UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report:

Commission File Number: 001-41823

Nvni Group Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

P.O. Box 10008, Willow House, Cricket Square

Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands KY1-1001

(Address of principal executive offices)

Pierre Schurmann

Telephone: (+55 11) 5642-3370

Email: p@nuvini.com.br

At the address of the Company set forth above

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the shell company report: As of December 31, 2024, the issuer had 34,553,071 ordinary shares and 20,961,326 warrants to purchase ordinary shares outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

☐ U.S. GAAP

☒ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board

☐ Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

INTRODUCTION

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements contained in this annual report on Form 20-F (this “Annual Report”) include or may include “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created by those laws. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions, or strategies regarding the future. The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are based on current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on Nvni Group Limited (“Nuvini”). There can be no assurance that future developments affecting the Company will be those that we have anticipated. Where a forward-looking statement expresses or implies an expectation or belief as to future events or results, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis. All statements other than statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “aim,” “target,” “will,” “could,” “should,” “may,” “likely,” “plan,” “probably” or similar words may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

The risk factors and cautionary language referred to or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report provide examples of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations described in our forward-looking statements. The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein or risk factors that we are faced with that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipated in our forward-looking statements. Please see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report, those discussed and identified in public filings we made with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and the following important factors relating to the Company’s ability to:

While forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s good faith beliefs, they are not guarantees of future performance. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, the Company disclaims any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors, new information, data or methods, future events or other changes after the date of this Annual Report, except as required by applicable law. For a further discussion of these and other factors that could cause the Company’s future results, performance or transactions to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement, please see the section “Item 3. Key Information —D. Risk Factors” of this Annual Report. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which are based only on information currently available to the Company.

Frequently Used Terms

Throughout this Annual Report, unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company” and “our company” refer to Nvni Group Limited and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, which prior to the Business Combination was the business of Nuvini Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities. References to “Nuvini” mean Nuvini Group Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities, and references to “the Registrant” mean Nvni Group Limited. Unless the context requires otherwise, all references to “our financial statements” mean the financial statements of the Registrant included herein.

The term “Brazil” refers to the Federative Republic of Brazil and the phrase “Brazilian government” refers to the federal government of Brazil. “Central Bank” refers to the Brazilian Central Bank (Banco Central do Brasil). References in this Annual Report to “real,” “reais” or “R$” refer to the Brazilian real, the official currency of Brazil and references to “U.S. dollar,” “U.S. dollars” or “US$” refer to U.S. dollars, the official currency of the United States.

Unless otherwise stated in this document or the context otherwise requires:

“B2B” means business-to-business.

“B2C” means business-to-client.

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated February 26, 2023, and as amended from time to time, by and among Mercato, Nuvini, Nuvini Holding and Merger Sub.

“CDI” means the average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil.

“Closing” means the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

“Closing Date” means September 29, 2023, the date on which the Closing occurs.

“Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

“COVID-19” means the novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, and any evolutions, mutations thereof or related or associated epidemics, pandemic or disease outbreaks.

“CRM” means client relationship management.

“Debentures” means the non-convertible debentures issued by Nuvini S.A. in a single series on May 14, 2021.

“Debenture Agreement” means the agreements entered into with Debenture Holders on May 14, 2021.

“Debenture First Issue” means the 61,000 Debentures issued by Nuvini S.A. to Debenture Holders.

“Debenture Holders” means the holders of Debentures issued by Nuvini S.A. on May 14, 2021.

“EBITDA” means earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.

“Equity Incentive Plan” means the Nuvini 2023 Incentive Award Plan.

“ERP” means the enterprise resource planning software system which assists organizations automate and manage core business processes, such as accounting, procurement, project management, risk management and compliance, and supply chain operations.

“Exchange Act” means the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Exchange Ratio” means the quotient obtained by dividing (a) the Per Share Company Value by (b) $10.00.

“Exposure Premium” means the additional contingent payment Nuvini S.A. agreed to provide Debenture Holders to mitigate the Debenture Holders’ risk related to the value of the Debentures.

“FCPA” means the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.

“GAAP” means United States’ generally accepted accounting principles.

“GDPR” means the General Data Protection Regulation.

“IFRS” means the IFRS Accounting Standards, as issued by the IASB.

“Latin America” means Mexico and the countries within South America, Central America and the Caribbean islands.

“Lock-up Agreement” means the Lock-up Agreement, dated September 29, 2023, by and between Nuvini and each of the stockholders of the Company to be listed on Exhibit A thereto, incorporated by reference in this Annual Report to Exhibit 4.3 to Nuvini’s Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41823), filed with the SEC on September 29, 2023.

“Mercato” means Mercato Partners Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which, after the Business Combination, became a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of Nuvini.

“Merger Sub” means Nuvini Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation that will be a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Intermediate 2 on and prior to the Closing Date.

“Nasdaq” means the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC.

“Nuvini” means Nuvini Group Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands.

“Nuvini Acquired Companies” means the subsidiaries that Nuvini acquires and operates, namely, Effecti Tecnologia Web Ltda., Leadlovers Tecnologia Ltda., Ipê Tecnologia Digital Ltda., Dataminer Dados, Onclick Sistemas de Informação Ltda., Simplest Software Ltda and Smart NX Tecnologica Ltda.

“Nuvini Articles” means the Second Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Nuvini.

“Nuvini Board” means the board of directors of Nuvini.

“Nuvini Holdings Limited” means Nuvini Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Nuvini.

“Nuvini Group” means Nuvini, Nuvini S.A., the Nuvini Acquired Companies and any other subsidiaries of Nuvini S.A.

“Nuvini Option” means, as of any determination time, each option to purchase Nuvini Ordinary Shares that is outstanding and unexercised, whether granted under the Stock Option Plan of Nuvini S.A. or otherwise.

“Nuvini Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares, par value $0.00001 per share, of Nuvini.

“Nuvini S.A.” means Nuvini S.A., a corporation (sociedade por ações) duly incorporated and organized under the laws of Brazil.

“Nuvini Shareholder” means a holder of Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

“Nuvini Warrants” means the 23,050,00 warrants issued by us, consisting of 11,000,000 public warrants and 11,550,000 private warrants to purchase one Nuvini Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50, subject to adjustment.

“PCAOB” means the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

“Registration Rights Agreement” means the Registration Rights Agreement, dated September 29, 2023, by and among Nuvini, Mercato Partners Acquisition Group, LLC, certain parties set forth on Exhibit A thereto and certain former shareholders of Nuvini Holdings Limited set forth on Exhibit B thereto.

“SaaS” means Software as a Service.

“Sarbanes-Oxley Act” means the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

“SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Sponsor Support Agreement” means the Sponsor Support Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2023, by and among the Sponsor, the persons listed on Schedule I thereto, Mercato, Nuvini and Nuvini Holdings.

“Stock Option Plan” means Nuvini S.A.’s stock option plan, as of November 27, 2020, as amended (Plano de Outorga de Opção de Subscrição de Ações da Nuvini).

“Voting and Support Agreement” means the Shareholder Voting and Support Agreement dated as of February 26, 2023, by and among Heru Investment Holdings Ltd, Mercato, Nuvini Holdings and Nuvini.

Financial Information

Nuvini was incorporated on November 16, 2022, as a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability duly registered with the Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies for the purpose of effecting the Business Combination. Prior to the Business Combination, Nuvini had limited or no assets, operations or activities. On September 29, 2023, we completed the Business Combination, and Nuvini became the holding entity of Nuvini Holdings and Nuvini S.A.

The historical operations of Nuvini are deemed to be those of Nuvini S.A. Thus, the financial statements included in this Annual Report reflect (i) the historical operating results of Nuvini S.A. prior to the Closing of the Business Combination and (ii) the consolidated results of Nuvini as of December 31, 2024. The audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, and 2023 and for the three years in the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, included in this Annual Report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by IASB, which we refer to as our financial statements.

Certain amounts and percentages included in this Annual Report have been rounded for ease of presentation. Percentage figures included in this Annual Report have not been calculated in all cases on the basis of the rounded figures but on the basis of the original amounts prior to rounding. For this reason, certain percentage amounts in this Annual Report may vary from those obtained by performing the same calculations using the figures in our audited consolidated financial statements. The tables included in this Annual Report may not total due to rounding.

References to “U.S. dollars” and “US$” are to currency of the United States of America and references to “R$” are to the currency of Brazil, also known as the Brazilian “Real.” All financial information presented in this Annual Report is in U.S. dollars unless otherwise expressly stated.

Special Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Annual Report includes certain references to prospective and historical financial measures for Nuvini that were not prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards, including EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin and Adjusted Free Cash Flow. The presentation of this non-IFRS information is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for Nuvini’s consolidated financial results prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards. For additional information, see the section entitled “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures.”

Market Data

Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this Annual Report, including statements regarding market size and technology/data adoption rates, is based on the good faith estimates of our management, which in turn are based upon our management’s review of independent industry surveys and publications and other third-party research and publicly available information, as indicated. Industry reports, publications, research, studies and forecasts generally state that the information they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but that the accuracy and completeness of such information is not guaranteed. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which this data is derived. While we have compiled, extracted, and reproduced industry data from these sources, we have not independently verified the data. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as the other forward-looking statements in this Annual Report. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in any forecasts or estimates.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Nuvini is an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. Nuvini will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement Registration Statement on Form F-4 (File No. 333-272688), which is September 7, 2023, (b) in which Nuvini has total annual gross revenue of at least US$1.235 billion or (c) in which Nuvini is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of Nuvini Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of Nuvini’s prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which Nuvini issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. Nuvini intends to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies, whether or not they are classified as “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that Nuvini’s independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

[Reserved]

Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Risk Factors

The following risk factors apply to the business and operations of the Nuvini Group. These risk factors are not exhaustive, and investors are encouraged to perform their own investigation with respect to the business, financial condition and prospects of the Nuvini Group. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report, including the sections titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” and our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, or which are not identified because they are generally common to businesses, may also become important factors that adversely affect our business. If any of these risks actually occurs, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, our business, financial condition, results of operations, future prospects and reputation could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Business

Nuvini is an early-stage company with a history of operating losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses at least for the near- and medium-term, which may affect its ability to continue as a going concern.

Nuvini S.A., the foundation of the current Nuvini, began its journey in October 2020 with a bold vision to acquire and grow SaaS businesses in Latin America. While the company has faced challenges, including operating losses and cash flow constraints, these are common hurdles in the growth phase of many innovative businesses. Nuvini reported net losses of R$78.2 million, R$247.9 million, and R$114.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, with a working capital deficit of R$348.3 million as of December 31, 2024, and approximately R$308.6 million as of December 31, 2023. It’s important to note that the 2023 results were significantly impacted by non-cash charges related to the SPAC merger, which accounted for a substantial portion of the reported losses. Additionally, while all of Nuvini’s acquired companies are profitable, acquisition-related costs affect the consolidated financial statements, reflecting the investments required to fuel future growth.

Despite these figures, Nuvini remains committed to building long-term value and scaling its operations. The company is focused on unlocking the full potential of its acquired companies through organic growth, operational improvements, and further acquisitions of SaaS companies or related assets. While profitability may take time to achieve, Nuvini is confident in its strategy to expand and strengthen its portfolio. The pursuit of additional capital resources will be vital to support this growth, and management is actively exploring financing options, including loans, equity sales, and strategic investments, to ensure the company’s continued success.

Nuvini’s management remains positive about the company’s future and is committed to addressing its financial obligations. Although the audit report for the year ended December 31, 2024, includes an explanatory paragraph regarding Nuvini’s ability to continue as a going concern, the company is taking proactive steps to strengthen its financial position. Nuvini’s audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. For further discussion on Nuvini’s assessment of going concern, see “Note 2—Basis of presentation” of Nuvini’s consolidated financial statements included “Item 18 – Financial Statements.”

The Nuvini Group’s growth strategy depends in large part on continued acquisitions of SaaS businesses. Nuvini may not be able to identify suitable acquisition candidates or complete acquisitions successfully.

The Nuvini Group’s future growth is dependent in large part on Nuvini’s ability to acquire new businesses. Nuvini has been continuously seeking additional acquisition opportunities to expand into new markets in Latin America and enhance Nuvini’s position in Brazil where the Nuvini Group’s substantial operations are. There are no assurances, however, that Nuvini will be able to successfully identify suitable candidates, negotiate appropriate terms, obtain financing on acceptable terms, complete proposed acquisitions or expand into new markets. Once acquired, operations of acquired businesses may not achieve anticipated levels of revenues, profitability or cash flows.

Nuvini’s ability to successfully expand its business through acquisitions depends on several factors, including its ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses. Nuvini provides limited back-office support to the Nuvini Acquired Companies and does not integrate the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ actual proprietary SaaS business operations that are being conducted by the Nuvini Acquired Companies within their respective entities as subsidiaries to Nuvini. Each Nuvini Acquired Company’s engineering, human resources and operations teams will continue to operate independently and report to Nuvini Acquired Company’s own set of management. Although Nuvini’s management will endeavor to evaluate the risks inherent in any particular transaction, there are no assurances that it will properly ascertain all such risks. Moreover, prior acquisitions have resulted, and future acquisitions could result, in the incurrence of substantial additional indebtedness and other expenses. Future acquisitions may also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities.

Any failure to effectively manage Nuvini’s growth through acquisitions may disrupt the Nuvini Group’s operations and adversely affect its operating results.

Since Nuvini’s inception, Nuvini has completed seven acquisitions and plans to continue acquiring other SaaS businesses in the future. Growth and expansion resulting from future acquisitions significantly require Nuvini’s management resources. Any future acquisitions involve a number of special risks, including the following:

Future acquisitions are accompanied by the risk that the obligations and liabilities of an acquired company may not be adequately reflected, if at all, in the historical financial statements of such company and the risk that such historical financial statements may be based on assumptions that are incorrect or inconsistent with Nuvini’s assumptions or accounting policies. Nuvini may not be able to manage such expansion effectively and its failure to do so could lead to a disruption in Nuvini’s business, a loss of clients and revenues, and increased expenses.

Nuvini has experienced rapid growth and expects to invest in its growth for the foreseeable future. If Nuvini fails to manage its growth effectively, its business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Nuvini has experienced rapid growth in recent periods. For example, Nuvini’s net operating revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, has grown 14%, from R$169.0 million in 2023 to R$193.3 million in 2024. The expected continued growth and expansion of Nuvini and the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses may place a significant strain on management, business operations, financial condition, infrastructure and corporate culture.

With continued growth, Nuvini’s information technology systems and internal control over financial reporting and procedures may not be adequate to support the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations and may be subject to data security incidents that may interrupt business operations and allow third parties to obtain unauthorized access to business information or misappropriate funds. Nuvini may also face risks to the extent such third parties infiltrate the information technology infrastructure of its contractors.

To manage growth in operations and personnel, the Nuvini Group have to continuously improve its operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. Failure to effectively manage its growth could result in difficulty or delays in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to attract new clients, decline in quality or client satisfaction, increases in costs, introduction of new products and services, enhancements of existing products and services, loss of clients; information security vulnerabilities or other operational difficulties, any of which could adversely affect Nuvini’s business performance and operating results. Nuvini’s strategy is based on a combination of growth and M&A, and any inability to scale the Nuvini Acquired Companies while also acquiring new companies may impact Nuvini’s growth trajectory and results of operations.

Nuvini may require additional capital to support the growth of its business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Nuvini has funded its operations since inception primarily through equity financings, loans and borrowings from financial institutions and the Nuvini Group’s operations. Nuvini is uncertain when or if the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations will generate sufficient cash to fully fund their ongoing operations or the growth of the Nuvini Group’s business. Nuvini intends to continue to make investments to support the Nuvini Group’s business, which may require Nuvini to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to Nuvini, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, Nuvini may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm the Nuvini Group’s businesses, operating results and financial conditions. If Nuvini incurs new debt, the creditors would have rights senior to holders of common stock to make claims on Nuvini’s assets, and the terms of any debt could restrict the Nuvini Group’s operations, including Nuvini’s ability to pay dividends on Nuvini Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, if Nuvini issues additional equity securities, shareholders will experience dilution, and the new equity securities could have rights senior to those of Nuvini Ordinary Shares. Because the decision to issue securities in the future will depend on numerous considerations, including factors beyond Nuvini’s control, Nuvini cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any future issuances of debt or equity securities. As a result, Nuvini Shareholders bear the risk of future issuances of debt or equity securities reducing the value of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and diluting their interests. For more information on Nuvini’s indebtedness see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

If the Nuvini Group is unable to obtain sufficient funding on a timely basis and on acceptable terms and continue as a going concern, the Nuvini Group may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue its operations.

If the Nuvini Group is unable to obtain sufficient funding on a timely basis and on acceptable terms and continue as a going concern, the Nuvini Group may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue its operations. In general, the Nuvini Group may be unable to expand its operations or otherwise capitalize on business opportunities and defend against and prosecute litigation necessary to conduct the Nuvini Group’s businesses as desired, which could materially affect the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition and results of operations. If the Nuvini Group is ultimately unable to continue as a going concern, it may have to seek the protection of bankruptcy laws or liquidate its assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on its financial statements, and it is likely that Nuvini’s securityholders will lose all or a part of their investment.

Nuvini’s market opportunity estimates and market growth forecasts included in this Annual Report may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which the Nuvini Group competes achieves the forecasted growth, the Nuvini Group’s businesses could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

This Annual Report contains market and industry data, estimates and statistics obtained from third-party sources. While Nuvini believes such information to be reliable in general, Nuvini has not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of any such third-party information. Such information may not have been prepared on a comparable basis or may not be consistent with other sources. Similarly, this Annual Report contains information based on or derived from internal company surveys, studies and research that have not been independently verified by third-party sources. Industry data, projections and estimates are subject to inherent uncertainty as they necessarily require certain assumptions and judgments.

In addition, the market for SaaS in Latin America is relatively new and will experience changes over time. Growth forecasts, including for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS businesses, are uncertain and based on assumptions and estimates that may be inaccurate. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ addressable market depends on a number of factors, including changes in the competitive landscape, technology, data security or privacy concerns, client budgetary constraints, business practices, regulatory environment and economic conditions. Moreover, geographic markets and the industries the Nuvini Acquired Companies operate in are not rigidly defined or subject to standard definitions.

Accordingly, Nuvini’s use of the terms referring to its geographic markets and industries may be subject to interpretation, and the resulting industry data, projections and estimates may not be reliable. Nuvini’s estimates and forecasts relating to the size and expected growth of its market may prove to be inaccurate and Nuvini’s ability to produce accurate estimates and forecasts may in the future be impacted by the economic uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, as well as with other macroeconomic factors to which the Nuvini Group is subject (see “—Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Substantial Operations in Brazil” below). Even if the market where Nuvini competes meets the size estimates and growth rate forecasts, its business could fail to grow. For these reasons, you should not place undue reliance on such information.

Some of the industries in which the Nuvini Group operates are cyclical, and, accordingly, the Nuvini Group’s businesses are subject to changes in the economy.

Some of the business areas in which the Nuvini Group operates are subject to specific industry and general economic cycles including but not limited to, the SaaS markets. Accordingly, a downturn in these or other markets where the Nuvini Group participates could materially and adversely affect Nuvini. If demand changes and the Nuvini Group fails to respond accordingly, Nuvini’s results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The business cycles of the Nuvini Group’s different operations may occur contemporaneously. Consequently, the effect of an economic downturn may have a magnified negative effect on material portions of the Nuvini Group’s businesses.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients may choose not to renew existing engagements or enter into new engagements with the Nuvini Acquired Companies on terms acceptable to the Nuvini Group, or at all.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ contracts with their clients to provide SaaS solutions typically have a monthly term and will renew automatically. Based on the historical performance of the Nuvini Group, its clients have been consistently renewing their respective subscriptions on a monthly basis. The Nuvini Acquired Companies have been operating for more than 10 years on average and have a record of consistent monthly renewals even during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was a major disruption for most businesses. As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, 97.1%, 96.7% and 95.4%, respectively, of clients renewed their subscriptions to Nuvini Group services or products every month. However, these contracts may, in a majority of cases, be terminated without cause by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, so long as the clients provide 30 to 120 days prior notice. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients may terminate or reduce their use of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions for several reasons, including (i) if they are not satisfied with the solution or service level, (ii) the value proposition for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions, or (iii) if the Nuvini Acquired Companies are unable to meet clients’ needs and expectations. If price increases make the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions unaffordable, the possibility of client termination or reduction may be more likely. These price increases can be due to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses, inflation adjustments or supplier cost increases. Even if the Nuvini Acquired Companies successfully deliver on contracted data solutions and services and maintain close relationships with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, a number of factors outside of Nuvini’s control could cause the loss of or reduction in business or revenue from the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ existing clients. These factors include, among other things:

The ability of clients to terminate their engagements with the Nuvini Acquired Companies at any time makes Nuvini S.A.’s future revenue flow uncertain. The Nuvini Acquired Companies may not be able to replace any client that chooses to terminate or chooses not to renew its contract, which could materially and adversely affect Nuvini’s revenue. Furthermore, terminations in engagements may make it difficult to plan Nuvini’s project resource requirements.

If a significant number of clients cease using or reduce their usage of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be required to spend significantly more on sales and marketing than it currently plans to spend in order to maintain or increase revenue from clients. Such additional sales and marketing expenditures could adversely affect Nuvini’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies may not be able to renew or maintain their data hosting agreements with their suppliers.

Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) and Google Cloud Platform (“GCP”) are the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ primary suppliers for data hosting and may terminate their hosting agreements with the Nuvini Acquired Companies at any time without cause and without a prior notice (in the case of AWS, subject to a prior notice of 30 days’ prior notice where Nuvini fails to use the services). Any such termination would be disruptive to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses, and it may not be possible to secure alternative data hosting suppliers on similar terms or with the same quality of solutions and services as those being provided by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ current suppliers. Accordingly, if the Nuvini Acquired Companies lose their current arrangements with their main suppliers, the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ third-party software clients may engage another SaaS solutions company to fulfill their needs, and, in any such case, terminate their relationships with the Nuvini Acquired Companies. In this case, Nuvini may experience a material adverse effect on its cash position, revenue and, by extension, its results of operations and financial position.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies and their suppliers could suffer disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ solutions or with the public cloud and internet infrastructure on which their solutions rely. If the availability of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary SaaS solutions does not meet the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ service-level commitments to their clients, Nuvini’s current and future revenue may be negatively impacted.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses depend on the SaaS solutions that they offer to be available without disruption.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies and their suppliers have experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality issues with these data solutions. The Nuvini Acquired Companies have also experienced, and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality issues with the public cloud and internet infrastructure on which the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platform relies. These issues may arise from several factors, including introductions of new functionality, vulnerabilities and defects in proprietary and open-source software, human error or misconduct, natural disasters (such as tornadoes, earthquakes or fires), capacity constraints, design limitations, denial-of-service attacks or other security-related incidents. Moreover, the Nuvini Acquired Companies typically commit to maintaining a minimum service-level of availability for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients that use their proprietary SaaS solutions. If the Nuvini Acquired Companies are unable to meet these commitments, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be obligated to provide clients with additional capacity, which could significantly affect Nuvini’s revenue.

A material portion of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses is provided through software hosting services, which are sometimes hosted from and use computing infrastructure provided by third parties, including AWS and GCP. These hosting services depend on the uninterrupted operation of data centers and the ability to protect computer equipment and information stored in these data centers against damage that may be caused by natural disaster, fire, power loss, telecommunications or Internet failure, acts of terrorism, unauthorized intrusion, computer viruses and other similar damaging events.

If any of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data centers become inoperable for an extended period, such Nuvini Acquired Company might be unable to fulfill its contractual commitments. Although the Nuvini Acquired Companies take what they believe to be reasonable precautions against such occurrences, the Nuvini Group can give no assurance that damaging events such as these will not result in a prolonged interruption of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ services, which could result in client dissatisfaction, loss of revenue to Nuvini and damage to the Nuvini Group’s businesses.

Furthermore, third-party hosting service providers have no obligation to renew their agreements with any of the Nuvini Acquired Companies on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If the Nuvini Acquired Companies are unable to renew these agreements on commercially reasonable terms, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be required to transition to new providers and incur significant costs and possible service interruption in doing so. In addition, such service providers could decide to close their facilities or change or suspend their service offerings without adequate notice to the Nuvini Group. Moreover, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by such service providers may have negative effects on the Nuvini Group’s businesses, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Because the Nuvini Acquired Companies cannot easily switch third-party hosting service providers, any disruption with respect to the current service providers would impact their operations and their business could be adversely impacted. Problems faced by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ hosting service providers could adversely affect the experience of their clients. For example, AWS has experienced significant service outages in the past and may do so again in the future.

If the Nuvini Group loses key members of its management teams or is unable to attract and retain the executives and employees it needs to support its operations and growth (especially skilled software engineers and developers, founders of acquired companies), the Nuvini Group’s business and future growth prospects may be harmed.

The Nuvini Group’s success depends in part on the continued services of Nuvini’s co-founder Pierre Schurmann, as well as the Nuvini Group’s other executive officers and key employees in the areas of research and development (particularly, skilled software engineers and developers), sales and marketing.

From time to time, there may be changes in the Nuvini Group’s executive, management and technical teams or other key employees resulting from the hiring or departure of these personnel. The Nuvini Group’s executives, officers and other key employees are employed on an at-will basis, which means that these personnel could terminate their employment with the Nuvini Group at any time. The loss of one or more of the Nuvini Group’s executives, officers, or the failure by its executive team to effectively work with its employees and lead the Nuvini Group, including as a result of remote working conditions, could harm the Nuvini Group’s business.

In addition, to execute the Nuvini Group’s growth plan, it must attract and retain highly qualified professionals. There is a high demand for qualified professionals in the market, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing SaaS solutions, experienced sales professionals and expert client support personnel. The Nuvini Acquired Companies are also dependent on the continued service of their existing software engineers because of the sophistication of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary SaaS solutions.

The Nuvini Group also believes its culture has been a key contributor to its success to date and that the critical nature of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions promotes a sense of greater purpose and fulfillment among Nuvini Group’s employees. As the Nuvini Group’s workforce becomes more distributed around the world, the Nuvini Group may not be able to maintain important aspects of its culture. Any failure to preserve the Nuvini Group’s culture could negatively affect its ability to retain and recruit personnel. If the Nuvini Group fails to attract new personnel or fails to retain and motivate the Nuvini Group’s current personnel, its business and future growth prospects would be harmed.

Risks Related to the SaaS Market

Demand for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions may fluctuate, which may make it difficult for the Nuvini Group to manage its businesses efficiently and may reduce its profitability and market share in the future.

The Nuvini Group depends upon the capital spending budgets of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients. World and regional economic conditions have, in the past, adversely affected the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ licensing and support revenue. If economic or other conditions reduce the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients’ capital spending levels, the Nuvini Group’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected. In addition, the purchase and implementation of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions can constitute a major portion of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients’ overall technology budget, and the amount clients are willing to invest in acquiring and implementing such SaaS solutions has tended to vary in response to economic, financial or other business conditions.

The loss of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ rights to use software currently licensed to them by third parties could increase Nuvini’s operating expenses by forcing Nuvini to seek alternative technologies and adversely affect Nuvini’s ability to compete.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies license certain technologies used in their products from third parties, generally on a non-exclusive basis. The termination of any of these licenses, or the failure of the licensors to adequately maintain or update their products, could delay the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to deliver their products while the Nuvini Acquired Companies seek to implement alternative technology offered by other sources and require significant unplanned investments on their part. In addition, alternative technology may not be available on commercially reasonable terms. In the future, it may be necessary or desirable to obtain other third-party technology licenses relating to one or more of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ products or relating to current or future technologies to enhance the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ product offerings. There is a risk that the Nuvini Acquired Companies will not be able to obtain licensing rights to the needed technology on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Some of the markets for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions are characterized by frequent technological advances, and the Nuvini Acquired Companies must continually improve their software products to remain competitive.

Frequent technological change and new product introductions and enhancements characterize the software industry in general. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ current and potential clients increasingly require greater levels of functionality and more sophisticated product offerings. In addition, the life cycles of many of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products are difficult to estimate. While the Nuvini Acquired Companies believe some of their software products may be nearing the end of their product life cycles, the Nuvini Acquired Companies cannot estimate the decline in demand from the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients of maintenance related to these software products. Accordingly, Nuvini believes that its future success depends upon the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to enhance current software products, to develop and to introduce new products offering enhanced performance and functionality at competitive prices in a timely manner, and on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to enable their software products to work in conjunction with other products from other suppliers that their clients may utilize. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ failure to develop and to introduce or to enhance products in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses, results of operations and financial condition.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies may be unable to respond on a timely basis to the changing needs of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ client bases and the new applications the Nuvini Acquired Companies design for their clients may prove to be ineffective. Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to compete successfully will depend in large measure on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to be among the first to market with effective new products or services, to maintain a technically competent research and development staff, and to adapt to technological changes and advances in the industry. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products must remain compatible with evolving computer hardware and software platforms and operating environments. Nuvini cannot assure you that the Nuvini Acquired Companies will be successful in these efforts. In addition, competitive or technological developments and new regulatory requirements may require the Nuvini Acquired Companies to make substantial, unanticipated investments in new products and technologies, and the Nuvini Acquired Companies may not have sufficient resources to make these investments. If the Nuvini Acquired Companies were required to expend substantial resources to respond to specific technological or product changes, their operating results would be adversely affected.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products may contain errors or defects that could result in lost revenue, delayed or limited market acceptance or product liability claims with substantial litigation costs.

As a result of their complexity, software products may contain undetected errors or failures when introduced to the market. Despite testing performed by the Nuvini Acquired Companies and testing and use by current and potential clients, defects and errors may be found in new software products after commencement of commercial shipments or the offering of a network service using these software products. In these circumstances, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be unable to successfully correct the errors in a timely manner or at all. The occurrence of errors and failures in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products could result in negative publicity and a loss of, or delay in, market acceptance of those software products. Such publicity could reduce revenue from new licenses and lead to increased client attrition. Alleviating these errors and failures could require significant expenditure of capital and other resources by the Nuvini Acquired Companies. The consequences of these errors and failures could have a material adverse effect on Nuvini’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition.

Because many of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients use their software products for critical business applications, any errors, defects or other performance issues could result in financial or other damage to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients or other third parties could claim damages from the Nuvini Acquired Companies in the event of actual or alleged failures of their software solutions. The Nuvini Acquired Companies in the past have been, and may in the future continue to be, subject to these kinds of claims. Although the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ license agreements with clients typically contain provisions designed to limit the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ exposure to potential claims, as well as any liabilities arising from these claims, these provisions may not effectively protect against such claims, liability and associated costs.

Accordingly, any such claim could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, defending against this kind of claim, regardless of its merits, or otherwise satisfying affected clients, could entail substantial expense and require the devotion of significant time and attention by key management personnel.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies face competition from other software solutions providers, which may reduce their market share or limit the prices they can charge for their software solutions.

Given that each of the Nuvini Acquired Companies serve specific vertical markets, the Nuvini Acquired Companies face competition from vertical market competitors, specifically from small, emerging software companies. As a result, in certain market segments, competition can be intense, and significant pricing pressure may exist. To maintain and improve the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitive position, they must continue to develop and to introduce, in a timely and cost-effective manner, new software solutions. In addition, the Nuvini Acquired Companies expect that a substantial portion of their revenues will continue to be derived from SaaS licensing to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients. Although the Nuvini Acquired Companies have experienced relatively stable and predictable attrition relating to these arrangements, increased competition could reduce the need for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ maintenance services, as clients could decide to stop using the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ SaaS solutions or maintenance services and, instead, avail of the software applications or services of competitors.

Nuvini anticipates additional competition as other established and emerging companies enter the software market and introduce new products and technologies. For example, companies that historically have not competed in one of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ market segments could introduce new applications based on newer product architectures that could provide for a functionality similar to or better than what the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products provide. In addition, existing and potential competitors may enter into strategic acquisitions or arrangements among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products in better addressing the needs of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ prospective clients.

Accordingly, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among existing and/or new competitors may emerge. This competition could result in price reductions, fewer client orders, reduced gross margins and loss of market share for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ software products.

Some of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ existing and potential competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources, better name recognition and larger client base compared to what the Nuvini Acquired Companies have. Some Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitors offer products that are based on more advanced product architectures and services with performance advantages. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in client requirements or may devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products. Many competitive factors affect the market for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ products and the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to generate new license revenues. These competitive factors include vendor and product reputation; industry specific expertise; cost of ownership; ease and speed of implementation; client support; product architecture, quality, price and performance; product performance attributes, such as flexibility, scalability, compatibility, functionality and ease of use; and vendor financial stability.

If the Nuvini Acquired Companies, their suppliers or third-party service providers experience an actual or perceived security breach or unauthorized parties otherwise obtain access to their clients’ data or their data, their data solutions and services may be perceived as not being secure, the Nuvini Group’s reputation may be harmed, demand for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services may be reduced and Nuvini may incur significant liabilities.

The Nuvini Group is heavily dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate its businesses and solutions. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platform offers, processes, stores and transmits the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients’ and partners’ proprietary, confidential and sensitive data, such as personal, health and financial information. The Nuvini Acquired Companies also rely on third-party information technology systems in connection with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations. For example, some of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platforms are built to be available on the infrastructure of third-party public cloud providers, such as AWS and GCP. The Nuvini Acquired Companies also use third-party service providers and sub-processors to help them deliver services to Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and their end-users. These vendors may store or process proprietary, confidential and sensitive data such as personal information, protected health information or other information of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ employees, their partners, their clients or their clients’ end-users. The Nuvini Acquired Companies collect such information from individuals located both in Brazil and abroad and may store or process such information outside the country in which it was collected. While the Nuvini Acquired Companies, their suppliers, their third-party service providers and their sub-processors have implemented or are contractually obligated to implement security measures designed to protect against security breaches, these measures could fail or may be insufficient, resulting in the unauthorized disclosure, access, acquisition, modification, misuse, destruction or loss of the Nuvini Acquired Companies, their clients’ data. Any security breach of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platform, their operational systems, physical facilities or the systems of their third-party service providers or sub-processors or the perception that one has occurred, could result in litigation, indemnity obligations, regulatory enforcement actions, investigations, fines, penalties, mitigation and remediation costs, disputes, reputational harm, diversion of management’s attention and other liabilities and damage to the Nuvini Group’s business. Even though the Nuvini Acquired Companies may not control the security measures of their suppliers, third-party service providers or sub-processors, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be responsible for any breach of such measures.

Cyber-attacks, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, business email compromises, computer malware viruses and social engineering (including phishing) are prevalent in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ industry and their clients’ industries and have generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. In addition to such attacks, the Nuvini Acquired Companies and their third-party vendors may experience unavailable systems, unauthorized accidental or unlawful access, acquisition or disclosure of information due to employee error, theft or misuse, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors and advanced persistent threat intrusions. The techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platform, systems, networks or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently, and the Nuvini Acquired Companies may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures or stop security breaches prior to or while they are occurring. The recovery systems, security protocols, network protection mechanisms and other security measures that the Nuvini Acquired Companies have integrated into their proprietary data platform, systems, networks and physical facilities, which are designed to protect against, detect and minimize security breaches, may not be adequate to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure or data loss. The Nuvini Acquired Companies may in the future become, the target of cyber-attacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to them or their clients’ or their partners’ data or to disrupt the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations or ability to provide their services. Third parties may also exploit vulnerabilities in, or obtain unauthorized access to, platforms, systems, networks or physical facilities utilized by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ suppliers or third-party processors. The Nuvini Acquired Companies may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, and the Nuvini Acquired Companies may not be able to implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups, such as external service providers and hostile foreign governments or agencies. In addition, the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ or their third-party vendors’ systems may be vulnerable to breakdown or other interruptions from system malfunctions, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies have contractual and other legal obligations to notify relevant stakeholders of security breaches. Most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, Nuvini’s agreements with certain clients and partners may require the Nuvini Acquired Companies to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients or partners to lose confidence in the effectiveness of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ security measures, divert management’s attention, lead to governmental investigations and require the Nuvini Acquired Companies to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. Any security breach or effort to mitigate security vulnerabilities could result in unexpected interruptions, delays, cessation of service and other harm to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses and their competitive positions.

A security breach of the Nuvini Acquired Companies or their third-party vendor’s systems may cause the Nuvini Acquired Companies to breach client contracts. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ agreements with certain clients may require the Nuvini Acquired Companies to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard proprietary, personal or confidential information. A security breach of the Nuvini Acquired Companies or their third- party vendor’s systems could lead to claims by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, their end-users or other relevant stakeholders that the Nuvini Acquired Companies have failed to comply with such contractual or other legal obligations. As a result, the Nuvini Acquired Companies could be subject to legal action (including the imposition of fines or penalties) and the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients could end their relationships with the Nuvini Acquired Companies. There can be no assurance that any limitations of liability in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect the Nuvini Acquired Companies from liabilities or damages.

Litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect Nuvini’s business. Unauthorized access to Nuvini’s proprietary data platform, systems, networks or physical facilities could result in litigation with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, their clients’ end-users or other relevant stakeholders. These proceedings could force the Nuvini Group to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase Nuvini Acquired Companies’ costs of doing business, or adversely affect the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ reputation. The Nuvini Acquired Companies could be required to fundamentally change their business activities and practices or modify the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platform capabilities in response to such litigation, which could be costly and have an adverse effect on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses. If a security breach were to occur and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data or the data of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ partners, their clients or their clients’ end-users was disrupted, the Nuvini Acquired Companies could incur significant liability, or their proprietary data platform, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect Nuvini’s business and damage its reputation.

If the Nuvini Acquired Companies fail to detect or remediate a security breach in a timely manner, or a breach otherwise affects a large amount of data of one or more clients or partners, or if the Nuvini Acquired Companies suffer a cyber-attack that impacts the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to operate their proprietary data platform, they may suffer material damage to its reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the policy coverage of the Nuvini Groups’ current or any future cybersecurity insurance may be insufficient. Accordingly, the successful assertion of one or more large claims against the Nuvini Group could have an adverse effect on its businesses. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ risks are likely to increase as Nuvini continues to expand Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platforms and geographic footprint, grow the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ client and partner base and process, store and transmit increasingly large amounts of data.

In addition, the Nuvini Group’s workforce is generally working remotely, which could increase the Nuvini Group’s cyber security risk, create data accessibility concerns and make the Nuvini Group more susceptible to security breaches or business disruptions. Moreover, the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and the third-party suppliers on which the Nuvini Acquired Companies rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of cyber-attacks as a result of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the impact of sanctions against Russia and the potential for retaliatory acts from Russia, given that nation-state actors may engage in cyber-attacks for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. For example, there have been publicized threats to increase cyber-attack activity against the critical infrastructure of any nation or organization that retaliates against Russia for its invasion of Ukraine. While the Nuvini Group maintains and continues to improve its security measures and reinforce the Nuvini Group’s internal control in anticipation of becoming a public company, the Nuvini Group may be unable to adequately anticipate security threats or to implement adequate preventative measures, in part, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target. Other than reinforcement of the Nuvini Group’s cybersecurity policies in anticipation of being a public company, the Nuvini Group has not taken any other specific actions to mitigate the increased risk of cyber-attacks resulting from the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and do not immediately intend to implement any such actions given the Nuvini Group’s current assessment of risk and the current geographic scope of Nuvini Group’s operations. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini’s business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Technology, Intellectual Property and Infrastructure

The Nuvini Group relies on information and technology for many of its business operations which could fail and cause disruption to its business operations.

The Nuvini Group’s business operations largely depend on information technology networks and systems to securely transmit, process and store electronic information and to communicate internally among the Nuvini Group’s various units and with clients and vendors. A shutdown of, or inability to access, one or more of the Nuvini Group’s facilities arising from a power outage or a failure of one or more of the Nuvini Group’s information technology, telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair the Nuvini Group’s ability to perform critical functions on a timely basis. The Nuvini Group relies on third party cloud platforms, such as AWB and GCP to host enterprise and client systems, and any disruptions of these services could impact the Nuvini Group’s business operations and the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to service clients. Cyber-attacks, configuration or human error and/or other external hazards could result in the misappropriation of assets or sensitive information, corruption of data or operational disruption.

Global cybersecurity threats and attacks to networks, systems and endpoints can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to IT systems to sophisticated and targeted measures known as advanced persistent threats, directed at the Nuvini Group, its businesses, its clients and/or its third-party service providers, including, but not limited to, cloud providers and providers of network management services. These may include such things as unauthorized access, phishing attacks, account takeovers, denial of service, introduction of malware or ransomware and other disruptive problems caused by threat actors. Moreover, as more of the Nuvini Group’s employees work remotely, its employees are increasingly targeted by phishing attacks and endpoints may be more susceptible to threat exposures.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients are increasingly requiring cybersecurity protections and mandating cybersecurity standards in its products and services, and the Nuvini Group may incur additional costs to comply with such demands. The Nuvini Group has experienced, and expects to continue to experience, these types of threats and incidents. The Nuvini Group seeks to deploy measures to deter, prevent, detect, respond to and mitigate these threats, including identity and access controls, data protection, vulnerability assessments, product software designs which Nuvini believes are less susceptible to cyber-attacks, continuous monitoring of the Nuvini Group’s networks, endpoints and systems and maintenance of backup and recovery capabilities. Despite these efforts, the Nuvini Group can make no assurance that the Nuvini Group will be able to detect, prevent, timely and adequately detect, prevent and address or mitigate the negative effects of cyberattacks or other security compromises, and such cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in the misappropriation, destruction, corruption or unavailability of critical data and confidential or proprietary information (the Nuvini Group’s own or that of third parties) and the disruption of business operations. The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include financial loss, reputational damage, damage to the Nuvini Group’s IT systems, litigation with third parties, theft of intellectual property, fines, decrease in the value of the Nuvini Group’s investment in research and development, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs due to the increasing sophistication and proliferation of threats, which in turn could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s competitiveness and results of operations. Any imposition of liability, particularly liability that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of insurance coverage, could materially harm the Nuvini Group’s operating results and financial condition.

If the Nuvini Group is unable to adapt to rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards, the Nuvini Acquired Companies may lose clients and the Nuvini Group’s business could be materially adversely affected.

Rapidly changing technologies, methodologies and evolving industry standards are inherent in the market for the Nuvini Group’s data solutions and services. The Nuvini Group’s ability to anticipate developments in the Nuvini Group’s industries, enhance the Nuvini Group’s existing data solutions and services, develop and introduce new data solutions, services or tools, provide enhancements and new features for the Nuvini Group’s data solutions and tools, and keep pace with changes and developments are critical to meeting changing client needs. Developing solutions for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients are extremely complex and could become increasingly complex and expensive in the future due to the introduction of new platforms, operating systems, technologies and methodologies. The Nuvini Group’s ability to keep pace with, anticipate or respond to changes and developments is subject to a number of risks, including that the Nuvini Group:

The Nuvini Group may not be successful in anticipating or responding to these developments in a timely manner, or if the Nuvini Group responds, the data solutions, services, tools, technologies or methodologies the Nuvini Group develops or implements may not be successful in the market. The Nuvini Group’s failure to enhance its existing data solutions and services and to develop and introduce new data solutions and services to promptly address the needs of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s businesses.

