convertible Notes for $8.0 million, excluding accrued interest. Additionally, in 2016 we acquired $82.0 million in principal for $98.9 million, excluding accrued interest. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, for repurchase activity, which is included in Other, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Senior Notes

On September 26, 2017, we issued Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Senior Notes”) in an offering pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with an aggregate principal amount of $325 million. The Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 5.50% per annum from the date of issuance, and will pay interest semi-annually in cash on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2018. We used the net proceeds of $318.9 million from the sale of the Senior Notes to finance a portion of the acquisition of Supreme and to pay related fees and expenses.

The Senior Notes will mature on October 1, 2025. At any time prior to October 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes being redeemed plus an applicable make-whole premium set forth in the indenture for the Senior Notes and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Prior to October 1, 2020, we may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 105.50% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the proceeds of certain equity offerings so long as if, after any such redemption occurs, at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes remains outstanding. On and after October 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.750% for the twelve-month period beginning on October 1, 2020, 101.375% for the twelve-month period beginning October 1, 2021 and 100.000% beginning on October 1, 2022, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the indenture for the Senior Notes), unless we have exercised our optional redemption right in respect of the Senior Notes, the holders of the Senior Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of our direct and indirect existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain restrictions. The Senior Notes and related guarantees are our and the guarantors’ general unsecured senior obligations and are subordinate to all of our and the guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured obligation. In addition, the Senior Notes are structurally subordinate to any existing and future debt of any of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors, to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries.

The indenture for the Senior Notes restricts our ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, its capital stock or with respect to any other interest or participation in, or measured by, its profits; (iii) make loans and certain investments; (iv) sell assets; (v) create or incur liens; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; and (vii) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. During any time when the Senior Notes are rated investment grade by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and no event of default has occurred or is continuing, many of such covenants will be suspended and the Company and its subsidiaries will not be subject to such covenants during such period.

The indenture for the Senior Notes contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants, failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, may be declared immediately due and payable. These amounts automatically become due and payable if an event of default relating to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occurs.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees for the Senior Notes for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $4.8 million and is included in Interest Expense on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revolving Credit Agreement

In May 2012, we entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as subsequently amended, the “Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among us, certain of our subsidiaries from time to time party thereto (together with us, the “Borrowers”), the several lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as arranger and administrative agent (the “Agent”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (x) a $175 million senior secured revolving credit facility that matures on June 4, 2020, subject to certain springing maturity events and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature allowing for an increase to the availability under the revolving credit facility of up to $50 million, subject to certain conditions (the “Revolving Credit Facility”).

The Revolving Credit Facility (i) bears interest, at the Borrowers’ election, at (x) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin ranging from 150 basis points to 200 basis points, or (y) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 50 basis points to 100 basis points, in each case, based upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (ii) requires us to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 25 basis points times the average unused availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (iii) provides that if availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 12.5% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility or if there exists an event of default, amounts in any of the Borrowers’ and the subsidiary guarantors’ deposit accounts (other than certain excluded accounts) will be transferred daily into a blocked account held by the Agent and applied to reduce the outstanding amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility, and (iv) requires us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.1 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 10% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility.

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 16, 2017, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment also permitted us to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the acquisition of Supreme and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the acquisition.

The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries (the “Revolver Guarantors”) and is secured by (i) first priority security interests (subject only to customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) in substantially all personal property of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors, consisting of accounts receivable, inventory, cash, deposit and securities accounts and any cash or other assets in such accounts and, to the extent evidencing or otherwise related to such property, all general intangibles, licenses, intercompany debt, letter of credit rights, commercial tort claims, chattel paper, instruments, supporting obligations, documents and payment intangibles (collectively, the “Revolver Priority Collateral”), and (ii) second-priority liens on and security interests in (subject only to the liens securing the Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined below), customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) (A) equity interests of each direct subsidiary held by the Borrower and each Revolver Guarantor (subject to customary limitations in the case of the equity of foreign subsidiaries), and (B) substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors including equipment, general intangibles, intercompany notes, insurance policies, investment property, intellectual property and material owned real property (in each case, except to the extent constituting Revolver Priority Collateral) (collectively, the “Term Priority Collateral”). The respective priorities of the security interests securing the Credit Agreement and the Term Loan Credit Agreement are governed by an Intercreditor Agreement between the Revolver Agent and the Term Agent (as defined below) (the “Intercreditor Agreement”).

The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 30 days.

As of December 31, 2017, we were in compliance with all covenants of the Credit Agreement.