Material portions of the Nuvini Group’s businesses require the Internet infrastructure to be reliable.

The Nuvini Group’s future success continues to depend in part on the use of the Internet as a means to access public information and perform transactions electronically, including, for example, electronic filing of court documents. This requires ongoing maintenance of the Internet infrastructure, especially to prevent interruptions in service, as well as additional development of that infrastructure. It also requires a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, security and timely development of complementary products for providing reliable Internet access and services. If this infrastructure fails to be sufficiently developed or be adequately maintained, Nuvini’s business would be harmed because clients may not be able to access the Nuvini Group’s services.

The Nuvini Group must timely respond to technological changes to be competitive.

The market for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ products is characterized by technological change, evolving industry standards in software technology, changes in client requirements and frequent new product introductions and enhancements. The introduction of products embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards can render existing products obsolete and unmarketable. As a result, the Nuvini Group’s future success will depend, in part, upon the Nuvini Group’s ability to enhance existing products and develop and introduce new products that keep pace with technological developments, satisfy increasingly sophisticated client requirements, and achieve market acceptance. The Nuvini Group cannot assure you that it will successfully identify new product opportunities and develop and bring new products to market in a timely and cost-effective manner. The products, capabilities or technologies developed by others could also render the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ products or technologies obsolete or noncompetitive. The Nuvini Group’s businesses may be adversely affected if the Nuvini Group is unable to develop or acquire new software products or develop enhancements to existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such new products or enhancements do not achieve market acceptance.

The Nuvini Group relies on third-party and open-source software for its data solutions. The Nuvini Group’s inability to obtain third-party licenses for such software, or obtain them on favorable terms, or any errors or failures caused by such software could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the Nuvini Group’s use of open-source software could negatively affect its ability to sell the Nuvini Group’s data solutions and subject the Nuvini Group to possible litigation.

Some of the Nuvini Group’s service offerings include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to renew the Nuvini Group’s license agreements relating to various aspects of the Nuvini Group’s service offerings or to seek new licenses for existing or new service offerings. Necessary licenses may not be available on acceptable terms that allow the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions offerings to remain competitive, or at all. In addition, a third party may assert that the Nuvini Group or the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients are in breach of the terms of a license, which could, among other things, give such third party the right to terminate a license with a Nuvini Acquired Company or seek damages from the Nuvini Group, or both. Termination by the licensor would cause the Nuvini Group to lose valuable rights and could prevent them from selling its products and services. The Nuvini Group’s inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights, or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, could result in delays in data solution releases until equivalent technology can be identified, licensed or developed, if at all, and integrated into the Nuvini Group’s proprietary data platform, which may have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the Nuvini Group and the applicable Nuvini Acquired Company may be subject to liability if third-party software that Nuvini Group’s license is found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate intellectual property rights of others. Third parties may also allege that the Nuvini Group and/or the Nuvini Acquired Company is infringing, violating or otherwise misappropriating their intellectual property rights and that additional licenses are required for Nuvini Group’s use of its software or intellectual property, and the Nuvini Group may be unable to obtain such licenses on commercially reasonable terms or at all. The inclusion in the Nuvini Group’s service offerings of software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties on a non-exclusive basis could also limit Nuvini Group’s ability to differentiate Nuvini Group’s service offerings from those of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitors. To the extent that Nuvini Group’s data solutions depend upon the successful operation of third-party software, any undetected errors or defects in or failures of, such third-party software could also impair the functionality of data solutions, delay new feature introductions, result in a failure of the Nuvini Group’s data solutions, and injure Nuvini Group’s reputations. Many third-party software providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures and if enforceable, the Nuvini Group may have additional liability to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients that could harm the Nuvini Group’s reputation and increase the Nuvini Group’s operating costs.

In addition, some of the Nuvini Group’s data solutions (including the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platforms) incorporate open-source software, and the Nuvini Group expect to continue to incorporate open-source software in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions in the future. Open-source software is generally freely accessible, usable and modifiable. Few of the licenses applicable to open-source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on the Nuvini Group’s ability to commercialize Nuvini Group’s data solutions. Moreover, although the Nuvini Group has implemented policies to regulate the use and incorporation of open-source software into its data solutions, Nuvini cannot be certain that the Nuvini Group has not incorporated open-source software in their data solutions in a manner that is inconsistent with such policies. If the Nuvini Group fails to comply with open source licenses, they may be subject to certain requirements, including requirements that they offer their data solutions that incorporate the open source software for no cost, that discontinue their data solutions that incorporate the open source software, that they make available source code for modifications or derivative works the Nuvini Group creates, and that the Nuvini Group licenses such modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open source licenses. If an author or other third party that distributes such open source software were to allege that the Nuvini Group has not complied with the conditions of one or more of these licenses, the Nuvini Group, and as a result, Nuvini, could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined from generating revenue from clients using data solutions that contained the open source software and required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these data solutions. In any of these events, the Nuvini Acquired Companies and their clients could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering their data solutions and to re-engineer their data solutions or discontinue offering their data solutions to clients in the event the Nuvini Group cannot re-engineer them on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could require the Nuvini Group to devote additional research and development resources to re-engineer the Nuvini Group’s data solutions, could result in client dissatisfaction and may adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, the use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks that the use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally make their open source software available “as-is” and do not provide updates, warranties, support, indemnities or other contractual protections regarding infringement or other intellectual property-related claims or quality of the code.

If the Nuvini Group is unable to protect its proprietary technologies, the Nuvini Group’s competitive position could be adversely affected.

The Nuvini Group has relied, and expect to continue to rely, on a combination of copyright, trademark and trade-secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions to establish, maintain and protect the Nuvini Group’s proprietary rights. The Nuvini Group typically enters into agreements with its respective employees, consultants, the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, partners and vendors in an effort to control ownership of the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property and access to and distribution of the Nuvini Group’s software, documentation and other proprietary information. Despite these precautions, there may be authors of some of the intellectual property that form parts of Nuvini Group’s software products who have not assigned their intellectual property rights to the Nuvini Group and who have not waived their moral rights with respect thereto. The steps the Nuvini Group takes may not prevent misappropriation of the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property, and the agreements the Nuvini Group enters into may not be enforceable. Despite the Nuvini Group’s efforts to protect its proprietary rights in its intellectual property and that of other businesses the Nuvini Group may have acquired, unauthorized parties may copy or otherwise obtain and use the Nuvini Group’s proprietary technology or obtain information the Nuvini Group regards as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of the Nuvini Group’s technology, if required, may be difficult, time- consuming and costly. the Nuvini Group’s means of protecting its technology may be inadequate.

Third parties may apply for and obtain patent protection for products and services that are similar to the Nuvini Group’s software solutions

Despite the Nuvini Group’s efforts to protect its proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of the Nuvini Group’s products or services or to obtain and to use information that the Nuvini Group regards as proprietary. Third parties may also independently develop similar or superior technology without violating the Nuvini Group’s proprietary rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent, as do the laws of Canada and the United States.

Trademark protection is an important factor in establishing product recognition. The Nuvini Group’s inability to protect its trademarks from infringement could result in injury to any goodwill which may be developed in its trademarks. Moreover, the Nuvini Group may be unable to use one or more of its trademarks because of successful third-party claims.

Claims of infringement are becoming increasingly common as the software industry develops and legal protections, including patents, are applied to software products. Although Nuvini believes that the Nuvini Group’s software products and technology do not infringe proprietary rights of others, litigation may be necessary to protect the Nuvini Group’s proprietary technology and third parties may assert infringement claims against the Nuvini Group with respect to their proprietary rights.

Any claims or litigation can be time consuming and expensive regardless of their merit. Infringement claims against the Nuvini Group could cause product release delays, require the Nuvini Group to redesign products or to enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on terms acceptable to the Nuvini Group, or at all.

Disclosure of personally identifiable information and/or other sensitive client data could result in liability and harm the Nuvini Group’s reputation

The Nuvini Group stores and processes increasingly large amounts of personally identifiable information and other confidential information of their clients. The continued occurrence of high-profile data breaches provides evidence of an external environment increasingly hostile to information security. Despite the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ efforts to improve security controls, it is possible their security controls over personal data, training of employees on data security and other practices followed by the Nuvini Group may not prevent the improper disclosure of sensitive client data that the Nuvini Group stores and manages. Disclosure of personally identifiable information and/or other sensitive client data could result in regulatory sanctions and harm the Nuvini Group’s reputation.

In addition, the Nuvini Group’s systems may be violated, through unauthorized access, misappropriation, loss or modification of client information or the disruption of the Nuvini Group’s business operations. Nuvini may be unable to prevent acts of misconduct by members of the Nuvini Group’s management, employees or third parties that, in each case, may or may not derive a financial benefit from such misconduct.

Since the strategies used to obtain unauthorized access and sabotage systems constantly change and may not be known until they are used against the Nuvini Group or its third party service providers, the Nuvini Group may be unable to anticipate or adopt appropriate measures to protect against such attacks. If such security breaches are not prevented, the Nuvini Group could be subject to penalties under the Brazilian Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados, Brazilian Law No. 13,709/18), or LGPD, the Brazilian Internet Code (Brazilian Law No. 12,965/14); and the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor), or the Consumer Protection Code, including but not limited to warnings, the obligation to disclose the incident, deletion of personal data and fines of up to 2% of the Nuvini Group’s revenue or the revenue of the Nuvini Group in Brazil during the most recently concluded fiscal year, excluding taxes, up to an aggregate amount of R$50.0 million per infraction. The occurrence of any incident could damage the Nuvini Group’s reputation, resulting in substantial revenue loss due to lost sales and client dissatisfaction.

Nuvini Group’s intellectual property rights may not protect its businesses or provide the Nuvini Group with a competitive advantage.

To be successful, the Nuvini Group must protect the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ technologies and brands in Brazil and other jurisdictions through trademarks, trade secrets, patents, copyrights, intellectual property assignments, contractual restrictions and other intellectual property rights and confidentiality procedures.

The Nuvini Group has taken measures to protect its trade secrets and proprietary information/assets, but these measures may not be effective. Despite the Nuvini Group’s efforts to implement these protections, they may not protect the Nuvini Group’s businesses or provide it with a competitive advantage for a variety of reasons, including:

Moreover, the laws of certain jurisdictions, including where the Nuvini Group has not applied for patent trademark protection nor other intellectual property registration, may not be as protective of intellectual property and proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property and proprietary rights may be inadequate. Therefore, in certain jurisdictions, the Nuvini Group may be unable to protect its proprietary technology adequately against unauthorized third party copying, infringement or use, which could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s competitive position. Filing, prosecuting, maintaining and defending the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property in all or many countries throughout the world may be prohibitively expensive, and the Nuvini Group may choose to forgo such activities in some applicable jurisdictions. The lack of adequate legal protections of intellectual property or failure of legal remedies or related actions in jurisdictions outside of the United States or failure to obtain sufficient intellectual property protection could impede the Nuvini Group’s ability to market the Nuvini Group’s products, negatively affect the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitive position and could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. As a result, the Nuvini Group may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property or proprietary rights abroad.

The Nuvini Group enters into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with its employees and consultants. These agreements generally require that all confidential information or intellectual property developed by the individual or made known to the individual by the Nuvini Group during the course of the individual’s relationship with the Nuvini Group be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties. The Nuvini Group cannot assure you that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to, use of, and distribution of the Nuvini Group’s proprietary information or in effectively securing exclusive ownership of intellectual property developed by the Nuvini Group’s employees and consultants, and that all intellectual property developed by individuals during the course of employment be assigned to the Nuvini Group. For example, the Nuvini Group may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that the Nuvini Group regards as its own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and the Nuvini Group may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against the Nuvini Group, to determine the ownership of what the Nuvini Group regards as its intellectual property. Further, these agreements may not prevent the Nuvini Group’s competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to data solutions and services.

Additionally, the Nuvini Group may also be exposed to material risks of theft or unauthorized reverse engineering of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, data sets or other sensitive information. The Nuvini Group’s efforts to enforce the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property rights may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that the Nuvini Group develops, which could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, if the Nuvini Group is unable to prevent the disclosure of the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets to third parties, or if the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ competitors independently develop any of the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, the Nuvini Group may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in the Nuvini Group’s market, which could seriously harm its businesses.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property or proprietary rights, protect the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Any enforcement of the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property may provoke third parties to assert counterclaims against the Nuvini Acquired Companies, which could result in the loss of the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property rights. If the Nuvini Group is unable to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property or are required to incur substantial expenses defending the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property rights, the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Furthermore, the Nuvini Group’s success depends, in part, on the Nuvini Group’s ability to develop the Nuvini Group’s businesses without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property or proprietary rights of others. Claims by third parties that the Nuvini Group infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates its intellectual property rights could harm the Nuvini Group’s business. The Nuvini Group’s competitors and other third parties may hold or obtain intellectual property rights that could prevent, limit or interfere with the Nuvini Group’s ability to make, use, develop, sell or market its data solutions and services. From time to time, the Nuvini Group may be subject to claims of infringement, misappropriation or other violation of patents or other intellectual property rights and related litigation. If the Nuvini Group is found to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property, the Nuvini Group may be required to obtain a license to such third-party intellectual property, make ongoing royalty or license payments, cease offering the Nuvini Group’s products or using certain technologies, require the Nuvini Group to redesign affected products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay substantial damage awards or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting the Nuvini Group from marketing or selling certain of its products or comply with other unfavorable terms. Furthermore, the Nuvini Group could be found liable for treble damages and attorneys’ fees if the Nuvini Group is found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. If the Nuvini Group is required to obtain a license from any third party, such license may not be available at all or on commercially reasonable terms.

Any litigation, whether or not resolved in the Nuvini Group’s favor and regardless of merit, could result in significant expense to the Nuvini Group, be time consuming and divert the efforts of the Nuvini Group’s technical and management personnel. Additionally, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of the Nuvini Group’s confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during any intellectual property-related litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of Nuvini’s ordinary shares. Any of the foregoing could cause potential clients to refrain from purchasing the Nuvini Group’s data solutions or services or otherwise cause the Nuvini Group reputational harm and result in substantial costs, negative publicity and diversion of resources and management attention, any of which could have a material adverse effect on Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If the Nuvini Group is unable to protect the confidentiality of the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets and know-how, its business and competitive position would be harmed

The Nuvini Group relies on trade secrets and proprietary know-how protection for Nuvini Group’s confidential and proprietary information, including the Nuvini Group’s software code, and the Nuvini Group has taken security measures to protect this information, including by entering into confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as the Nuvini Group’s employees, collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. These measures, however, may not provide adequate protection for the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, know-how or other confidential information. The Nuvini Group cannot guarantee that the Nuvini Group has entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any confidentiality agreements that the Nuvini Group has with its employees, consultants or other third parties will provide meaningful protection for the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, know-how and confidential information or will provide adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of such information. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose the Nuvini Group’s proprietary information, including the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, and the Nuvini Group may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult. Accordingly, there also can be no assurance that the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets or know-how will not otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors or other third parties, which could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by the Nuvini Group. If any of the Nuvini Group’s confidential or proprietary information, such as the Nuvini Group’s trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, the Nuvini Group’s competitive position could be materially and adversely harmed.

If the Nuvini Group’s trademarks, service marks and trade names are not adequately protected, the Nuvini Group may not be able to build or maintain name recognition in the Nuvini Group’s markets of interest and the Nuvini Group’s competitive position may be harmed.

The registered or unregistered trademarks the Nuvini Group owns or uses may be challenged, infringed, circumvented, declared generic or descriptive, lapsed or determined to be infringing on or dilutive of other marks. During trademark registration proceedings, the Nuvini Group may receive rejections of the Nuvini Group’s applications by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”), or in other foreign jurisdictions. Although the Nuvini Group is given an opportunity to respond to such rejections, the Nuvini Group may be unable to overcome them. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against the Nuvini Group’s trademarks, which may not survive such proceedings. Furthermore, owning and maintaining a trademark registration may not provide an adequate defense against a subsequent infringement claim asserted by the owner of a senior trademark. The Nuvini Group may not be able to protect the Nuvini Group’s rights in these trademarks, which the Nuvini Acquired Companies need in order to build name recognition with potential clients. In addition, third parties may file for registration of trademarks similar or identical to the Nuvini Group’s trademarks, thereby impeding the Nuvini Group’s ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion and loss of goodwill. If they succeed in registering or developing common-law rights in such trademarks, and if the Nuvini Group is not successful in challenging such third-party rights, the Nuvini Group may not be able to use these trademarks to develop brand recognition of the Nuvini Group’s technologies, products or services. In addition, there could be potential trademark infringement or unfair competition claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of the Nuvini Group’s registered or unregistered trademarks. Over the long term, if the Nuvini Group is unable to establish name recognition based on the Nuvini Group’s trademarks, the lack of name recognition could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Substantial Operations in Brazil

The Nuvini Group is mainly concentrated in one geographic area, which increases the impact to the Nuvini Group’s exposure to various risks in that location.

Operating in a concentrated area increases the potential impact that many of the risks in that location may have upon the Nuvini Group’s businesses. For example, the Nuvini Group has greater exposure to regulatory actions impacting Brazil, natural disasters in that geographical area, competition for equipment, services, personnel and materials available in that area and access to infrastructure and market, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

Brazil has experienced, and may continue to experience, adverse economic or political conditions that may impact the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Nuvini Group’s business is dependent to a large extent upon the economic conditions prevalent in Brazil. Brazil has historically experienced uneven periods of economic growth, recessions, periods of high inflation and economic instability. Recently, the economic growth rates in Brazil have slowed down and the country has entered into mild recessions. Economic and political developments in Brazil, including future economic changes or crises (such as inflation, currency devaluation or recession), government deadlock, political instability, terrorism, civil strife, changes in laws and regulations, restrictions on the repatriation of dividends or profits, expropriation or nationalization of property, restrictions on currency convertibility, volatility of the foreign exchange market and exchange controls could impact the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations and/or the market value of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Brazilian federal government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Brazilian economy. This influence, as well as Brazil’s political and economic conditions, could harm the Nuvini Group and the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

The Brazilian federal government frequently exercises significant influence over the Brazilian economy and occasionally makes significant changes in policy and regulations. The Brazilian government’s actions to control inflation and other policies and regulations have often involved, among other measures, increases or decreases in interest rates, changes in fiscal policies, wage and price controls, foreign exchange rate controls, blocking access to bank accounts, currency devaluations, capital controls and import and export restrictions. The Nuvini Group has no control over and cannot predict what measures or policies the Brazilian government may take in the future. The Nuvini Group’s businesses and the market prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants may be harmed by changes in Brazilian government policies, as well as general economic factors, including, without limitation:

Uncertainty over whether the Brazilian federal government will implement reforms or changes in policy or regulations affecting these or other factors in the future may affect economic performance and contribute to economic uncertainty in Brazil, which may have an adverse effect on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ activities and consequently the Nuvini Group’s results of operations, and may also adversely affect the trading prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

Further, Brazil’s political environment has historically influenced, and continues to influence, the performance of the country’s economy. The recent economic instability in Brazil has contributed to a decline in market confidence in the Brazilian economy as well as to a deteriorating political environment. See “—The ongoing economic uncertainty and political instability in Brazil, including as a result of ongoing corruption investigations, may harm the Nuvini Group and the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.”

The current political and economic environment in Brazil has affected, and is continuing to affect, the confidence of investors and the general public, which has historically resulted in economic deceleration and heightened volatility in the securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil, and may adversely affect Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

The ongoing economic uncertainty and political instability in Brazil, including as a result of ongoing corruption investigations and public protests, may harm the Nuvini Group and the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

The recent economic instability in Brazil has contributed to a decline in market confidence in the Brazilian economy as well as to a deteriorating political environment. The negative macroeconomic environment in Brazil in recent years was in part due to economic and political uncertainties resulting from a global decrease in commodities prices as well as due to corruption investigations of Brazilian state-owned and private sector companies, politicians and business executives, which, in turn, led to the ouster and arrest of several prominent politicians. Launched by the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor’s Office at the end of 2014, the so-called Lava Jato investigation investigated members of the Brazilian government and other members of the legislative branch, as well as senior officers and directors of large state-owned companies and other companies in connection with allegations of political corruption. The resulting fallout from the Lava Jato operation contributed to the impeachment of Brazil’s former president, Dilma Rousseff, in August 2016, the arrest and conviction of current Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, in April 2018, and the destabilization of the Brazilian economy. In November 2019, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was released from prison after a Brazilian Supreme Court ruling that allows defendants to remain free while their appeals are pending. In March 2021, a Brazilian Supreme Court ruling issued by Justice Edson Fachin annulled the decisions that had convicted former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. As a result of this ruling, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva recovered his political rights and was elected and inaugurated as president on January 1, 2023, for a four-year term. Lula’s first days in office were impacted by the largest protests against democratic institutions in the history of Brazil. Certain groups formed by extreme supporters of the defeated candidate (former president Jair Messias Bolsonaro) performed acts of civil unrest and stormed into Brazil’s Supreme Court, Congress and Presidency buildings, conducting acts of violence and destruction.