Term Loan Credit Agreement

In May 2012, we entered into a Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among us, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent (the “Term Agent”), joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, which provides for, among other things, (x) a senior secured term loan of $188.0 million that matures on March 19, 2022, subject to certain springing maturity events (the “Term Loans”), and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature to provide for additional senior secured term loans of up to $75 million plus an unlimited amount provided that the senior secured leverage ratio would not exceed 3.00 to 1.00, subject to certain conditions (the “Term Loan Facility”).

On February 24, 2017, we entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 3”). As of February 24, 2017, $189.5 million of the Tranche B-2 Loans were outstanding. Under Amendment No. 3, the lenders agreed to provide us term loans in the same aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Tranche B-2 Loans (the “Tranche B-3 Loans”), which were used to refinance the outstanding Tranche B-2 Loans.

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 18, 2017, we entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 also permitted us to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the Supreme acquisition and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the Supreme acquisition.

Furthermore, on November 17, 2017, we entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 5”). As of the Amendment No. 5 date, $188.0 million of the Term Loans were outstanding. Under Amendment No. 5, the lenders agreed to provide us term loans in the same aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Term Loans (“Tranche B-4 Loans”), which were used to refinance the outstanding Term Loans.

The Tranche B-4 Loans amortize in equal quarterly installments in aggregate amounts equal to 0.25% of the initial principal amount of the Tranche B-4 Loans, with the balance payable at maturity, and bear interest at a rate, at the Company’s election, equal to (i) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 225 basis points or (ii) a base rate (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 125 basis points. We are not subject to any financial covenants under the Term Loan Facility.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries, and is secured by (i) first-priority liens on and security interests in the Term Priority Collateral, and (ii) second-priority security interests in the Revolver Priority Collateral.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Term Loan Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Term Loan Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 60 days.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, we paid interest of $7.4 million, $8.3 million, and $8.5 million, respectively, and principal of $1.9 million, $1.9 million and $1.4 million, respectively. We recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.7 million during 2017 in connection with Amendment No. 3 and Amendment No. 5, which was included in Other, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of December 31, 2017, we had $187.6 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, of which $1.9 million was classified as current on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 we incurred charges of $0.2 million, $0.2 million, and $0.3 million, respectively, for amortization of fees and original issuance discount, which is included in Interest Expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cash Flow

2017 compared to 2016

Cash provided by operating activities for 2017 totaled $144.4 million, compared to $178.8 million in 2016. The cash provided by operations during the current year period was the result of net income adjusted for various non-cash activities, including depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on the sale of assets, deferred taxes, loss on debt extinguishment, stock-based compensation, accretion of debt discount and impairment of goodwill and intangibles, of $137.1 million, and a $7.3 million decrease in our working capital. Changes in key working capital accounts for 2017 and 2016 are summarized below (in thousands):

Accounts receivable decreased by $31.9 million in 2017 as compared to an increase of $0.8 million in the prior year period. Days sales outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a receivable is outstanding, decreased to approximately 25 days as of December 31, 2017, compared to 30 days in 2016. The decrease in accounts receivable for 2017 was primarily the result of strong customer collections. Inventory increased by $13.2 million during 2017 as compared to a decrease of $25.0 million in 2016. The increase in inventory for the 2017 period was primarily due to higher raw materials inventories for the expected strong demand environment for January 2018 as compared to January 2017. Our inventory turns, a commonly used measure of working capital efficiency that measures how quickly inventory turns per year was approximately 7 times in 2017 compared to 8 times in 2016. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities decreased by $1.0 million in 2017 compared to a decrease of $13.0 million for 2016. The decrease in 2017 was primarily due to decreases in accruals pertaining to employee salaries and related incentive compensation offset by increased accounts payable due to timing of production. Days payable outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a payable is outstanding, was 21 days in 2017 and 16 days in 2016.

Investing activities used $332.2 million during 2017 compared to $17.3 million used in 2016. Investing activities for 2017 was primarily related to the acquisition of Supreme completed in the third quarter for $323.5 million, net of cash acquired. It also includes capital expenditures to support growth and improvement initiatives at our facilities totaling $26.1 million. These uses of cash were partially offset by proceeds from sale of assets totaling $17.3 million, primarily related to the sale of our former branch locations. Cash used in investing activities in 2016 included capital expenditures to support growth and improvement initiatives at our facilities totaling $20.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of certain branch location assets totaling $3.0 million.

Financing activities provided $215.9 million during 2017, as the issuance of our new $325 million Senior Notes was partially offset by repurchases of common stock through our share repurchase program totaling $70.1 million, cash dividends paid to our shareholders and holders of our Convertible Notes of $15.3 million, and the payment of principal under various debt and lease obligations totaling $18.3 million. Financing activities used $176.8 million during 2016 primarily due to the repurchases of common stock through our share repurchase program totaling $77.0 million and repurchase of Convertible Notes totaling $98.9 million, excluding accrued interest.

As of December 31, 2017, our liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity, amounted to $361.1 million, representing an increase of $28.1 million from December 31, 2016. Total debt and capital lease obligations amounted to $551.4 million as of December 31, 2017. As we continue to see a strong demand environment within the trailer industry and excellence in operational performance across all business segments, we believe our liquidity is adequate to fund our currently planned operations, working capital needs and capital expenditures for 2018.

2016 compared to 2015

Cash provided by operating activities for 2016 totaled $178.8 million, compared to $131.8 million in 2015. The cash provided by operations during the 2016 period was the result of net income adjusted for various non-cash activities, including depreciation, amortization, gain (loss) on the sale of assets, deferred taxes, loss on debt extinguishment, stock-based compensation, accretion of debt discount and impairment of goodwill and intangibles, of $179.4 million, and a $0.7 million increase in our working capital. Changes in key working capital accounts for 2016 and 2015 are summarized below (in thousands):

Accounts receivable increased by $0.8 million in 2016 as compared to an increase of $17.6 million in the prior year period. Days sales outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a receivable is outstanding, increased to approximately 30 days as of December 31, 2016, compared to 25 days in 2015. The increase in accounts receivable for 2016 was primarily the result of the timing of shipments. Inventory decreased by $25.0 million during 2016 as compared to a decrease of $10.2 million in 2015. The decrease in inventory for the 2016 period was primarily due to lower finished goods inventories as customer shipments exceeded production, and lower raw materials inventories due to improved inventory management and expected lower demand volume for January 2017 as compared to January 2016. Our inventory turns, a commonly used measure of working capital efficiency that measures how quickly inventory turns per year was approximately 8 times in 2016 and 2015. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities decreased by $13.0 million in 2016 compared to a decrease of $12.2 million for 2015. The decrease in 2016 was primarily due to timing of production and a decrease in accruals pertaining to employee salaries and related incentive compensation. Days payable outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a payable is outstanding, was 16 days in 2016 and 2015.

Investing activities used $17.3 million during 2016 compared to $7.6 million used in 2015. Investing activities for 2016 include capital expenditures to support growth and improvement initiatives at our facilities totaling $20.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of certain branch location assets totaling $3.0 million. Cash used in investing activities in 2015 was primarily related to capital expenditures totaling $20.8 million, partially offset by proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment totaling $13.2 million, which was comprised primarily of the sale of our former retail branch real estate.

Financing activities used $176.8 million during 2016, primarily due to the repurchases of common stock through our share repurchase program totaling $77.0 million and repurchase of Notes totaling $98.9 million, excluding accrued interest. Financing activities used $91.4 million during 2015 primarily due to the repurchases of common stock through our share repurchase program totaling $60.1 million, repurchase of Notes totaling $22.9 million, excluding accrued interest, principal payments under existing debt and capital lease obligations of $6.1 million, and debt issuance costs of $2.6 million in relation to amendments to our Term Loan Credit Agreement and Credit Agreement.

Capital Expenditures

Capital spending amounted to $26.1 million for 2017 and is anticipated to be in the range of $40 million to $50 million for 2018. Capital spending for 2017 was primarily utilized to support maintenance, growth, and productivity improvement initiatives within our facilities. For 2018, the increase in expected capital spending is attributable to the acquisition of Supreme, which we expect to spend in the range of $10 to $12 million and our continued investment in growth and productivity improvement initiatives across all our facilities.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

As of December 31, 2017, we had approximately $5.2 million in operating lease commitments, inclusive of Supreme. We did not enter into any material off-balance sheet debt or operating lease transactions during the year.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

A summary of payments of our contractual obligations and commercial commitments, both on and off balance sheet, as of December 31, 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

Scheduled payments for our Revolving Credit Facility exclude interest payments as rates are variable. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate based on the London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) or a base rate determined by the lender’s prime rate plus an applicable margin, as defined in the agreement. Outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a rate, at our election, equal to (i) LIBOR plus a margin ranging from 1.50% to 2.00% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.50% to 1.00%, in each case depending upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility. We are required to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 0.25% times the average daily unused availability along with other customary fees and expenses of our agent and lenders.

Scheduled payments for our Convertible Notes exclude interest payments. The Notes bear interest at the rate of 3.375% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1.

Scheduled payments for our Term Loan Credit Agreement, as amended, exclude interest payments as rates are variable. Borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, as amended, bear interest at a variable rate, at our election, equal to (i) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0.00%) plus a margin of 2.25% or (ii) a base rate (subject to a floor of 0.00%) plus a margin of 1.25%. The Term Loan Credit Agreement matures in March 2022 subject to certain springing maturity events.

Scheduled payments for our Senior Notes exclude interest payments. The Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 5.5% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on April 1 and October 1.