The president of Brazil has the power to determine policies and issue governmental acts related to the Brazilian economy that affect the operations and financial performance of companies, including Nuvini. It is expected that the new Brazilian federal government may propose the general terms of fiscal reform to stimulate the economy and reduce the forecasted budget deficit for 2024 and following years, but it is uncertain whether the Brazilian government will be able to gather the required support in the Brazilian Congress to pass additional specific reforms. We cannot predict which policies the Brazilian federal government may adopt or change or the effect that any such policies might have on our business and on the Brazilian economy. In addition, the Brazilian government is incurring significant levels of debt to finance public spending, which is expected to continue to increase the Brazilian budget deficit. Any such new policies or changes to current policies may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Any of the above factors may create additional political uncertainty, which could harm the Brazilian economy and, consequently, our business, and could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and the trading price of the Nuvini Ordinary Shares. Inflation and government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the economies and capital management.

In addition, a failure by the Brazilian government to implement necessary reforms may result in diminished confidence in the Brazilian government’s budgetary condition and fiscal stance, which could result in downgrades of Brazil’s sovereign foreign credit rating by credit rating agencies, negatively impact Brazil’s economy, lead to further depreciation of the Brazilian real and an increase in inflation and interest rates, adversely affecting the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any of the above factors may create additional political uncertainty, which could harm the Brazilian economy and, consequently, Nuvini Group’s business and the value of its investments in Brazil, and could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s financial condition, results of operations and the price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

Developments and the perceptions of risks in other countries, including other emerging markets, the United States and Europe, may harm the Brazilian economy and the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

The market for securities offered by companies such as the Nuvini Group is influenced by economic and market conditions in Brazil and emerging markets, as well as the United States, Europe and other countries. To the extent the conditions of the global markets or economy deteriorate, the Nuvini Group’s business may be adversely affected. The weakness in the global economy has been marked by, among other adverse factors, lower levels of consumer and corporate confidence, decreased business investment and consumer spending, increased unemployment, reduced income and asset values in many areas, reduction of China’s growth rate, currency volatility and limited availability of credit and access to capital. Developments or economic conditions in other emerging countries have at times significantly affected the availability of credit to companies with significant operations in Brazil and resulted in considerable outflows of funds from Brazil, decreasing the amount of foreign investments in Brazil, impacting overall growth expectations for the Brazilian economy.

Crises and political instability in other emerging market countries, the United States, Europe or other countries, including increased international trade tensions and protectionist policies, could decrease investor demand for securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil, such as Nuvini Ordinary Shares. These developments, as well as potential crises and forms of political instability arising therefrom or any other as of yet unforeseen development, may harm the Nuvini Group’s business and the price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

Inflation and certain government measures to curb inflation may adversely affect the Brazilian economy and capital markets, and as a result, harm the Nuvini Group’s business and the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

In the past, high rates of inflation have adversely affected the economy and capital markets of Brazil and the ability of the Brazilian government to create conditions that stimulate or maintain economic growth. Moreover, governmental measures to curb inflation and speculation about possible governmental measures have contributed to the negative economic impact of inflation and have created general economic uncertainty and heightened volatility in the capital markets. As part of these measures, governments have at times maintained a restrictive monetary policy and high interest rates that has limited the availability of credit and economic growth.

Inflation as measured by the Broad National Consumer Price Index (Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo, or “IPCA”), which is published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, or “IBGE”), was 4.8%, 4.6%, and 5.8% as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Inflation measured by the General Market Prices Index (Índice Geral de Preços-Mercado, or “IGP-M”) was 6.5%, (3.2)%, and 5.5% as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Brazil may experience high levels of inflation in the future and inflationary pressures may lead to the Brazilian government intervening in the economy and introducing policies that could harm the Nuvini Group’s business and the trading price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares. In the past, the Brazilian government’s interventions included the maintenance of a restrictive monetary policy with high interest rates that restricted credit availability and reduced economic growth, causing volatility in interest rates. For example, after reaching a historical low of 2.0% in August 2020, the COPOM began increasing interest rates in March 2021 and, as a result, the SELIC rate reached 9.25% in December 2021 and 13.75% in December 2022. On August 2023, the Brazilian Central Bank started cutting the SELIC rate as a result of a slowdown in inflation, and the SELIC rate was set to 10.50% as of May 2024. Nevertheless, renewed inflationary pressures—driven in part by fiscal concerns stemming from persistent budget deficits and increased government spending—prompted the Brazilian Central Bank to reverse course and resume hiking rates in September 2024, with the SELIC rate reaching 12.25% by December 2024. As of the date of this annual report, the SELIC rate stands at 14.25% per annum, reflecting the challenges of controlling inflation amid a strong economy, historically low unemployment levels, and fiscal imbalances requiring tighter monetary policy to maintain economic stability.

Although inflation rates in Brazil have been relatively low in the recent past, the Nuvini Group cannot assure you that this trend will continue. The measures taken by the Brazilian government to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting the availability of credit and retarding economic growth. Inflation, measures to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed materially to economic uncertainty in Brazil and to heightened volatility in its securities markets. Periods of higher inflation may slow the growth rate of the Brazilian economy and lead to reduced demand for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services. Inflation is also likely to increase some of Nuvini’s costs and expenses, which the Nuvini Group may not be able to fully pass on to clients and could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s operating margins and operating income. In addition, inflation affects Nuvini’s financial liquidity and financial capital resources primarily by exposing Nuvini to the variations in Nuvini’s floating-rate loans. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 97.5% of Nuvini’s loans and borrowings were subject to floating interest rates, particularly the CDI floating rate. Rising interest rates may also impact the costs of Nuvini’s fundraising and indebtedness, increasing Nuvini’s financial expenses. Such an increase could adversely affect Nuvini’s ability to pay Nuvini’s obligations to the extent it reduces cash on hand. Mismatches between rates contracted in assets versus liabilities and/or high volatility in interest rates may result in financial losses for Nuvini.

Exchange rate instability may have adverse effects on the Brazilian economy, the Nuvini Group’s businesses and the trading prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

The Brazilian real has been historically volatile and has been devalued frequently, and the Brazilian government has in the past implemented various economic plans and used various exchange rate policies, including sudden devaluations, periodic mini-devaluations (during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly), exchange controls, dual exchange rate markets and a floating exchange rate system.

There has been persistently high volatility in the foreign exchange market for the Brazilian real in recent years. As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the real/U.S. dollar exchange rate reported by the Central Bank was R$5.217, R$4.841 and R$6.192, in each case, per US$1.00. There can be no assurance that the real will not appreciate or further depreciate against the U.S. dollar or other currencies in the future.

A devaluation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar could create inflationary pressures and cause governments to, among other measures, increase interest rates. Any depreciation of the real may generally restrict access to the international capital markets. It would also reduce the U.S. dollar value of the Nuvini Group’s results of operations. Restrictive macroeconomic policies could reduce the stability of the Brazilian economy and harm the Nuvini Group’s results of operations and profitability. In addition, domestic and international reactions to restrictive economic policies could have a negative impact on the Brazilian economy.

These policies and any reactions to them may harm the Nuvini Group by curtailing access to foreign financial markets and prompting further government intervention. A devaluation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar may also, as in the context of the current economic slowdown, decrease consumer spending, increase deflationary pressures and reduce economic growth. On the other hand, an appreciation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may deteriorate foreign exchange current accounts. Depending on the circumstances, either devaluation or appreciation of the real relative to the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies could restrict the growth of the Brazilian economy and affect the Nuvini Group’s business, results of operations and profitability.

For additional information on the impact of fluctuations in currency exchange rates on the Nuvini Group’s business, see “—In the event of an expansion of Nuvini’s business to Latin America, the Nuvini Group may be exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect its results of operations and its ability to invest and hold its cash.”

In line with the Nuvini Group’s future international expansion plans, the changes in the political and economic environments in Brazil and Latin America countries could adversely affect the Nuvini Group.

In conducting the Nuvini Group’s businesses in emerging markets, the Nuvini Group is subject to political, economic, legal, operational and other risks that are inherent to operating in these countries.

The Nuvini Group may encounter the following difficulties, among others, related to the foreign markets in which it currently operates or will operate in the future:

If one or more of these risks materialize, and the Nuvini Group is not able to overcome these difficulties, its business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Infrastructure and workforce deficiency in Brazil may impact economic growth and have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group.

The Nuvini Group’s performance is impacted by the overall health and growth of international economies, specifically in Brazil. In Brazil, gross domestic product (“GDP”) growth has fluctuated over the past few years, with contractions of 3.5% and 3.3% in 2015 and 2016, respectively, followed by growth of 1.3% in 2017 and 1.8% in 2018. In 2019, Brazilian GDP grew by 1.42%, and in 2020 it contracted 43.3%. In 2021, it grew by 5.0% and, in both 2022 and 2023, Brazilian GDP grew by 2.9%, and in 2024 it grew by 3.4%. Growth is limited by inadequate infrastructure, including potential energy shortages and deficient transportation, logistics and telecommunication sectors, general strikes, the lack of a qualified labor force (particularly in information technology sectors) and the lack of private and public investments in these areas, which limit productivity and efficiency. Any of these factors could lead to labor market volatility and generally impact income, purchasing power and consumption levels, which could limit growth and ultimately have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group.

Any further downgrading of Brazil’s credit rating could reduce the trading prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

Given the current significance of the Nuvini Group’s Brazilian operations to Nuvini’s results of operations as a whole, Nuvini may be harmed by investors’ perceptions of risks related to Brazil’s sovereign debt credit rating. Rating agencies regularly evaluate Brazil and its sovereign credit ratings, which are based on a number of factors including macroeconomic trends, fiscal and budgetary conditions, indebtedness metrics and the perspective of changes in any of these factors.

The rating agencies began to review Brazil’s sovereign credit rating in September 2015. Subsequently, the three major rating agencies downgraded Brazil’s investment-grade status:

Brazil’s sovereign credit rating is currently rated below investment grade by the three main credit rating agencies. Consequently, the prices of securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil have been negatively affected. A prolongation or worsening of the current Brazilian recession and continued political uncertainty, among other factors, could lead to further ratings downgrades. Any further downgrade of Brazil’s sovereign credit ratings could heighten investors’ perception of risk and, as a result, cause the trading prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants to decline.

Additionally, a downgrade of the sovereign credit rating of Brazil may affect Nuvini’s own credit rating, hindering its ability to secure loans at competitive rates compared to its competitors, which may impact Nuvini’s ability to grow its business and, consequently, affect the prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants.

In the event of an expansion of Nuvini’s business to Latin America, the Nuvini Group may be exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could negatively affect its results of operations and its ability to invest and hold its cash.

Nuvini Group’s functional currency is the Brazilian real. If the Nuvini Group expands its business to Latin American countries, part of its future revenues and costs would be denominated in other currencies, including U.S. dollars, hence the Nuvini Group’s exposure to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates may grow significantly. Various events and circumstances, including political and macroeconomic events beyond the Nuvini Group’s control or impossible or difficult to foresee, could have a significant impact on the foreign exchange environment, as evidenced by the dramatic volatility of the Brazilian real against the U.S. dollar in recent years (for additional information, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

In addition, the Nuvini Group may have U.S. dollar-denominated and/or Euro-denominated loans in the future. To mitigate the Nuvini Group’s exchange rate exposure in relation to these possible loans, the Nuvini Group may enter into derivative financial transactions with financial institutions to hedge against the fluctuation of the Euro/real and U.S. dollar/real exchange rates and link the Nuvini Group’s principal and interest to a fixed rate or the Brazilian interbank deposit certificate (Certificado de Depósito Interbancário). The use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if the Nuvini Group is unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments.

Risks Related to Legal Matters and Regulations

Internet regulation in Brazil is recent and still limited and several legal issues related to the Internet are uncertain.

In 2014, Brazil enacted the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet (so called Marco Civil da Internet), which is a law setting forth principles, guarantees, rights and duties for the use of the Internet in Brazil, including provisions about internet service provider liability, internet user privacy and internet neutrality. In May 2016, further regulations were passed in connection with the referred law. The administrative penalties imposed by the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet include notification, fines (up to 10% of the revenues of the relevant entity’s economic group in Brazil in the preceding fiscal year) and suspension or prohibition from engaging in data processing activities. The Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet also determines joint and several liability between foreign parent companies and the local Brazilian subsidiary for the payment of fines that may be imposed for breach of its provisions. Administrative penalties may be applied cumulatively. Daily fines may be imposed in judicial proceedings, as a way to compel compliance with a Brazilian court order. If for any reason a company fails to comply with the court order, the fine can reach significant amounts. The Nuvini Group may be subject to liability under these laws and regulations should it fails to adequately comply with the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet.

The Nuvini Group’s clients may be subject to new and evolving privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, storage, use, processing, disclosure, protection, transmission, retention and disposal of personal, sensitive, regulated or confidential data.

The privacy and security of personal, sensitive, regulated or confidential data is a major focus in the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ industry and the Nuvini Acquired Companies and their clients that use the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services are subject to federal, state, local and foreign privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, storage, use, processing, disclosure, protection, transmission, retention and disposal of personal, sensitive, regulated or confidential data.

Laws and regulations governing data privacy, data protection and information security are constantly evolving and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect the Nuvini Group’s business. The nature of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses exposes the Nuvini Group to risks related to possible shortcomings in data protection and information security laws and regulations. Any perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information, whether through breach of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ network by an unauthorized party, employee theft, misuse or error or otherwise, including the data protection of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, the end-consumers of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and employees or third parties, could harm the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ reputations, impair the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to attract and retain their clients, or subject the Nuvini Group to claims or litigation arising from damages suffered by individuals.

Law No. 13,709/2018 (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or “LGPD”), came into force on September 18, 2020 to regulate the processing of personal data in Brazil. The LGPD applies to individuals or legal entities, either private or governmental entities, that process or collect personal data in Brazil and which processing activities aim at offering or supplying goods or services to data subjects located in Brazil. The LGPD establishes detailed rules for, but not limited to, the collection, use, processing and storage of personal data and affect all economic sectors, including the relationship between clients and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is collected and processed, whether in a digital or physical environment.

Since the entry into force of the LGPD, all processing agents/legal entities are required to adapt their data processing activities to comply with this new set of rules. The Nuvini Group has implemented changes to its policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the relevant requirements under the LGPD. Even so, as it is a recent law, the National Data Protection Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados, or the “ANPD”) as regulatory agency may raise other relevant issues or provide new guidance that will require further action from Nuvini to remain fully compliant.

The penalties for violations of the LGPD include: (i) warnings imposing a deadline for the adoption of corrective measures; (ii) a fine of up to 2% of the Nuvini Group’s revenues, subject to the limit of R$50.0 million per violation; (iii) daily fines; (iv) mandatory disclosure of the violation after it has been investigated and confirmed; (v) the restriction of access to the personal data to which the violation relates up to a six-month period, that can be extended for the same period, until the processing activities are compliant with the regulation, and in case of repeated violation, temporary block and/or deletion of the related personal data and partial or complete prohibition of processing activities; and (vi) temporary or permanent prohibition against conducting activities related to data processing. Any additional privacy laws or regulations enacted or approved in Brazil or in other jurisdictions in which The Nuvini Group operates could seriously harm its business, financial condition or results of operations. Under the LGPD, security breaches that may result in significant risk or damage to personal data must be reported to the ANPD, the data protection regulatory body, within two (2) business days as from the date the affected controller became aware of the incident. The notice to the ANPD must include: (i) a description of the nature of the personal data affected by the breach; (ii) the affected data subjects; (iii) the technical and security measures adopted; (iv) the risks related to the breach; (v) the reasons for any delays in reporting the breach, if applicable; and (vi) the measures adopted to revert or mitigate the effects of the damage caused by the breach.

Moreover, the ANPD could establish other obligations related to data protection that are not described above. In addition to the administrative sanctions, due to the noncompliance with the obligations established by the LGPD, the Nuvini Group can be held liable for individual or collective material damages and non-material damages caused to data subjects, including when caused by third parties that serve as processors of personal data on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ behalf.

In addition to the civil liability, the imposition of the administrative sanctions of the LGPD does not prevent the imposition of administrative sanctions set forth by other laws that address issues related to data privacy and protection, such as Law No. 8,078/1990, or the Brazilian Code of Consumer Defense, and Law No. 12,965/2014, or the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet. These administrative sanctions can be applied by other public authorities, such as the Attorney General’s Office and consumer protection agencies. The Nuvini Group can also be held liable civilly for violation of these laws.

Similarly, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including in countries in which the Nuvini Group currently operate, have laws and regulations concerning the collection, storage, use, processing, disclosure, protection, transmission, retention and disposal of personal, sensitive, regulated or confidential data. For example, the European Union’s (“EU”) General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”), went into effect in May 2018, and has and will continue to result in significantly greater compliance burdens and costs for companies with clients and operations in the EEA by imposing stringent administrative requirements for controllers and processors of personal data of EEA data subjects, including, for example, data breach notification requirements, limitations on retention of information and rights for data subjects over their personal data. The GDPR also provides that EU member states may make their own further laws and regulations limiting the processing of personal data. Ensuring compliance with the GDPR is an ongoing commitment that involves substantial costs, and despite Nuvini’s efforts, data protection authorities or others(including individual data subjects) may assert that the Nuvini Group’s business practices fail to comply with the GDPR’s requirements. If the Nuvini Group’s operations are found to violate GDPR requirements, the Nuvini Group may incur substantial fines and other penalties, including bans on processing and transferring personal data, have to change the Nuvini Group’s business practices, and face reputational harm, any of which could have an adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s businesses. In particular, serious breaches of the GDPR can result in administrative fines ranging from €10 million to €20 million or 2.0% or 4.0% of total worldwide annual revenue, whichever is higher.

Such penalties are in addition to any civil litigation claims by data controllers, clients and data subjects, which includes the possibility of data subject-led class action claims and injunctions.

In addition, recent legal developments in Europe have created compliance uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United States. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union, or CJEU, invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, a mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and made clear that reliance on standard contractual clauses for the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA alone may not be sufficient in all circumstances, in which organizations may be required to take supplementary measures. Authorities in Switzerland have also issued guidance calling the Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework inadequate and raising similar questions about the standard contractual clauses. At present, there are few, if any, viable alternatives to the standard contractual clauses. If the Nuvini Group is unable to implement sufficient safeguards to ensure that the Nuvini Group’s transfers of personal data from the EEA are lawful, the Nuvini Group may face increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and injunctions against processing personal data from the EEA. Loss of the Nuvini Group’s ability to lawfully transfer personal data out of the EEA to these or any other jurisdictions may cause reluctance or refusal by current or prospective European clients to use the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions or services, and the Nuvini Group may be required to increase its data processing capabilities in the EEA at significant expense. Additionally, other countries outside of the EEA have passed or are considering passing laws requiring local data residency, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ services.

Further, the UK’s withdrawal from the EU and ongoing developments in the UK have created uncertainty regarding data protection regulation in the UK. As of January 1, 2021, the Nuvini Group is required to comply with the GDPR as well as the UK General Data Protection Regulation (“UK GDPR”), the implementation of which exposes the Nuvini Group to two parallel data protection regimes in Europe, whereby additional and separate fines under the UK GDPR range from £8.7 million to £17.5 million or 2.0% to 4.0% of total worldwide annual revenue, whichever is higher. However, going forward, there may be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement of data protection laws as between the UK and the EEA, and the relationship between the UK and the EEA in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains uncertain. In addition, while the UK data protection regime currently permits data transfers from the UK to the EEA and other third countries covered by a European Commission adequacy decision, and currently includes a framework to permit the continued use of standard contractual clauses and binding corporate rules for personal data transfers from the UK to third countries, this is subject to change in the future, and any such changes could have implications for the Nuvini Group’s transfer of personal data from the UK to the EEA and other third countries.

In the United States, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect in January 2020 and limits how the Nuvini Group may collect, use and process personal data of California residents. The CCPA establishes a privacy framework for covered companies such as the Nuvini Group’s by, among other things, creating an expanded definition of personal information, establishing data privacy rights for California residents and creating a potentially severe statutory damages framework and private rights of action for certain data breaches. Further, in November 2020, California voters approved the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”), which will amend and expand the CCPA. Effective beginning January 1, 2023, the CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding California residents’ rights with respect to their personal data, and by establishing a regulatory agency dedicated to implementing and enforcing the CCPA and CPRA. The effects of the CCPA and CPRA are potentially far-reaching, and may require the Nuvini Group to modify their data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses, and it remains unclear how various provisions will be interpreted and enforced. Certain other state laws in the United States, including the recently enacted Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, impose similar privacy obligations and all 50 states have laws including obligations to provide notification of certain security breaches to affected individuals, state officials and others. The Nuvini Group also may be bound by contractual obligations relating to its collection, use and disclosure of personal, financial and other data.

While the Nuvini Group strives to comply with all applicable privacy, data protection and information security laws and regulations, as well as the Nuvini Group’s contractual obligations, posted privacy policies and applicable industry standards, such laws, regulations, obligations and standards continue to evolve and are becoming increasingly complex, and sometimes conflict among the various jurisdictions and countries in which the Nuvini Group operates, which makes compliance challenging and expensive. For example, the Nuvini Group continues to see jurisdictions imposing data localization laws, which require personal information or certain subcategories of personal information to be stored in the jurisdiction of origin. These regulations may inhibit the Nuvini Group’s ability to expand into those markets or prohibit the Nuvini Acquired Companies from continuing to offer services in those markets without significant additional costs. In addition, any failure or perceived failure by the Nuvini Group, or any third parties with whom the Nuvini Group does business, to comply with laws, regulations, policies, industry standards or contractual or other legal obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties, adverse publicity or potential loss of business.

The Nuvini Group expects that there will continue to be new proposed laws, rules of self-regulatory bodies, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in Brazil and other jurisdictions and it cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, rules, regulations and standards may have on the Nuvini Group’s business. Moreover, existing Brazilian and foreign privacy and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection-related matters. Additionally, the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients may be subject to differing privacy laws, rules and legislation, which may mean that they require the Nuvini Group to be bound by varying contractual requirements application to certain other jurisdictions. Because global laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy and data security have continued to develop and evolve rapidly, compliance with such new laws or to changes to existing laws may impact the Nuvini Group’s business and practices, require the Nuvini Group to expend significant resources to adapt to these changes or to stop offering the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions or services in certain countries. These developments could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in tax laws or differing interpretations of tax laws may adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s results of operations.

The Nuvini Group conducts business mainly in Brazil and files tax returns in multiple jurisdictions as a result of the Nuvini Group’s international operations. The Nuvini Group’s consolidated effective income tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including: changing tax laws, regulations and tax treaties or the interpretation thereof; tax policy initiatives, tax reforms; the practices and understanding of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which the Nuvini Group operates; the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or paid (in the specific context of withholding tax).

Furthermore, Brazilian governmental authorities at the federal, state and local levels are considering changes in tax laws in order to cover budgetary shortfalls resulting from the recent economic downturn in Brazil, and also to simplify the overall domestic tax system. If these proposals are enacted they may harm the Nuvini Group’s profitability by increasing the Nuvini Group’s tax liabilities and costs with tax compliance, or otherwise affecting the Nuvini Group’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Tax rules in Brazil, particularly at the local level, can change sometimes at short notice given the dynamics allowed by the tax legislation system based on a combination of voting, sanction and veto powers from the many legislators. Recently, the Brazilian Supreme Court (“STF”) ruled that final favorable decisions held by taxpayers may be rendered void if the higher judicial court subsequently issues a conflicting ruling. This scenario may occur if the tax under analysis is collected on an “ongoing basis”, such as the Corporate Income Taxes that are due yearly. Taxes due under a “one-off” transaction, such as Tax on Inter-Vivos Property Transfers, are not subject to STF’s ruling.

If STF issues a ruling that voids a decision that was favorable to the Nuvini Group, taxes may be levied on the Nuvini Group retroactively, including interest and penalties.

Additionally, the Brazilian tax system is quite complex and requires substantial compliance costs, time and effort from companies operating in Brazil.

Despite the fact that the Nuvini Group applies all the proper efforts to manage the Nuvini Group’s tax obligations, the Nuvini Group may not always be timely aware of all such changes that affect the Nuvini Group’s business and the Nuvini Group may therefore fail to pay the applicable taxes or otherwise comply with tax regulations, which may result in additional tax assessments and penalties for the Nuvini Group.

A recent example involves the uncertainty as to the applicable taxes on the licensing and assignment of software rights in Brazil. Certain Brazilian state laws, including laws and decrees enacted by the State of São Paulo, required the payment of taxes on sales (Imposto Sobre Operações Relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços de Transporte Interestadual de Intermunicipal e de Comunicações, or “ICMS”) in connection with these transactions, while municipalities also demanded the payment of taxes levied on the provision of services (Imposto sobre Serviço, or “ISS”). In February 2021, the Brazilian Supreme Court, so-called “STF”, decided that only ISS taxes are due on the licensing and assignment of software rights and that the legislation enacted by the State of São Paulo is unconstitutional. Despite the Nuvini Group’s consistent allegation of double taxation and existing case law in the Nuvini Group’s favor, the Nuvini Group may be party to tax claims filed by Brazilian municipalities due to the Nuvini Group’s non-collection of ISS prior to the Brazilian Supreme Court judgment.

At the municipal level, the Brazilian government enacted Supplementary Law No. 157/16, which imposed changes regarding the collection of ISS applied to the rendering of part of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ services. These changes created new obligations, as ISS will now be due in the municipality in which the acquirer of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ services is located rather than in the municipality in which the service provider’s facilities are located. This obligation took force in January 2018 but has been delayed by Direct Unconstitutionality Action No. 5835 (“ADI”), filed by taxpayers. The ADI challenges the constitutionality of Supplementary Law No. 157/16 before the Brazilian Supreme Court, arguing that the new legislation would adversely affect companies’ activities due to the increase of costs and bureaucracy related to the ISS payment to several municipalities and the compliance with tax reporting obligations connected therewith. As a result, the Brazilian Supreme Court granted an injunction to suspend the enforcement of Supplementary Law No. 157/16. In June 2020, the ADI was included in the judgment agenda of the Brazilian Supreme Court but, as of the date of this annual report, a final decision on this matter is currently pending.

Another example is the benefit provided by Brazilian Law No. 11,196/05 (“Lei do Bem”), which currently grants tax benefits to companies that invest in research and development by reducing annual corporate income tax expenses, provided that some requirements are met. The Nuvini Group currently does not meet all the legal minimum requirements under Lei do Bem to take advantage of such tax benefit, but the Nuvini Group expects to able to rely on this benefit in the future. If the taxes applicable to the Nuvini Group’s business increase or any tax benefits are revoked and the Nuvini Group cannot alter its cost structure to pass the Nuvini Group’s tax increases on to the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients, Nuvini Group’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.

Moreover, the Nuvini Group is subject to tax laws and regulations that may be interpreted differently by tax authorities and Nuvini. The application of indirect taxes, such as sales and use tax, value-added tax (“VAT”), provincial taxes, goods and services tax, business tax and gross receipt tax, to businesses such as the Nuvini Group’s is complex and continues to evolve. The Nuvini Group is required to use significant judgment in order to evaluate applicable tax obligations. In many cases, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain because it is not clear how existing statutes apply to the Nuvini Group’s business. One or more states or municipalities, the federal government or other countries may seek to challenge the taxation or procedures applied to the Nuvini Group’s transactions, which could impose the charge of taxes or additional reporting, record-keeping or indirect tax collection obligations on businesses like the Nuvini Group’s. New taxes could also require the Nuvini Group to incur substantial costs to capture data and collect and remit taxes. If such obligations were imposed, the additional costs associated with tax collection, remittance and audit requirements could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business and financial results.

The Brazilian federal government also recently announced and presented to Congress (i) the Bill of Law No. 3,887/2020, focused on several changes on the taxes currently levied on revenues; and (ii) the Bill of Law No. 2,337/2021, the so called “second phase” of the envisaged Brazilian Tax Reform Plan, focused on income taxation, which includes several topics such as the taxation of dividends (by the WHT at a 15% rate), adjustments in corporate taxation basis and rates of Brazilian entities, changes in the taxation of income and gains in connection with investments in the Brazilian capital markets, such as financial assets and investment funds, among others. While such legislation has not been enacted, and it is not possible to determine at this time, what changes to tax laws and regulations will come into effect (if any), any such change may have an adverse effect on Nuvini’s results and operations.

The Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by the various conflicting and/or onerous legal and regulatory requirements imposed on the Nuvini Group where it operates. In addition, the Nuvini Group may be subject to various legal proceedings which could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition or results of operations.

Since the Nuvini Group plans to expand operations and the Nuvini Acquired Companies plan to provide services to clients in several jurisdictions, the Nuvini Group is and will be subject to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, legal requirements on matters as diverse as import/export controls, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, government affairs, anti-bribery, whistle blowing, internal and disclosure control obligations, data protection and privacy and labor relations and work visa policies. The Nuvini Group’s failure to comply with these regulations in the conduct of the Nuvini Group’s business could result in fines, penalties, criminal sanctions against the Nuvini Group or its officers, disgorgement of profits, prohibitions on doing business and adverse impact on the Nuvini Group’s reputation. The Nuvini Group’s failure to comply with these regulations in connection with the performance of the Nuvini Group’s obligations to its clients could also result in liability for monetary damages, fines and/or criminal prosecution, unfavorable publicity, restrictions on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to process information and allegations by their clients that the Nuvini Acquired Companies have not performed their contractual obligations. Due to the varying degree of development of the legal systems of the countries in which the Nuvini Acquired Companies operate, local laws might be insufficient to defend the Nuvini Group or the Nuvini Acquired Companies and preserve their rights.

In particular, the Nuvini Group is also subject to risks relating to compliance with a variety of Brazilian national and local laws including multiple tax regimes, labor laws, employee health safety and wages and benefits laws. For example, the Nuvini Group currently does not comply with the legal minimum hiring quota for persons with disabilities in Brazil. Law 8,213 of 1991 provides that companies with more than 100 employees are required to fill 2% to 5% of their job positions with disabled employees; and/or employees who have passed through a medical rehabilitation. Therefore, the Nuvini Group may be subject to administrative penalties from the relevant labor authorities, as well as to further remedies that may be imposed by the Brazilian Labor prosecution officer. The administrative penalties issued by the Ministry of Economy may vary from R$2,656.61 to R$265,659.51 per person with disability that was not hired to fill out the quota. In the event of any investigation, the labor authority may (a) propose to the Nuvini Group the execution of a Commitment Agreement (Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta), which could provide for additional obligations and penalties (normally, fixed per person not hired to fill out the quota, which, in general, may vary from R$500 to R$2,000); and/or (b) file a public civil action seeking the payment of damages and enforcement of the Nuvini Group’s compliance with the legal quota requirements, subject to additional penalties.

In addition, the Nuvini Group is and may, from time to time, become subject to legal proceedings and claims, such as claims brought by the Nuvini Group’s clients in connection with commercial disputes, employment claims made by the Nuvini Group’s current or former employees, intellectual property claims, tax claims or securities class actions or other claims related to any volatility in the trading price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares. The Nuvini Group may also, from time to time, be subject to litigation resulting from claims against it by third parties, including claims of breach of non-compete and confidentiality provisions of the Nuvini Group’s employees’ former employment agreements with such third parties. Litigation might result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources, which might seriously harm the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims, and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to the Nuvini Group (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements). A claim brought against the Nuvini Group that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, potentially harming the Nuvini Group’s business, financial position and results of operations. If the Nuvini Group is unsuccessful in the Nuvini Group’s defense in these legal proceedings, the Nuvini Group may be forced to pay damages or fines, enter into consent decrees or change the Nuvini Group’s business practices, any of which could adversely affect Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition or results of operations.

As the Nuvini Group expands into new industries and regions, the Nuvini Group will likely need to comply with new requirements to compete effectively. The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, delay or reduce demand for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services, restrict the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to offer data solutions and services in certain locations, impact the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients’ ability to deploy the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions or services in certain jurisdictions, or subject the Nuvini Group to sanctions by regulators, including national data protection regulators, all of which could harm the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, although the Nuvini Group endeavors to have the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services comply with applicable laws and regulations, these and other obligations may be modified, they may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and they may conflict with one another, other regulatory requirements, contractual commitments or the Nuvini Group’s internal practices. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The Nuvini Group may face restrictions and penalties under the Brazilian Consumer Protection Code in the future.

Brazil has a series of strict consumer protection statutes, collectively known as the Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor), that are intended to safeguard consumer interests and that apply to all companies in Brazil that supply products or services to Brazilian consumers (either individuals or legal entities). These consumer protection provisions include protection against misleading and deceptive advertising, protection against coercive or unfair business practices and protection in the formation and interpretation of contracts, usually in the form of civil liabilities and administrative penalties for violations. These penalties are often levied by the Brazilian Consumer Protection Agencies (Fundação de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor, or “PROCONs”), which oversee consumer issues on a district-by-district basis. Companies that operate across Brazil may face penalties from multiple PROCONs, as well as the National Secretariat for Consumers (Secretaria Nacional do Consumidor, or “SENACON”). Companies may settle claims made by consumers via PROCONs by paying compensation for violations directly to consumers and through a mechanism that allows them to adjust their conduct, called a conduct adjustment agreement (Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta, or “TAC”). Brazilian Public Prosecutor Offices may also commence investigations related to consumer rights violations and this TAC mechanism is also available for them. Companies that violate TACs face potential automatic fines. Brazilian Public Prosecutor Offices may also file public civil actions against companies in violation of consumer rights, seeking strict observation to the consumer protection law provisions and compensation for the damages consumers may have suffered. To the extent consumers file such claims against the Nuvini Group, the Nuvini Group may face reduced revenue due to refunds and fines for non-compliance that could negatively impact the Nuvini Group’s results of operations.

The Nuvini Group is subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering economic sanctions laws and regulations, trade compliance and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject the Nuvini Group to criminal or civil liability and harm the Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Nuvini Group operates in jurisdictions that have a high risk of corruption. The Nuvini Group must comply with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations imposed by governments with jurisdiction over its operations, which may include the Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,846/2013 (the “Brazilian Anti-Corruption Law”), the Brazilian Federal Law No. 9,613/1998, as amended (the “Brazilian Anti-Money Laundering Law”), the Brazilian Federal Law No. 8,429/1992, as amended (the “Brazilian Administrative Improbity Law”) and the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), among others. Where they apply, the Brazilian Anti-Corruption Law and the FCPA prohibit the Nuvini Group and its directors, officers, employees, intermediaries, agents and other third parties acting on its behalf from corruptly authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, undue advantages, improper or prohibited payments or anything else of value, to government officials and other persons related to government officials to obtain or retain business or gain some other business or any undue advantage, and impose liability against companies who engage in bribery of government officials, either directly or through intermediaries.

The Nuvini Group must also conduct its business in compliance with applicable economic and trade sanctions and export control laws and regulations, such as those administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council, and other relevant authorities. Such laws and regulations prohibit or restrict certain operations, investment decisions, and sales activities, including dealings with certain countries or territories, and with certain governments and designated persons. The Nuvini Group’s operations expose us to the risk of violating, or being accused of violating, these laws and regulations. In addition, our employees, representatives, or other third parties acting on our behalf may engage in conduct for which the Nuvini Group might be held responsible.

While the Nuvini Group has policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, there is a risk that the Nuvini Group’s directors, officers, employees, intermediaries, agents and other third parties acting on its behalf will take actions, or be accused of taking action, in violation of the Nuvini Group’s policies and applicable law, for which the Nuvini Group may be ultimately held responsible. In recent years, authorities across various jurisdictions, including Brazil and the United States, have increasingly focused on enforcing anti-corruption laws and economic sanctions and trade compliance laws. As the Nuvini Group expands internationally, the Nuvini Group’s risks under these laws may increase.

Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering or economic sanctions and trade compliance laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources and attention from senior management. In addition, non- compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering laws or economic sanctions and trade compliance laws could subject the Nuvini Group to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, forfeiture of significant assets, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas are served or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if the Nuvini Group does not prevail in any possible civil or criminal proceeding, the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

Moreover, regulators may increase enforcement of these obligations, which may require the Nuvini Group to adjust Nuvini Group’s compliance and anti-money laundering programs, including the procedures the Nuvini Acquired Companies use to verify the identity of Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and to monitor Nuvini Acquired Companies’ transactions and transactions made through Nuvini Acquired Companies’ proprietary data platforms. Regulators regularly reexamine the transaction volume thresholds at which the Nuvini Acquired Companies must obtain and keep applicable records, verify identities of clients and report any change in such thresholds to the applicable regulatory authorities, which could result in increased costs in order to comply with these legal and regulatory requirements. Costs associated with fines or enforcement actions, changes in compliance requirements or limitations on Nuvini Group’s ability to grow could harm Nuvini Group’s businesses, and any new requirements or changes to existing requirements could impose significant costs, result in delays to planned data solutions and services improvements, make it more difficult for new clients to join Nuvini Group’s network and reduce the attractiveness of Nuvini Group’s data solutions and services.

The Nuvini Group may be held liable for the labor, tax, social security and other obligations of third parties.

The Nuvini Group outsources certain ancillary activities that support its businesses, including recruiters to attract talent and maintenance personnel. The Nuvini Group does not provide benefits to these outsourced workers. According to Brazilian legislation, if the Nuvini Group’s outsourced service providers fail to comply with their obligations under labor, social security, tax and/or environmental laws, the Nuvini Group may be held jointly and severally or secondarily liable for any non-compliance, resulting in fines or other penalties, which may adversely affect the Nuvini Group. In addition, if it is judicially determined that these outsourced workers effectively served in the capacity of employees despite being considered outsourced workers by the Nuvini Acquired Companies, the Nuvini Group can be liable for payment of unpaid benefits and social security. The Nuvini Group may also be liable for bodily injury or death at the Nuvini Group’s offices and Nuvini’s data laboratory of the employees of third parties who provide services to the Nuvini Group, which may adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s reputation as well as the Nuvini Group’s business. Moreover, any environmental damage and/or damage to third parties caused by service providers when undergoing work engaged by the Nuvini Group may expose the Nuvini Group to joint and several liability or secondary for redress and/or damages for harm caused.

Risk Related to Financial, Tax and Accounting

Fixed-price contracts may affect the Nuvini Group’s profits.

Some of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ contracts are structured on a fixed-price basis, which can lead to various risks, including:

If the Nuvini Acquired Companies do not adequately assess and manage these and other risks, the Nuvini Group may be subject to cost overruns and penalties, which may harm the Nuvini Group’s financial performance.

Increases in investment in research and development could decrease overall margins.

An important element of the Nuvini Group’s corporate strategy is to continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to research and development and related product and service opportunities both through internal investments and the acquisition of intellectual property from companies that Nuvini S.A. has acquired. The Nuvini Group believes that it must continue to dedicate a significant amount of resources to research and development efforts to maintain the Nuvini Group’s competitive position, and research and development expenses could adversely affect its operating margins.

Nuvini has identified material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting and information technology general controls and, as a result, restated its previous period’s financial statements. If Nuvini fails to remediate such material weaknesses (and any other ones) or establish and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, Nuvini may be unable to accurately report its results of operations, meet its reporting obligations and/or prevent fraud.

Nuvini has been a public company trading on Nasdaq since October 2023. Prior to this, Nuvini was a private company with limited accounting resources and processes necessary to address Nuvini’s internal control over financial reporting and procedures. Nuvini’s management has completed an assessment of the effectiveness of Nuvini’s internal controls over financial reporting and concluded that our management’s control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024. See “Item 5—Control and Procedures—Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” Nuvini S.A.’s independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of Nuvini S.A.’s internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audit of Nuvini’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, a number of material weaknesses in Nuvini’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, were identified. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses identified relate to:

Each of the material weaknesses described above could result in a material misstatement of one or more account balances or disclosures in our future annual consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Nuvini is in the process of taking necessary actions to design and implement formal accounting policies, procedures and controls, as well establishing a control matrix required to remediate these material weaknesses. It also includes designing Nuvini’s financial control environment, including the establishment of controls to account for and disclose complex transactions. Additionally, in the next fiscal year, Nuvini plans to hire accounting and finance personnel with public company reporting and public market experience. In particular, the scope of work and responsibilities of this internal controls team will include ensuring that the proper systems and processes are put in place by evaluating, together with the Chief Executive Officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of Nuvini’s standards, systems, controls and procedures across the Nuvini Group. The internal controls team will be tasked with architecting, implementing and monitoring reporting and controls requirements across the Nuvini Group. This team will be responsible for assessing and remedying reporting controls and processes; creating standardized processes with respect to segregation of duties, accounting standards, impairment testing, contract review for accounting and risk assessment; creating a continuous monitoring of Nuvini practices for compliance, constant improvement and consistency; and coordinating with the Nuvini Acquired Companies in standards, hiring and training of reporting personnel. With respect to SEC reporting, Nuvini intends to invest adequate resources in the creation of an SEC reporting unit with extensive public company experience. This SEC reporting unit will report directly to the Chief Financial Officer and will have extensive public company experience including, but not limited to, SEC reporting and control implementation. Nuvini plans to begin hiring for this SEC reporting unit in fiscal year 2025.

With regard to its information technology controls, Nuvini plans to hire a centralized information technology team, including a Chief Security Officer, to assist with implementation of consistent reporting systems, security and compliance, across the Nuvini Group, in order to improve the quality of information stored and facilitate interface with shareholders and management through the implementation of an equity management platform with the support of third parties. This information technology team will be tasked with ensuring all relevant data is protected and being utilized in compliance with all necessary standards both internationally and within Brazil, establishing governance and structure to manage and control access to in-scope application systems and changes to programs and to get the entire Nuvini Group on the same reporting platform, among other things.

Nuvini expects to incur approximately US$1.0 million on the foregoing remediation efforts and fully remediate the material weaknesses in fiscal year 2025. However, Nuvini cannot assure you that it would have sufficient funds to defray the costs of the remediation efforts or that Nuvini’s efforts will be effective or prevent any future material weakness in Nuvini’s internal control over financial reporting.

Nuvini is a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. During the course of remediating these material weaknesses and satisfying the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Nuvini may identify additional material weaknesses and other deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting and there can be no assurance that any additional material weaknesses or restatement of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate controls over financial reporting. In addition, if Nuvini fails to maintain the adequacy of its internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, Nuvini may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that it has effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. If Nuvini fails to maintain an effective internal control over financial reporting, Nuvini could suffer material misstatements in Nuvini’s financial statements, fail to meet Nuvini’s reporting obligations or fail to prevent fraud, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in Nuvini’s reported financial information. This could, in turn, limit Nuvini’s access to capital markets and harm its results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares. Nuvini may be unable to timely complete its evaluation testing and any required remediation.

In addition, these new obligations will also require substantial attention from Nuvini’s senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of Nuvini. These cost increases and the diversion of management’s attention could materially and adversely affect Nuvini’s businesses, financial condition and operating results.

Because Nuvini recognizes revenue from the Nuvini Group’s proprietary SaaS businesses over the monthly term of each contract, downturns or upturns in new sales and renewals will not be immediately reflected in Nuvini’s results of operations.

Since Nuvini’s establishment, all of its revenues have derived from the Nuvini Group’s proprietary SaaS businesses. The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ client contracts typically have a monthly term and Nuvini recognizes revenue from the Nuvini Group’s proprietary SaaS businesses ratably over the term of each contract. As a result, part of the revenue Nuvini reports in each quarter is derived from the recognition of deferred revenue relating to contracts entered into during previous quarters. Consequently, a future decline in new or renewed contracts, or a reduction in expansion rates, in any single quarter could have only a small impact on Nuvini’s revenue results during that quarter or subsequent period. Such a decline or deceleration, however, will negatively affect Nuvini’s revenue or revenue growth rates in future quarters and, in the aggregate, may cause a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition and results of operations.

The Nuvini Group expects fluctuations in its results of operations, making it difficult to project future results, and if Nuvini fails to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors with respect to the Nuvini Group’s results of operations, the market prices of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants could decline.

The Nuvini Group’s results of operations have fluctuated in the past and are expected to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of the Nuvini Group’s control. As a result, the Nuvini Group’s past results may not be indicative of the Nuvini Group’s future performance. In addition to the other risks described herein, factors that may affect the Nuvini Group’s results of operations include the following:

Any of these and other factors, or the cumulative effect of some of these factors, may cause the Nuvini Group’s results of operations to vary significantly. If the Nuvini Group’s quarterly results of operations fall below the expectations of investors and securities analysts who follow the Nuvini Group’s ordinary shares, the price of the Nuvini Ordinary Shares could decline substantially, and the Nuvini Group could face costly lawsuits, including securities class actions.

Nuvini’s payment obligations under Nuvini’s indebtedness may limit the funds available to the Nuvini Group and may restrict the Nuvini Group’s flexibility in operating its businesses.

Nuvini has increasing fixed financial costs in connection with its indebtedness and has incurred an increasing amount of debt in recent years to support Nuvini’s acquisitions. As of December 31, 2023, Nuvini had an aggregate principal amount of R$19.2 million of total outstanding loans, financing and loans from investors and R$11.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024, Nuvini had an aggregate principal amount of R$24.9 million of total outstanding loans, financing and loans from investors and R$18.0 million in cash and cash equivalents.

Overall, a large portion of the indebtedness is comprised of deferred and contingent consideration due as a result of Nuvini’s acquisitions, of which the value of certain contingent consideration payments is driven by the future performance of the respective acquired company. As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the total deferred and contingent consideration on acquisitions outstanding was R$232.1 million and R$277.2 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the total loans and financing includes (i) Debentures issued on May 14, 2021 in the amount of R$51.1 million, accruing interest at a rate per year equal to CDI plus 10.6%, (ii) loans and financing totaling R$5.2 million accruing interest at a weighted average rate of 11%, (iii) loans from investors totaling R$13.9 million of principal balance with interest at a rate per year equal to CDI plus 10.0% with a 15% premium on the principal loan amount, payable in Nuvini Ordinary Shares upon Closing, (iv) loan agreements with Pierre Schurmann with a remaining balance of R$8.9 million with interest calculated as CDI plus 10% per year, and (v) a loan agreement with Aury Ronan Francisco with a remaining balance of R$977 thousand of principal balance including interest calculated as CDI plus 3% per year. Refer “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions” for additional details on these related party transactions.

As of December 31, 2024, the total loans and financing includes (i) Debentures issued on May 14, 2021 in the amount of R$40.7 million, accruing interest at a rate per year equal to CDI plus 10.6%, (ii) loans and financing totaling R$2.9 million accruing interest at a weighted average rate of 11%, (iii) loans from investors totaling R$22.0 million of principal balance with interest at a rate per year equal to CDI plus 10.0% with a 15% premium on the principal loan amount, payable in Nuvini Ordinary Shares upon Closing, and (iv) loan agreements with Jose Mario with a remaining balance of R$1.1 million with interest calculated as CDI plus 10% per year. Refer “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions” for additional details on these related party transactions.

From January 27, 2022, and March 28, 2022, Nuvini entered into four additional loan agreements with Pierre Schurmann. The first and second loan agreements were entered into on January 27, 2022, in the principal amount of R$0.5 million and R$0.3 million, respectively, each carrying an interest rate of 100% of CDI plus 3% per annum. The third loan agreement was entered into on February 1, 2022, with a principal amount of R$1.2 million, carrying an interest rate equal to 100% of CDI plus 3% per annum. The fourth loan agreement was entered into on March 29, 2022, with a principal amount of R$1.2 million, carrying an interest rate equal to 100% of CDI plus 3% per annum. On April 28, 2022, Nuvini and Pierre Schurmann entered into a first consolidated amendment applicable to all the Related Party Loan Agreements in order to (i) condition the payment of the Related Party Loan Agreements to the achievement of a gross debt indicator/pro forma EBITDA less or equal to 3.5x for three consecutive semesters by Nuvini, in connection with the Exposure Premium, as per deliberated in a general meeting of the debenture holders; and (ii) equalize the interest rates of all Related Party Loan Agreements in 100% of the CDI plus 8% per annum. In 2023, Pierre Schurmann entered into two additional loan agreements. The first agreement entered into on February 13, 2023, in the principal amount of R$3.3 million with interest of 10 % per year and 100% of CDI, and with a maturity of 12 months. The second agreement entered into on July 3, 2023, in the principal amount of R$1.0 million interest equivalent to 23.25% per year, and term date of October 25, 2023.

In December 2022, all amounts payable under these loans, amounting to R$16.8 million were converted into subscription rights. For more information related to the subscription rights, see “Note 17—Equity and divestitures” of Nuvini’s consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. On December 15, 2022, Nuvini entered into a loan agreement with Schurmann, in the principal amount of R$3.2 million with an interest rate of 10% per annum and 100% of CDI, with a 16 month maturity. On February 13, 2023, Nuvini entered into a loan agreement with Schurmann, with a principal amount of R$3.3 million, carrying an interest rate equal to 100% of CDI plus 10% per annum. The purpose of the loan agreement was to provide Nuvini with working capital to fund its operations. In 2023, the Company entered into eight additional loan agreements with seven separate third party investors in the amount totaling R$7.4 million. The loans are subject to Selic interest plus 10% per year and a 2% penalty on the value of the agreement if the loan payments become overdue. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into three loan agreements totaling R$4.8 million. The loans are subject to Selic interest plus 8%-10% per year, and a 2% penalty on the value of the agreement if the loan payments become overdue. No payments have been issued on the loans from investors as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Nuvini also entered into a separate agreement that provides for the payment of additional amounts to Debenture Holders outstanding in the event of certain liquidity events, as defined, or the early redemption of the debentures by Nuvini in whole or in part prior to maturity the “Exposure Premium.” The Exposure Premium due to Debenture Holders under a qualifying liquidity event, determined pursuant to the terms of the Debenture Agreement, is calculated as 5% of the total equity value of all the shares of Nuvini on the date of the liquidity event, applied pro-rata based on the total Debentures initially acquired by the Debenture Holders in proportion to every 250,000 Debentures authorized for issuance. As only 58,000 of 250,000 Debentures were issued to the Debenture Holders, the total exposure is 1.16% of total equity value of all the shares of Nuvini on the date of liquidity event, limited to the applicable percentage cap of the value of the Debentures outstanding. This agreement represents a free-standing derivative accounted for as a financial liability based on its fair value. As of December 31, 2023, and 2024, the fair value of the Exposure Premium was R$1.8 million and R$2.9 million, respectively.

Nuvini may be required to use a portion of its cash flows from operations to pay interest and principal on Nuvini’s indebtedness. Such payments will reduce the funds available to the Nuvini Group for working capital, capital expenditures and other corporate purposes and limit Nuvini’s ability to obtain additional financing (or to obtain such financing on acceptable terms) for working capital, capital expenditures, expansion plans and other investments, which may in turn limit the Nuvini Group’s ability to implement its business strategy, heighten its vulnerability to downturns in the Nuvini Group’s businesses, its industry or in the general economy, limit the Nuvini Group’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its businesses and the industry and prevent the Nuvini Group from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise. A high level of leverage may also have significant negative effects on the Nuvini Group’s future operations by increasing the possibility of an event of default under the financial and operating covenants contained in Nuvini S.A.’s debt instruments.

In addition, Nuvini is exposed to interest rate risk related to some of Nuvini’s indebtedness. For additional information, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loans and Financing.”

If the Nuvini Group is unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service Nuvini’s debt, Nuvini may be required to refinance all or a portion of Nuvini’s existing debt or obtain additional financing. The Nuvini Group cannot assure you that any such refinancing would be possible or that any additional financing could be obtained. Nuvini’s inability to obtain such refinancing or financing may have a material adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition, ratings and results of operations.

Nuvini’s existing loan agreements contain restrictive covenants, exposure premiums and events of default that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on Nuvini, and Nuvini is currently not in compliance with certain financial covenants included in Nuvini’s loan agreements.

Under the terms of the Debenture Agreement, Nuvini is subject to restrictive and affirmative covenants including restrictions on Nuvini’s change of control, the change of Nuvini’s ownership structure and corporate reorganization, limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets, restrictions on the payment of dividends and financial covenants. Some of these financial covenants comprise (i) Gross Debt/EBITDA Pro Forma indicator, less than or equal to (a) 4.0x (four times), being the calculation based on the year ending December 31, 2021; (b) 3.5x (three times) to be verified based on the annual and consolidated financial statements of the consolidated financial statements of Nuvini, as calculated on the year ended December 31, 2022; and (c) 3.0x (three times) to be verified based on the annual and consolidated financial statements of Nuvini, with the first determination based on the year ending December 31, 2023 onwards; (ii) Pro Forma EBITDA Margin in relation to Net Revenue equal to or greater than 20% (twenty percent); and (iii) Debt Service Coverage Ratio (“DSCI”) greater than or equal to 4.0x (four times) until the expiration date, given that the DSCI is the sum of “cash and cash equivalents” and “cash flow from operational activities.” Further, due to the Debenture Holder’s risk related to Nuvini’s Debentures, in addition to the fixed payments described above, Nuvini is also required to pay an Exposure Premium to the Debenture Holder, in proportion to the amount of Debentures initially acquired during the Debenture First Issue, upon the occurrence of a liquidity event or early redemption of the Debentures. Liquidity events are defined as the sale, exchange or alteration of the capital structure of Nuvini such as reorganization or the public sale of shares equivalent to at least 10% of the total capital stock of Nuvini.

On December 31, 2022, Nuvini did not demonstrate the ability to meet any of the three covenants established and kept the balance of Debentures in current liabilities, however, Nuvini requested from the Debenture Holders a waiver valid for the next 12 months, which was granted and formalized in a Debenture Holders general meeting (“DHGM”) dated March 30, 2022, prior to the issuance Nuvini’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021. At the same DHGM, the Debenture Holders agreed to change the covenant of Gross Debt / Pro Forma EBITDA Pro Forma to 7.2x, the covenant of EBITDA Margin Pro Forma in relation to net revenue to equal or higher than 7.1% and maintain the ICSD covenant at 4.0x for the year of 2022. On December 31, 2022, Nuvini did not meet the Debt Service Coverage Index for the 2022 year and requested an additional waiver for the 2022 year that was approved and granted at a DHGM dated February 9, 2023. On May 8, 2023, the debenture holders granted the Company’s request to extend the scheduled amortization date of the debentures to August 14, 2023. Principal payments totaling R$7.4 million were made on the debentures in 2023. The payment balances were issued on October 2, 2023, October 13, 2023, and December 28, 2023, in the amount of R$2.5 million, R$2.5 million and R$2.4 million respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not meet the debt service coverage index covenant, as the calculated index was 0.6x which is less than the 4.0x targeted threshold. The Company requested a waiver for the covenant violation on December 13, 2024, which would alleviate any Company concerns regarding a potential early debt maturity due to the covenant breach. The debenture holders granted the Company’s request on December 19, 2024, leaving the amortization date of the debentures unchanged.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not meet the debt service coverage index covenant, as the calculated index was 0.7x which is less than the 4.0x targeted threshold. The Company requested a waiver for the covenant violation on April 24, 2025, which would alleviate any Company concerns regarding a potential early debt maturity due to the covenant breach. The debenture holders granted the Company’s request on April 29, 2025.

If Nuvini fails to comply with the covenants under any of Nuvini’s indebtedness in the future or otherwise receive waivers, Nuvini may be in default under the documents governing such indebtedness, which may entitle the lenders thereunder to accelerate their debt obligations. A default under any of Nuvini’s indebtedness could result in cross-defaults under Nuvini’s other indebtedness, which in turn could result in the acceleration of Nuvini’s other indebtedness that would have an adverse effect on Nuvini’s cash flows and liquidity. For a description of certain terms of Nuvini’s material financings, including Nuvini’s financial covenants, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Loans and Financing.”

In the future, in order to avoid defaulting on Nuvini’s indebtedness, Nuvini may be required to take actions such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, reducing or eliminating dividends or share repurchases, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing all or part of Nuvini’s existing debt or seeking additional equity capital, any of which may not be available on terms that are favorable to the Nuvini Group or to Nuvini’s shareholders, if at all. Complying with the covenants in Nuvini’s many financing agreements may cause it to take actions that make it more difficult to execute the Nuvini Group’s business strategy successfully and the Nuvini Group may face competition from companies not subject to such restrictions. As a result of acquisitions, Nuvini S.A. records the fair value of earn outs, which are categorized as level 3 financial liabilities. For more information, see “—Nuvini’s payment obligations under Nuvini’s indebtedness may limit the funds available to the Nuvini Group and may restrict the Nuvini Group’s flexibility in operating its businesses.”

We have not complied, and may not in the future, be able to comply with the financial covenants contained in our Debenture Agreement, which have resulted, and may result, in events of default and may in the future result in additional events of default.

Under the terms of Nuvini’s Debenture Agreement, it is required to comply with is subject to restrictive and affirmative covenants, including restrictions on Nuvini’s change of control, the change of Nuvini’s ownership structure and corporate reorganization, limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets, restrictions on the payment of dividends and financial covenants. Our ability to meet these ratios and covenants can be affected by events beyond our control. We have not always met these ratios and covenants in the past and have had to obtain waivers and consents from Debenture Holders to adjust the ratios and covenants so that we could remain in compliance. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Contractual Obligations and Commitments—Loan Covenant Waiver”¹ for further information.

We may not meet these ratios and covenants in the future. A failure by us to comply with the ratios or covenants contained in our Debenture Agreement, could result in an event of default, which could adversely affect our ability to respond to changes in our business and manage our operations. Upon the occurrence of an event of default under the terms of our Debenture Agreement, including the occurrence of a material adverse change, the Debenture Holders could elect to declare any amounts outstanding to be due and payable and exercise other remedies.

There are risks for which the Nuvini Group’s insurance policies may not adequately cover or for which the Nuvini Group has no insurance coverage. Insufficient insurance coverage or the materialization of such uninsured risks could adversely affect the Nuvini Group.

Nuvini Group’s insurance policies may not adequately cover all risks to which the Nuvini Group is exposed, and the Nuvini Group is subject to risks for which it is uninsured, such as breaches of the security of its systems by hackers, war, acts of God, including hurricanes and other force majeure events. In addition, the Nuvini Group cannot guarantee that it will be able to maintain its insurance policies in the future or that the Nuvini Group will be able to renew them at reasonable prices or on acceptable terms, which may adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s business. The occurrence of a significant loss that is not insured or compensable, or that is only partially insured or compensable, may require Nuvini to commit significant cash resources to cover such losses, which may have an adverse effect on the Nuvini Group’s business and results of operations.

Agreements by Nuvini Acquired Companies agree to indemnify clients and other third parties may expose the Nuvini Group to substantial potential liability.

The Nuvini Acquired Companies’ contracts with clients, investors and other third parties may include indemnification provisions under which the Nuvini Acquired Companies agree to defend and indemnify them against claims and losses arising from alleged infringement, misappropriation or other violation of intellectual property rights, data protection violations, breaches of representations and warranties, damage to property or persons or other liabilities arising from the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions or services or such contracts. Although the Nuvini Group attempts to limit the Nuvini Group’s indemnity obligations, the Nuvini Group may not be successful in doing so, and an event triggering the Nuvini Group’s indemnity obligations could give rise to multiple claims involving multiple clients or other third parties. There is no assurance that the Nuvini Group’s applicable insurance coverage, if any, would cover, in whole or in part, any such indemnity obligations. The Nuvini Group may be liable for up to the full amount of the indemnified claims, which could result in substantial liability or material disruption to the Nuvini Group’s businesses or could negatively impact the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ relationships with clients or other third parties, reduce demand for the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ data solutions and services, and adversely affect Nuvini Group’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Unfavorable conditions in the Nuvini Group’s industry or the global economy could limit the Nuvini Group’s ability to grow the Nuvini Group’s businesses and negatively affect Nuvini’s results of operations.

Nuvini’s results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in the Nuvini Group’s industries or the global economy on the Nuvini Group or the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and potential clients. Negative conditions in the general economy both in Brazil and abroad, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, financial and credit market volatility and disruptions (including, for example, SVB entering receivership), international trade relations, pandemic (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare and terrorist attacks, could cause a decrease in business investments, including spending on data solutions, and negatively affect the growth of the Nuvini Group’s businesses. Competitors, many of whom are larger and have greater financial resources than the Nuvini Group does, may respond to challenging market conditions by lowering prices in an attempt to attract the Nuvini Group’s clients. The Nuvini Group cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry.

Changes to U.S. tariff and import/export regulations may have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The United States has recently enacted and proposed to enact significant new tariffs. Additionally, President Trump has directed various federal agencies to further evaluate key aspects of U.S. trade policy and there has been ongoing discussion, commentary and actions regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, treaties and tariffs. In 2025, the Trump administration indicated that the United States will impose retaliatory measures with respect to jurisdictions that have or are likely to put in place tax rules that are extraterritorial or disproportionately affect U.S. companies. The likelihood of these changes being enacted or implemented is unclear. We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business. As of the date of this Annual Report, discussions remain ongoing in respect of certain trade restrictions and tariffs on imports from Canada, China and Mexico, as well as retaliatory tariffs enacted in response to such actions. In light of these events, there continues to exist significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the U.S. and other countries with respect to such trade policies, treaties and tariffs. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States. Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our access to suppliers or customers and have a material adverse effect on their business, financial condition and results of operations, which in turn would negatively impact us.

Risks Related to Nuvini Ordinary Shares

Nuvini will incur increased cost as a result of operating as a public company.

Nuvini is a public company and will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that the Company did not incur as a private company. As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and the Nasdaq. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives and may not effectively or efficiently manage the transition into a public company. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs it may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for Nuvini to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on the Nvni Group Limited Board, its board committees or as executive officers.

The members of our executive team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies in the United States. The additional demands associated with being a public company may disrupt regular operations of our business by diverting the attention of some of our senior management team away from revenue producing activities to management and administrative oversight, adversely affecting our ability to attract and complete business opportunities and increasing the difficulty in both retaining professionals and managing and growing our businesses. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors.

In addition, the public reporting obligations associated with being a public company in the United States may subject us to litigation as a result of increased scrutiny of our financial reporting. If we are involved in litigation regarding our public reporting obligations, this could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and management attention from our business and seriously undermine our business.

Any of these effects could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Occurrence of write-downs or write-offs, restructuring and impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on Nuvini’s financial condition, results of operations and share price, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

The Nuvini Group may be forced to write-down or write-off assets, restructure our operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in us reporting losses. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and not have an immediate impact on our liquidity, the fact that charges of this nature are reported could contribute to negative market perceptions about us or our securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause us to violate covenants to which we may be subject. Accordingly, any of our shareholders could suffer a reduction in the value of their Ordinary Shares as a result of the foregoing factors and would be unlikely to have a remedy for such reduction in value.

As a foreign private issuer and an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act), we have different disclosure, Nasdaq corporate governance standards and other requirements than U.S. domestic registrants and non-emerging growth companies that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic registrants and non-emerging growth companies.

As a foreign private issuer and emerging growth company, we are subject to different disclosure and other requirements than domestic U.S. registrants and non-emerging growth companies. For example, as a foreign private issuer, in the United States, we are not subject to the same disclosure requirements as a domestic U.S. registrant under the Exchange Act, including the requirements to prepare and issue quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or to file current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events, the proxy rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 14 of the Exchange Act or the insider reporting and short swing profit rules applicable to domestic U.S. registrants under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we rely on exemptions from certain U.S. corporate governance-related rules which permit us to follow Cayman Islands legal requirements rather than certain of the requirements that are applicable to U.S. domestic registrants.

We follow certain Cayman Islands laws and regulations that are applicable to Cayman Islands companies. However, such laws and regulations may not contain any provisions comparable to the U.S. rules relating to the filing of reports on Form 10-Q or 8-K, the U.S. proxy rules, or the U.S. rules relating to liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, as referred to above. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Foreign Private Issuer Exemptions” for more information.

Furthermore, foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information, although we are subject to Cayman Islands laws and regulations having, in some respects, a similar effect as Regulation Fair Disclosure. As a result of the above, even though we are required to file reports on Form 6-K disclosing the limited information which we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Cayman Islands law, or are required to distribute to shareholders generally, and that is material to us, you may not receive information of the same type or amount that is required to be disclosed to shareholders of a U.S. company.

The JOBS Act contains provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for emerging growth companies. Under this act, as an emerging growth company, we are not subject to the same disclosure and financial reporting requirements as non-emerging growth companies. For example, as an emerging growth company we are permitted to, and intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Also, we do not have to comply with future audit rules promulgated by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or “PCAOB,” (unless the SEC determines otherwise) and our auditors do not need to attest to our internal controls under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company.

As a foreign private issuer, Nuvini is permitted to, and Nuvini will, rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

As a foreign private issuer, Nuvini is permitted to, and Nuvini will, follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under Nasdaq’s rules for U.S. domestic issuers, provided that Nuvini discloses any significant ways in which Nuvini’s corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under Nasdaq listing standards. Among other things, Nuvini is not required to have: (i) a majority-independent board of directors; (ii) a compensation committee consisting only of independent directors; (iii) a nominating committee consisting only of independent directors; or (iv) regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we will, follow home country practice in lieu of certain requirements. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Foreign Private Issuer Exemptions.”

As a result of Nuvini’s reliance on the corporate governance exemptions available to foreign private issuers under Nasdaq rules, shareholders will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements.

Availing of any of these exemptions, as opposed to complying with the requirements that are applicable to a U.S. domestic registrant, may provide less protection to shareholders than is accorded to investors under Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules. Therefore, any foreign private issuer exemptions Nuvini avails itself of in the future may reduce the scope of information and protection to which you are otherwise entitled as an investor.

Nuvini may lose our foreign private issuer status which would then require Nuvini to comply with the Exchange Act’s domestic reporting regime and cause Nuvini to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

In order to maintain Nuvini’s current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of the voting power of all of Nuvini’s outstanding classes of voting securities (on a combined basis) must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b) (1) a majority of Nuvini’s executive officers or directors must not be U.S. citizens or residents; (2) more than 50% of Nuvini’s assets cannot be located in the United States; and (3) Nuvini’s business must be administered principally outside the United States. Nuvini intends to monitor the composition of Nuvini’s shareholder base to determine whether we meet these criteria. If Nuvini loses this status, Nuvini would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. Nuvini may also be required to make changes in Nuvini’s corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules, and report Nuvini’s financial statements under US GAAP, which may differ materially from IFRS Accounting Standards, all of which may involve time, effort and additional costs to implement. The regulatory and compliance costs to Nuvini under U.S. securities laws if Nuvini is required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the costs Nuvini incurs as a foreign private issuer.

The exercise or conversion of outstanding derivative securities, including warrants, options and convertible notes, could increase the number of Nuvini Ordinary Shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in significant dilution to our shareholders.

We have issued various derivative securities, including warrants, options and convertible notes, that are exercisable or convertible into Nuvini Ordinary Shares, including, without limitation, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 23,050,000 Nuvini Ordinary Shares, which are currently exercisable in accordance with the terms of the governing agreements at an exercise price of $11.50 per share. To the extent the market price exceeds the exercise or conversion prices of any of our outstanding derivative securities and such securities are exercised or converted, we will be required to issue additional Nuvini Ordinary Shares. This will result in dilution to existing shareholders and will increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market.

Sales of substantial amounts of Nuvini Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur as a result of the exercise or conversion of derivative securities, may adversely affect the market price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares. In addition, there is no assurance that any of our derivative securities will ever become exercisable or convertible on favorable terms or at all prior to their expiration, and they may ultimately expire worthless.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, Nuvini conducts substantially all of its operations, and a majority of Nuvini’s directors and executive officers reside, outside of the United States.

Nuvini is an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and Nuvini conducts a majority of its operations through our subsidiary, Nvni Group Limited, outside the United States. Substantially all of Nuvini’s assets are located outside the United States, primarily in Brazil. A majority of Nuvini’s officers and directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals outside of the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed upon under the applicable securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the jurisdictions that comprise the Latin American region could render you unable to enforce a judgment against Nuvini’s assets or the assets of Nuvini’s directors and officers.

Nuvini’s corporate affairs are governed by Nuvini’s Articles, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against Nuvini’s directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of Nuvini’s directors to Nuvini under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of Nuvini shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of Nuvini’s directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less exhaustive body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fulsome and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.

As a result of all of the above, Nuvini shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

While Cayman Islands law allows a dissenting shareholder to express the shareholder’s view that a court sanctioned reorganization of a Cayman Islands company would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a court sanctioned reorganization (by way of a scheme of arrangement). This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation (by way of a scheme of arrangement) or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, Cayman Islands statutory law provides a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder in a merger or consolidation that does not take place by way of a scheme of arrangement to apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on a fair price within the time limits prescribed.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies (such as Nuvini) have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Nuvini’s directors have discretion under Nuvini’s Articles to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, Nuvini’s corporate records may be inspected by Nuvini shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to Nuvini shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the board of directors. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar.

Nuvini does not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

It is expected that Nuvini will retain most, if not all, of Nuvini’s available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of Nuvini’s business. As a result, it is not expected that Nuvini will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Nuvini’s Board will have complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. Even if Nuvini Board decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on the future results of operations and cash flow, capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by Nuvini from subsidiaries, Nuvini’s financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by the board of directors. There is no guarantee that Nuvini Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or that the trading price of the Ordinary Shares will not decline.

Nuvini has granted in the past, and Nuvini plans to also grant in the future, share incentives, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

In connection with the consummation of Business Combination, the Nuvini Board adopted, and the Nuvini shareholders approved, an equity incentive plan in which eligible participants may include members of Nuvini management, Nuvini employees, certain members of the Nuvini Board and consultants of Nuvini and its subsidiaries. Beneficiaries under the equity incentive plan will be granted equity awards pursuant to the terms and conditions of the equity incentive plan and any applicable award agreement. The final eligibility of any beneficiary to participate in, and the terms and conditions of, the applicable equity awards will be determined by the Nuvini Board. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, the equity incentive plan has initially reserved a total of 1,143,650 Nuvini Ordinary Shares.

All outstanding Unvested Nuvini Options at the time of consummation of the Business Combination were converted into unvested options for Nuvini Ordinary Shares under the Legacy Stock Option Plan, which totaled 1,939,692 options exercisable for Nuvini Ordinary Shares, as determined in accordance with the Exchange Ratio. We account for compensation costs for all share options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statements of profit or loss in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards. As a result of these grants, we incurred share-based compensation of R$0.9 million in 2024, R$6.2 million in 2023 and R$9.9 million in 2022. For more information on the share incentive plans, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Stock Option Plan.”

Nuvini believes the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to Nuvini’s ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and as such, Nuvini will also grant share-based compensation and incur share-based compensation expenses in the future. As a result, expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on Nuvini and Nuvini’s business and results of operations.

Nuvini may be unable to satisfy listing requirements in the future, which could limit investors’ ability to effect transactions in Nuvini securities and subject Nuvini to additional trading restrictions.²

In order to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards, including those regarding director independence and independent committee requirements, minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, and certain corporate governance requirements. There can be no assurances that we will be able to comply with such applicable listing standards.

Nuvini received a notification letter (the “Bid Price Notice”) dated April 14, 2025, from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq notifying Nuvini that the minimum bid price per share of its ordinary shares was below US$1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and that the Company did not meet the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has a compliance period of one hundred eighty (180) calendar days from the Bid Price Notice, or until October 13, 2025 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. If at any time during the Compliance Period, the closing bid price per share of the Company’s ordinary shares is at least US$1.00 for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide the Company a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed.

On April 14, 2025, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq indicating that per the Company’s market value of listed securities (“MVLS”) for the 30 consecutive business day period from February 28, 2025, through April 11, 2025, the Company did not maintain the minimum MVLS of US$35,000,000 required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2). The Company will be afforded a period of 180 calendar days, or until October 13, 2025 (the “MVLS Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C). In order to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum MVLS requirement, the minimum MVLS of the Company’s ordinary shares must meet or exceed US$35,000,000 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days during the MVLS Compliance Period. In the event the Company does not regain compliance by the end of the MVLS Compliance Period, the Company will receive written notification that its securities are subject to delisting, which the Company may appeal to a hearings panel. The Company intends to continue to monitor the MVLS of its ordinary shares between now and October 13, 2025, and will consider the various options available to the Company if its ordinary shares do not trade at a level that is likely to regain compliance. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain compliance with the MVLS requirement or maintain compliance with any of the other Nasdaq Capital Market continued listing requirements.

On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company is not currently in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5250(c)(2) due to the Company’s failure to file an interim balance sheet and income statement as of and for its second quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the “Interim Financials”) on Form 6-K with the Commission. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(2), the Company was required to file its Interim Financials no later than six months following the end of its second quarter ended June 30, 2024, or December 31, 2024. The Company has not yet filed the required Interim Financials. This notice received from Nasdaq has no immediate effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s ordinary shares and warrants. Nasdaq has provided the Company with 60 calendar days, until March 10, 2025, to submit a plan to regain compliance. On February 4, 2025, Nuvini filed a Form 6-K containing an interim balance sheet and income statement as of the end of its second quarter of 2024.

The 20-F Notice and the Bid Price Notice had no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s ordinary shares, and the Company’s ordinary shares continue to trade on Nasdaq under the symbol “NVNI.” If Nuvini does not regain compliance under the compliance plan approved by the Nasdaq, Nasdaq will notify Nuvini that its Ordinary Shares will be delisted. Nuvini may be unable to maintain the listing of Nuvini securities in the future. If Nuvini is delisted, there could be significant material adverse consequences, including:

If Nuvini’s performance does not meet market expectations, the price of Nuvini’s securities may decline.

If Nuvini’s performance does not meet market expectations, the price of Nuvini’s securities may decline. Fluctuations in the price of Nuvini’s securities could contribute to the loss of all or part of your investment. Factors affecting the trading price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants may include:

In addition, an active trading market for our securities may never develop or, if it develops, it may not be sustained. You may be unable to sell your Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants unless a market can be established and sustained. Broad market and industry factors may depress the market price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares and Nuvini Warrants irrespective of our operating performance. The stock market in general has experienced price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of Nuvini securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for companies engaging in technology, big data and artificial intelligence or the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to Nuvini could depress Nuvini’s share price regardless of Nuvini’s business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of Nuvini Ordinary Shares or Nuvini Warrants also could adversely affect Nuvini’s ability to issue additional securities and Nuvini’s ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

History and Development of the Company

Nvni Group Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands, is focused on acquiring and operating established companies in the B2B SaaS market in Brazil and Latin America. Geographically, Nuvini’s subsidiaries are located in Brazil, with future plans of expansion throughout Latin America. Nuvini’s initial strategy was to target companies in sales and marketing, productivity and finance and controls. Nuvini’s strategy has evolved and now it acquires and operates B2B SaaS companies that meet specified acquisition strategies, such as consolidated business model, recurring revenue, positive cash generation and/or growth potential.

Nuvini was incorporated as an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands on November 16, 2022. Nuvini conducts all of its business through Nuvini S.A, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Nuvini. Nuvini holds its interest in Nuvini S.A. through its direct wholly owned subsidiary, Nuvini Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands (“Nuvini Holdings” and, collectively with Nuvini, Nuvini S.A. and any other subsidiaries of Nuvini, the “Nuvini Group”). Nuvini S.A., a corporation (sociedade por ações) duly incorporated and organized under the laws of Brazil, and enrolled with the National Registry of Legal Entities of the Brazilian Ministry of Economy under No. 35.632.719/0001-20, is a holding company and conducts substantially all of its business through its subsidiaries. Nuvini S.A. (formerly Vehuiah Empreendimentos Participacoes LTDA) was founded by Pierre Schurmann and Luiz Busnello in São Paulo, Brazil on November 21, 2019, and was incorporated in Brazil on October 21, 2020, under Nuvini S.A.

On February 26, 2023, Nuvini, Nuvini Holdings and Nuvini Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), entered into the Business Combination Agreement with Mercato Partners Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“Mercato”). On September 29, 2023, Nuvini completed its business combination with Mercato. As a result, Nuvini’s Ordinary Shares and Warrants commenced trading on Nasdaq under the symbols “NVNI” and “NVNIW,” respectively, as of market open on October 2, 2023.

Nuvini targets, acquires and operates profitable B2B SaaS companies, and preferably companies in specialized markets with the following criteria:

As of the date of this Annual Report, Nuvini has acquired the controlling interests in seven SaaS companies, as detailed below:

The foregoing acquisitions, coupled with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ management teams having deep industry experience and Nuvini’s corporate office providing financial and strategic expertise related to capital allocation, finance and other back-office functions, allow the Nuvini Group to grow its business and operations through the Nuvini Acquired Companies. For more information of the Nuvini Acquired Companies, see “—B. Business Overview—Capabilities of the Nuvini Acquired Companies.”

Corporate Information

Nuvini’s principal executive office is P.O. Box 10008, Willow House, Cricket Square, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands KY1-1001. Nuvini’s principal website address is www.nuvini.co. We do not incorporate the information contained on, or accessible through, the Registrant’s websites into this Annual Report, and you should not consider it a part of this document.

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s website is www.sec.gov.

Capital Expenditures

Nuvini’s capital expenditure balance is made up of cash payments to acquire property and equipment and intangible assets that are reflected in net cash outflows from investing activities.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, capital expenditures amounted to R$16.0 million, of which R$1.8 million related to the purchase property and equipment and R$14.2 million related to the capitalization of development expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, capital expenditures amounted to R$12.2 million, of which R$3.5 million related to the purchase property and equipment and R$8.6 million related to the capitalization of development expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, capital expenditures amounted to R$4.3 million of which R$1.3 million related to the purchase property and equipment and R$3.0million related to the capitalization of development expenses.

For a discussion regarding how our capital expenditures are financed, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Recent Developments

The Nasdaq Deficiency Notices

In January 2024, Nuvini received a notice of deficiency (the “Board Departure Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) relating to the resignation of Mr. Randy Millian from the board of directors of Nuvini and the audit committee of the board of directors. With the resignation of Mr. Millian, Nuvini ceased to be in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(2)(A) requiring three independent members on its audit committee. The Board Departure Notice indicated that, consistent with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(c)(4), Nasdaq will provide Nuvini a cure period in order to regain compliance until the earlier of the Company’s next annual shareholders’ meeting or December 30, 2024 or, if the next annual shareholders’ meeting is held before June 26, 2024, then the Company must evidence compliance no later than June 26, 2024. On February 5, 2024, Nuvini announced the appointment of Mr. João Antônio Dantas Bezerra Leite as Board Member and Audit Committee Chair and has cured the Board Departure Notice deficiency.

In May 2024, Nuvini received a notice of non-compliance (the “20-F Notice”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq stating that Nuvini was not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because Nuvini did not timely file its annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, on Form 20-F with the SEC.

Nuvini received a notification letter (the “Bid Price Notice”) dated November 1, 2024, from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq notifying Nuvini that the minimum bid price per share of its ordinary shares was below US$1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and that the Company did not meet the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has a compliance period of one hundred eighty (180) calendar days from the Bid Price Notice, or until April 30, 2025 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s Minimum Bid Price Requirement. If at any time during the Compliance Period, the closing bid price per share of the Company’s ordinary shares is at least US$1.00 for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide the Company a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed.

In the event Nuvini does not regain compliance by April 30, 2025, Nuvini may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day grace period. To qualify, Nuvini will be required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement, and will need to provide written notice of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, including by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary.

Nuvini intends to monitor the closing bid price of its ordinary shares and will consider its options in order to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement.

The Bid Price Notice had no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s ordinary shares, and the Company’s ordinary shares continue to trade on Nasdaq under the symbol “NVNI.” If Nuvini does not regain compliance under the compliance plan approved by the Nasdaq, Nasdaq will notify Nuvini that its Ordinary Shares will be delisted. Nuvini may be unable to maintain the listing of Nuvini securities in the future.

On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq indicating that the Company is not currently in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rules due to the Company’s failure to file an interim balance sheet and income statement as of and for its second quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the “Interim Financials”) on Form 6-K with the Commission. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(2), the Company was required to file its Interim Financials no later than six months following the end of its second quarter ended June 30, 2024, or December 31, 2024. This notice received from Nasdaq has no immediate effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s ordinary shares and warrants. Nasdaq has provided the Company with 60 calendar days, until March 10, 2025, to submit a plan to regain compliance. On February 4, 2025, Nuvini filed a Form 6-K containing an interim balance sheet and income statement as of the end of its second quarter of 2024.

Nuvini received a notification letter, (the “Bid Price Notice”) dated April 14, 2025, from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share of its ordinary shares was below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and that the Company did not meet the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Minimum Bid Price Requirement”). On April 14, 2025, Nuvini also received a letter from Nasdaq indicating that, based upon the Company’s market value of listed securities (“MVLS”) for the 30 consecutive business day period from February 28, 2025 through April 11, 2025, the Company did not maintain the minimum MVLS of US$35,000,000 required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(2). The Company will be afforded a period of 180 calendar days, or until October 13, 2025 (the “MVLS Compliance Period”), in which to regain compliance pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C).

Appointment of Board Member and Audit Committee Chair; Appointment of Chief Operating Officer

On February 5, 2024, Nuvini announced the appointment of Mr. João Antônio Dantas Bezerra Leite as Board Member and Audit Committee Chair. Mr. Bezerra Leite has over 35 years of experience in the technology, payments and banking industries in Brazil. He served as a Managing Director at Banco Itau S.A., the largest private bank in Latin America, from 1996 to 2019, where he held several executive positions as Chief Technology Officer, Chief Security Officer, Chief Information Officer for the Credit Cards and Insurance business divisions and served as Chief Information Officer for Rede S.A., one of the largest electronic payment solutions provider in Brazil. During that time, he led several digital Transformational projects and supported multiple bank acquisition processes and datacenter integrations. Mr. Bezerra Leite holds a bachelor’s degree in Electronic Engineering from Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia (1983) and extension courses from Columbia Business School, Wharton, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Insper, Fundação Dom Cabral, Swiss Finance Institute and Singularity University. He is a fintech investor and mentor, coordinating early-stage fintech investments at Bossa Nova Investimentos, the largest micro venture capital in Latin America, member of several Advisory Boards in payments, software, technology and data-driven companies in Latin America and USA, member of the Board of Directors at 2W Ecobank, a leading provider of renewable energy in Brazil, member of the Board of Directors at Culqi, an innovative payments company in Peru, owned by BCP, and member of the Audit Committee at Banco Carrefour in Brazil.

On November 5, 2024, Nuvini announced the appointment of Mr. José Mário de Paula Ribeiro Junior as Chief Operating Officer, effective October 24, 2024.  Mr. Ribeiro Jr. has over 32 years of experience as an entrepreneur in the technology and finance industries in Brazil. Mr. Ribeiro Jr. founded numerous operational companies and philanthropic organizations, demonstrating his vast expertise in business development and innovation. Since October 1992, he has been leading Grupo Check, where he invests in emerging companies, providing capital structure, business expertise, organizational management, high-performance teams, innovative technological platforms, governance, and networking. His main focus is on value creation, leveraging, and selling business assets. Mr. Ribeiro Jr. has held significant positions in various companies, including Partner and Board Member at Banco BS2 since June 2023, and Partner & Board Member at Adiq Pagamentos since September 2019, where he also served as CEO until April 2024. He is the Founder and Leader of Instituto Créditos do Bem since October 2000, and an Advisory Board Member at Movimento Comunitário Estrela Nova since April 2021. Additionally, he serves as a Fiscal Council Member at Instituto Articule since November 2020. From November 1996 to September 2019, Mr. Ribeiro Jr. was the driving force behind Check Express, where he founded 33 companies focused on technology and financial service innovations. His early career includes co-founding Aratec and Efacec do Brasil, specializing in network automation for energy, gas, sanitation, and telecom industries from October 1992 to July 2000. He also held various engineering and executive roles at Comgás, USP, Metrô, and Themag between 1985 and 1992. Mr. Ribeiro Jr. holds a degree in Electrical/Electronic/Safety Engineering from UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, completed in 1984. His extensive experience and innovative approach to business make him a valuable asset to the Company.

The Convertible Notes

On November 1, 2024, Nuvini entered into a Convertible Promissory Note Purchase Agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) with Heru Investment Holdings Ltd., an entity controlled by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, and other investors (collectively, the “Investor”), for the purchase of convertible promissory notes (the “Convertible Notes”) in the principal amount of at least US$2,900,000 and up to US$5,000,000. The Convertible Notes shall mature within 12 months from the issuance date (the “Maturity Date”) and interest shall accrue at an annual rate of 5.00%, calculated on the basis of a 365-day year. Prior to the Maturity Date, the Investors shall have the option to convert the Convertible Notes into ordinary shares of the Company resulting from the division of the principal amount and accrued interest under the Convertible Notes by a conversion price of US$1.10 per ordinary share. The transaction is expected to close within 90 days from the date of the Note Purchase Agreement.

The above description is a summary of the Note Purchase Agreement and the Convertible Notes filed as exhibits 10.1 and 10.2 to the Form 6-K filed on November 1, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

Private Placements

On January 15, 2024, Nuvini entered into individual subscription agreements with specific investors in a private placement. These investors committed to subscribing for and purchasing a total of 1,358,824 shares at a conversion price of US$1.700, in exchange for an investment of US$2,310,000.

On November 1, 2024, Nuvini completed the issuance and sale in a private placement of a total of 766,957 ordinary shares of Nuvini for gross proceeds of approximately US$580,824 or US$0.75 per share (the “Per Share Purchase Price”) in accordance with the terms and conditions of subscription agreements (the “Subscription Agreements”) entered into with each of the investors in the private placement (the “Investors”).

On November 7, 2024, and November 17, 2024, Nuvini entered into distinct subscription agreements with specific PIPE investors. These investors agreed to subscribe to and purchase 1,213,714 ordinary shares, at a conversion price of US$0.7573, in exchange for an investment of US$919,158.

The Subscription Agreement also provides the Investor with certain registration rights to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission covering the resale of the ordinary shares purchased under the Subscription Agreement. The ordinary shares sold in the private placement were sold pursuant to the exemption from the registration requirements under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

The above description is a summary of the form of Subscription Agreement filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Form 6-K filed on November 5, 2024, and incorporated herein by reference.

The foregoing summary of the Subscription Agreement is subject to, and qualified in their entirety by, such document. This report does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation, or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.

On December 31, 2024, Nuvini entered into a private placement transaction, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2025 Purchase Agreement”) with certain institutional investors for aggregate gross proceeds of $12.0 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other expenses payable by the Company in connection with the Private Placement. Under the 2025 Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to issue (i) 3,680,982 ordinary shares of the Company, par value US$0.00001 per share, (ii) certain Series A ordinary share purchase warrants registered in the name of each purchaser to purchase up to a number of ordinary shares equal to 50% of such purchaser’s ordinary shares (the “Series A Warrant”), subject to certain adjustments, with an alternative cashless exercise option allowing holders to receive twice the number of shares upon exercise if exercised under certain conditions, and (iii) certain Series B Ordinary share purchase warrants registered in the name of such purchaser to purchase up to a number of ordinary shares equal to the maximum eligibility number, which is the number of shares underlying the Series B Warrants determined from time to time per the Reset Price, defined as the greater of 80% of the lowest volume weighted average price during the Reset Period and US$0.652. The Series A Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire one year from the effectiveness of the registration statement with respect to the underlying ordinary shares for a purchase price equal to US$6.52 per ordinary share, subject to adjustments, pursuant to the Series A ordinary share purchase warrant. The Series B Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire five years from the effectiveness of the registration statement for a purchase price equal to US$0.0001 per ordinary share, subject to adjustments pursuant to the Series B ordinary share purchase warrant. The closing of the private placement transaction occurred on January 2, 2025.

In addition, the Company issued placement agent warrants to the placement agent in the 2025 Offering to purchase an aggregate of 276,073 shares at an exercise price of US$3.26 per share. On January 31, 2025, the Company amended the placement agent warrants (“Amended Placement Agent Warrants”) to match their terms with the Series A Warrants. The amendments include a reset feature, adjusting the exercise price to the lower of the existing price and 80% of the lowest daily VWAP during the Reset Period, subject to a US$0.652 floor price, and an alternative cashless exercise option, allowing holders to receive twice the number of shares upon exercise if exercised under certain conditions. The Amended Placement Agent Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire five years from the issuance date.

The above description is a summary of the form of the Purchase Agreement filed as exhibit 10.1 to the Form 6-K filed on January 6, 2025, and incorporated herein by reference.

Issuance of Class FF shares

In March 2025, we amended our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to create a new class of super voting shares designated as Class FF shares. On March 27, 2025, Nuvini issued of a total of 500,000 Class FF shares, par value US$0.00001 per share, with each class FF share having 1,000 votes. Pierre Schurmann, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, was issued 350,000 Class FF Shares for a total subscription price of US$3.50. Luiz Busnello, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, was issued 150,000 Class FF Shares for a total subscription price of US$1.50.

Approval of Reverse Share Split

On March 20, 2025, the shareholders of Nuvini approved by special resolution, that the Company shall effectuate a reverse share split of: (i) the authorized and issued and outstanding shares; and (ii) the authorized and unissued shares, in the capital of the Company, par value US$0.00001 per share, in a ratio of any whole number in the range of 2-to-1 up to 250-to-1 with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Subdivision"), effective upon the Board of Directors determining the ratio and resolving to approve the Subdivision.

Business Overview

Nuvini’s business philosophy is to invest in established companies and foster an entrepreneurial environment that enables companies to become leaders in their respective industries, creating value through long-term partnerships with the existing management of the Nuvini Acquired Companies and accelerating the growth of acquired companies through improved commercial strategies, increased efficiency of internal processes, and enhanced governance structures. While Nuvini’s acquisition targets are generally profitable, Nuvini is an early stage company with a history of operating losses. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Business—Nuvini is an early-stage company with a history of operating losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses at least for the near- and medium-term, which may affect its ability to continue as a going concern”.

Nuvini’s core strategy is to acquire, operate, retain and partner with existing management of established companies. Nuvini believes that the businesses it has acquired have the potential to be leaders in their respective markets due to Nuvini’s culture that facilitates each Nuvini Acquired Company to operate independently and encourages them to partner with Nuvini’s management. Nuvini chose each of the Nuvini Acquired Companies because it believes that their respective existing management teams understand the economics of their respective industries better than most of their competitors, thereby promoting long-term success for each Nuvini Acquired Company within each specific industry.

Nuvini believes it creates value through long-term partnerships by focusing on accelerating the growth of each Nuvini Acquired Company through strengthening its commercial strategies, increasing the efficiency of internal processes and enhancing its governance structure. With a diversified portfolio of B2B companies in multiple markets, Nuvini believes it has the experience and expertise to optimize the performance of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses and expedite their development. Nuvini believes it optimizes performance by providing back-office support, which allows for the standardization of processes and benefits, and leverages people and talent consistently across the Nuvini Group.

As further detailed below in “Capabilities of the Nuvini Acquired Companies,” the Nuvini Acquired Companies offer proprietary SaaS products to their clients to meet certain critical requirements. Nuvini believes that the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ products and services enable each of their respective clients to increase sales, improve client service, increase team productivity and operate more cost-effectively.

Nuvini believes that acquiring SaaS companies that are consistent with its business philosophy enhances its ability to earn above average returns on its capital.

Nuvini believes it continues to foster organic growth by expanding the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ client, geographic and product reach. Nuvini’s acquisition strategy is to select target companies based on financial metrics (such as recurring revenue and positive cash generation), relevant growth potential and the target company’s discrete market within the SaaS industry. For additional information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Model” below.

Business Model

Nuvini acquires, manages, and builds SaaS companies that have strong cash generation and revenue growth, are leaders in fragmented markets and generate a recurring, solid client base with low client turnover. Below is a discussion of Nuvini’s business model in acquiring target companies and accelerating the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ efficiencies and growth:

Acquire

Nuvini’s business model is focused on acquiring profitable B2B SaaS companies with the following characteristics: a cohesive and focused business model, recurring revenue, positive cash generation and relevant growth potential. Further, Nuvini opts for acquiring companies that are leaders in discrete markets. Nuvini prides itself of a quick and efficient capital allocation process, combined with a diligent and repeatable M&A process. Nuvini aims to achieve this by executing the following during the M&A process:

Manage

The graphic below illustrates Nuvini’s business model of managing the Nuvini Acquired Companies.

Once Nuvini acquires a SaaS company, Nuvini focuses on managing it according to the following principles:

Accelerate Efficiency and Growth: Nuvini has a vision and strategy to focus on growth and best practices. In an effort to maximize each Nuvini Acquired Company’s performance, Nuvini provides back-office support, which includes but is not limited to, talent training and sourcing, accounting standardization, and audit support. The back-office support standardizes processes and benefits and leverages people and talent consistently across the Nuvini Group. By utilizing talent sourcing and retention strategies from the Nuvini Group, Nuvini provides training for talent across the Nuvini Acquired Companies.

Decentralized Management Structure: Each Nuvini Acquired Company has experienced management teams operating in each of its respective SaaS companies, backed by Nuvini’s infrastructure. The results of the financial performance of the Nuvini Acquired Companies are consolidated and reviewed at the level of Nuvini for purposes of making decisions concerning financial management. Nuvini provides financial and strategic expertise with respect to capital allocation, acquisitions, finance, tax, compensation policy and recruitment.

Each Nuvini Acquired Company’s management is motivated to administer its business in a highly focused manner. Management of each Nuvini Acquired Companies are encouraged to leverage their respective market sector knowledge in order to maximize the growth opportunities, profitability and return on capital employed within their business.

The Nuvini Group’s decentralized management structure has allowed the Nuvini Group to facilitate separate management teams with key client relationships and deep market sector knowledge that are more focused and efficient than would be the case under a centralized management model. This creates a high degree of scalability within the Nuvini Group’s business model, and provides the Nuvini Group with the opportunity to continue growing over both the short- and long-term.

Build

Once an acquired business begins to achieve targeted financial performance, Nuvini shifts its focus to building the business through autonomy, people, finance and continued growth as follows:

Autonomy: Nuvini believes that a key strength in Nuvini’s growth strategy is that each Nuvini Acquired Company is not required to integrate onto the same ERP. Nuvini accomplishes this by utilizing ERP software to consolidate information across the Nuvini Acquired Companies, which connects the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ operations by leveraging the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ legacy ERP. This approach mitigates the risks associated with post-acquisition integration, allowing each business to maintain its own identity and organization while keeping that business structurally separate. Without requiring integration, Nuvini believes it can attract better entrepreneurs and allow Nuvini’s founders to deliver best practices for the Nuvini Group.

People and Finance: Nuvini focuses on identifying the best talent sources, deploying relevant training and retaining top talent in the industry. Nuvini focuses on best practices in talent acquisition and retention, and aims to reduce employee turnover and hiring timespan.

Additionally, for each acquired business, Nuvini develops a talent-focused succession strategy for the post-earnout period. From a finance perspective, Nuvini implements accounting standardization across the Nuvini Acquired Companies, and will undergo an annual audit by an accounting firm. By utilizing a shared back-office approach, the Nuvini Group benefits from efficiencies in a standardized contract, as the contract can be leveraged across various acquired companies.

Growth: Nuvini continues to seek opportunities to grow its portfolio by providing guidance as an advisor to companies other than the Nuvini Acquired Companies and engaging in tuck-in acquisitions. Tuck-in acquisitions occur when Nuvini absorbs a target company to incorporate a specific resource of that target company to grow Nuvini’s market share. Nuvini believes this is beneficial because such acquisitions are designed to increase an existing client base.

Capabilities of the Nuvini Acquired Companies

Nuvini seeks to buy, manage and grow SaaS companies that provide mission-critical services. Listed below are the Nuvini Acquired Companies and their respective offerings. As of December 31, 2024, the Nuvini Acquired Companies with a material contribution on Nuvini’s revenues are Effecti, Ipe, and Mercos.

Seasonality

Nuvini’s business in general is not subject to seasonality although the Nuvini Group has historically received a higher volume of orders from new and existing clients during the second half of each year. See “—Sales and Marketing Channels” for more information

Growth Opportunity

Nuvini’s target geographic markets include Brazil and Latin America, which have a combined annual global IT spend of US$169 billion. The Latin American SaaS sector is expected to grow rapidly within the coming years. In 2024, the Latin American Software as a Service (SaaS) market reached approximately US$6,14 billion and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2025 to 2034, aiming for US$9.13 billion by 2034, according to Statista and Informes de Expertos.

Growth Strategy

Nuvini acquires, manages and builds SaaS companies which provide software solutions that address the specific needs of its clients in discrete, specialized sectors. Nuvini focuses on acquiring established companies, allowing them to grow in an entrepreneurial environment, collaborate with existing management teams that understand the industry and supports these companies through expertise in financial and strategic capital allocation to generate significant cash flow and revenue growth.

Nuvini maintains a robust and active M&A pipeline to ensure its continued growth. As of December 2024, Nuvini has approximately 158 target companies, 92 analyzed companies, and 32 companies in the current engaged pipeline. Nuvini conducts its initial analysis by considering if a company should be in its M&A pipeline for being generally a profitable B2B SaaS company with a consolidated business model, recurring revenue, positive cash generation and relevant growth potential, and has received an expected purchase price or valuation from the selling company or its advisors. Nuvini believes that it could sign a non-binding letter of intent for an M&A transaction with any of the companies in its current engaged pipeline at any time based on Nuvini’s initial analysis and current market dynamics. Nuvini’s initial analysis is meant to ensure that such companies are already interested in Nuvini’s model and are willing to engage Nuvini without the need for Nuvini to actively and further pursue such companies. Nuvini believes that the current market conditions where the Nuvini Group operates are depressed and deflated, which translates to fewer competing bidders. Nuvini believes that its model is attractive for such companies in the current market conditions because most of Nuvini’s M&A activities are not integrations or consolidations, but involve creating plans that do not intend to decrease or terminate employees of the acquired companies. Additional factors also indicate that such companies will sign non-binding letters of intent including overall company strategy, cultural fit, financial considerations, market conditions, regulatory considerations and the interests of the Nuvini Group as a whole. All companies that are engaged in the M&A pipeline have voluntarily entered discussions about potential M&A transactions. These discussions have involved sharing data rooms to provide information about the company, allowing Nuvini to learn more about the company’s business, meeting founders and managers, and permitting Nuvini to conduct market research. Nuvini continues to receive monthly updates from these companies for a period of 6 to 12 months before Nuvini decides to pursue a transaction. While Nuvini acquisition targets are generally profitable, Nuvini is an early stage company with a history of operating losses. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Nuvini Group’s Business — Nuvini is an early-stage company with a history of operating losses and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses at least for the near- and medium-term, which may affect its ability to continue as a going concern”.

The core elements of the Nuvini Group’s ongoing growth strategy include:

1. Continuing to Build the Nuvini Group’s Existing Businesses through Organic Growth Initiatives. As Nuvini acquires established companies, it believes that additional growth can be fostered by allowing existing management to function in an entrepreneurial environment. Nuvini S.A. will continue to focus on accelerating the growth of each acquired business through strengthening the commercial strategy, increasing the efficiency of internal processes and enhancing its governance structure.

2. Acquiring and Managing New Companies through Acquisitions. Nuvini will continue to target and acquire companies to accelerate growth and maximize its return on invested capital. To date, there have been seven strategic acquisitions. Nuvini has retained the majority of management teams from each Nuvini Acquired Company, which has allowed Nuvini to retain the knowledge to manage and continue to grow these companies.

The Nuvini Group believes it is well-positioned to expand its presence as a SaaS platform in Brazil into Latin America. This expansion strategy is bolstered by structural competitive advantages provided by the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ own integrated platform and proprietary technologies with vast untapped potential to be further unlocked. In particular, the Nuvini Group intends to pursue the following measures for sustainable growth:

Nuvini believes Nuvini Acquired Companies’ management teams have benefited from Nuvini’s solutions, which brought efficiency, speed, assertiveness and optimization to their decisions in the following ways:

Market Opportunity

We are well-positioned to leverage favorable industry trends across various business sectors. The latest advancements in technology and market dynamics are reshaping how organizations utilize data, which we believe will benefit us. Key trends include:

Customers

The clients of the Nuvini Acquired Companies are ultimately the clients of the Nuvini Group. The largest clients typically engage the Nuvini Group for more than one software product or solution, together with complementary data analytics and other support services, each pursuant to separate contracts with varying scopes and durations based on the type of product or service. However, the Nuvini Group did not have any significant clients, constituting over 10% of its overall revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Nuvini Group had a total of 22,786 and 21,708 clients, respectively. The Nuvini Group’s client base is diversified and unique to each Nuvini Acquired Companies’ services and product lines.

Sales and Marketing Channels

Nuvini sells its products and services through the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ direct sales and marketing teams, consisting of 134 individuals across all subsidiaries. Each Nuvini Acquired Company has a dedicated sales and marketing team which has in-depth knowledge of the sector as well as how each of its products and services can support clients.

Consistent with other data solutions and software providers, the Nuvini Group has historically received a higher volume of orders from new and existing clients during the second half of each year. Nuvini believes that this results from higher retail sales volume during the second half of the year.

Software Engineering and Research & Development

The Nuvini Group’s product development strategy combines innovation of existing technologies, introduction of new technologies and committed, long-term support for its clients’ current systems. The Nuvini Group’s research and development activities are focused on designing, developing, testing and integrating new products as well as enhancing the features and functionality of its existing software solutions. The Nuvini Group also seeks to offer streamlined upgrade and migration tools for its clients.

The Nuvini Group relies primarily on its in-house capabilities to develop software solutions using industry-standard software development tools unless doing so is costly and not strategic to its business, the Nuvini Group will have to license certain technology components from third-party providers.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property rights are important for the success of the Nuvini Group’s business. The Nuvini Group relies on a combination of copyright (including software), trademark, domain name and trade secret laws in Brazil and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements, confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements with its own employees and third parties and other contractual protections, to protect its intellectual property rights, including the Nuvini Group’s proprietary technology, software, know-how and brand.

In Brazil, as of the date of this annual update, the Nuvini Group has no registered patents, no pending patent applications, 25 registered trademarks, two pending trademark applications, seven registered and several unregistered proprietary softwares, 62 domain names registered with the Registro.br (the Brazilian internet domain name registry) and 126 other domain names registered with other internet domain name registries in foreign jurisdictions. Nuvini continually reviews its development efforts to assess the existence and patentability of new intellectual property.

Although the Nuvini Group relies on intellectual property rights, such as patents, copyrights (including software), trademarks, domain names and trade secrets, as well as contractual protections to establish and protect the Nuvini Group’s proprietary rights, it believes that factors such as the technological and creative skills of the Nuvini Group’s personnel, creation of new services, features and functionality and frequent enhancements to its platform are essential to establishing and maintaining the Nuvini Group’s competitive position.

Despite the Nuvini Group’s efforts to safeguard its technology and proprietary rights through intellectual property rights, licenses and other contractual protections, unauthorized parties may still copy or otherwise obtain and use the Nuvini Group’s software and other technology, as well as use and file for similar trademarks and domain names. Any significant impairment of the Nuvini Group’s intellectual property rights could adversely affect the Nuvini Group’s business or its ability to compete.

The Nuvini Group controls access to and use of its proprietary technology and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, clients and partners.

The Nuvini Group requires its employees, consultants and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements and the Nuvini Group controls and monitors access to its software, documentation, proprietary technology and other confidential information. The Nuvini Group’s policy is to require all employees and independent contractors to sign agreements assigning to the Nuvini Group any inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments, processes and other intellectual property generated by them on its behalf and under which they agree to protect the Nuvini Group’s confidential information. In addition, the Nuvini Group generally enters into confidentiality agreements with the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ clients and partners.

Competition

Competing to acquire SaaS companies is generally based upon several factors including seamless integration of the Nuvini Acquired Companies, diversification and profitability. Nuvini’s approach to acquiring businesses is to acquire companies that operate in distinct, highly specialized sectors within the SaaS market, which allows Nuvini to diversify the Nuvini Group’s businesses and pursue the companies that have recurring revenue, positive cash generation and strong growth potential. This allows Nuvini to focus on acquiring companies that have a recurring client base with low client turnover. Nuvini believes this approach enables it to be more competitive than its peers.

Nuvini’s direct competitors include Constellation Software Inc, Vitec, Roper Technologies and Tyler Technologies. Although Nuvini’s competitors have completed a higher number of acquisitions (primarily based on when each competitor was founded), Nuvini has demonstrated higher recurring revenues, gross margin and Adjusted EBITDA margin compared to its competitors. For additional information on Adjusted EBITDA Margin, see the section entitled “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Non-IFRS Financial Measures.” More importantly, Nuvini believes that its focus on the Brazilian and Latin American markets provides a competitive edge because unlike its other direct competitors operating in a more expansive global regions, Nuvini is able to direct and devote resources to the Brazilian and Latin American markets, while also providing local support to the Nuvini Acquired Companies.

Regulatory Overview

Data Protection and Privacy

The Nuvini Acquired Companies use, collect, store, transmit and process client data to run the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses. As a result, the Nuvini Group’s compliance with local, state, federal and foreign laws and regulations dealing with the use, collection, storage, transmission, disclosure, disposal and other processing of personal data is core to the operation of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ businesses. Regulators around the world have adopted or proposed requirements regarding the collection, use, transfer, security, storage, destruction and other processing of personal data. The applicability of these laws and regulations to the Nuvini Acquired Companies, and the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ scope and interpretation, are constantly evolving, often uncertain and may conflict between jurisdictions, and the Nuvini Group anticipates the number of data privacy laws and the scope of individual data privacy and protection rights will increase, and as a result, the Nuvini Group’s associated compliance burdens and costs could increase in the future. It may be costly to implement security or other measures designed to comply with these laws and regulations, as well as any new or updated laws or regulations. Any actual or perceived failure to safeguard data adequately, destroy data securely or otherwise comply with the requirements of these laws and regulations, may subject the Nuvini Group to litigation, regulatory investigations or enforcement actions under federal, state or foreign data security, unfair practices or consumer protection laws and contractual penalties, and result in monetary damages, damage to the Nuvini Group’s reputation or adversely affect the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ ability to retain clients or attract new clients.

A number of the jurisdictions in which the Nuvini Group operates have adopted or are considering adopting data protection and privacy laws and regulations, including Brazil and the United States.

Brazil

In September 2020, Brazilian Federal Law No. 13,709, dated August 14, 2018, the Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or “LGPD”), came into effect to regulate the processing of personal data in Brazil. The LGPD establishes general principles, obligations and detailed rules to be observed by individuals and public or private companies in operations involving processing of personal data in Brazil, including but not limited to, the collection, use, processing and storage of personal data, in all economic sectors, including in the relationship between clients and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is processed, whether in a digital or physical environment. The LGPD provides for, among other things, the rights of the data subjects, the legal bases applicable to the processing of personal data, the requirements to obtain consent, the obligations and requirements related to security incidents and leakages and transfers of personal data, the obligations of a data controller and a data processor, as well as the creation of the Brazilian Data Protection Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados, or “ANPD”), which is the entity responsible for the inspection, promotion, disclosure, regulation and application of the LGPD.

Federal Law No. 14,010, dated June 10, 2020, amended certain provisions of the LGPD. As a result, in case of noncompliance with the LGPD, the Nuvini Group is subject to administrative sanctions applicable by the ANPD as of August 1, 2021 onwards, on an isolated or cumulative basis, that can range from warnings, obligation to disclose incidents, temporary blocking and/or elimination of personal data related to the infraction, a simple fine of up to 2.0% of the Nuvini Group’s revenue or revenue of the Nuvini Acquired