Capital leases represent future minimum lease payments including interest. Operating leases represent the total future minimum lease payments.

We have standby letters of credit totaling $5.3 million issued in connection with workers compensation claims and surety bonds.

We have $58.7 million in purchase commitments through December 2018 for various raw material commodities, including aluminum, steel and nickel as well as other raw material components which are within normal production requirements.

We, through our subsidiary Supreme, obtain most vehicle chassis for our specialized vehicle products directly from the chassis manufacturers under converter pool agreements.  Chassis are obtained from the manufacturers based on orders from customers, and in some cases, for unallocated orders.  The agreements generally state that the manufacturer will provide a supply of chassis to be maintained at our facilities with the condition that we will store such chassis and will not move, sell, or otherwise dispose of such chassis except under the terms of the agreement.  In addition, the manufacturer typically retains the sole authority to authorize commencement of work on the chassis and to make certain other decisions with respect to the chassis including the terms and pricing of sales of the chassis to the manufacturer’s dealers.  The manufacturer also does not transfer the certificate of origin to us nor permit us to sell or transfer the chassis to anyone other than the manufacturer (for ultimate resale to a dealer). Although we are party to related financing agreements with manufacturers, we have not historically settled, nor do we expect to in the future settle, any related obligations in cash. Instead, the obligation is settled by the manufacturer upon reassignment of the chassis to an accepted dealer, and the dealer is invoiced for the chassis by the manufacturer.  Under these agreements, if the chassis is not delivered to a customer within a specified time frame we are required to pay a finance or storage charge on the chassis.  Additionally, we receives finance support funds from manufacturers when the chassis are assigned into our chassis pool. Typically, chassis are converted and delivered to customers within 90 days of the receipt of the chassis.

Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements. Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions for calculating financial estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These judgments are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, evaluation of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if it requires us to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time we were making the estimate or changes in the estimate or different estimates that we could have selected would have had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

The table below presents information about the nature and rationale for our critical accounting estimates:

In addition, there are other items within our financial statements that require estimation, but are not as critical as those discussed above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a significant effect on our consolidated financial statements. The determination of the fair market value of our finished goods, primarily consisting of new trailers, and used trailer inventories are subject to variation, particularly in times of rapidly changing market conditions. A 5% change in the valuation of our finished goods and used trailer inventories at December 31, 2017, would be approximately $3.1 million.

Other

Inflation

Inflation impacts prices paid for labor, materials and supplies. Significant increases in the costs of production or certain commodities, raw materials, and components could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. As has been our practice, we will endeavor to offset the impact of inflation through selective price increases, productivity improvements and hedging activities.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information related to new accounting standards, see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

ITEM 7A–QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In addition to the risks inherent in our operations, we have exposure to financial and market risk resulting from volatility in commodity prices and interest rates. The following discussion provides additional detail regarding our exposure to these risks.

We are exposed to fluctuation in commodity prices through the purchase of various raw materials that are processed from commodities such as aluminum, steel, lumber, nickel, copper and polyethylene. Given the historical volatility of certain commodity prices, this exposure can significantly impact product costs. We manage some of our commodity price changes by entering into fixed price contracts with our suppliers. As of December 31, 2017, we had $58.7 million in raw material purchase commitments through December 2018 for materials that will be used in the production process, as compared to $57.8 million as of December 31, 2016. We typically do not set prices for our products more than 45-90 days in advance of our commodity purchases and can, subject to competitive market conditions, take into account the cost of the commodity in setting our prices for each order. To the extent that we are unable to offset the increased commodity costs in our product prices, our results would be materially and adversely affected.

As of December 31, 2017, we had no floating rate debt outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility and for 2017 we maintained no floating rate borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, as of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding borrowings under our Term Loan Credit Agreement, as amended, totaling $187.6 million that bear interest at a floating rate, subject to a minimum interest rate. Based on the average borrowings under our revolving facility and the outstanding indebtedness under our Term Loan Credit Agreement a hypothetical 100 basis-point change in the floating interest rate would result in a corresponding change in interest expense over a one-year period of $1.9 million. This sensitivity analysis does not account for the change in the competitive environment indirectly related to the change in interest rates and the potential managerial action taken in response to these changes.

We are subject to fluctuations in the British pound sterling and Mexican peso exchange rates that impact transactions with our foreign subsidiaries, as well as U.S. denominated transactions between these foreign subsidiaries and unrelated parties. A five percent change in the British pound sterling or Mexican peso exchange rates would have an immaterial impact on results of operations. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

ITEM 8—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Stockholders of Wabash National Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Wabash National Corporation (the “Company“) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders‘ equity and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements“). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with US generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company‘s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company‘s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the US federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands)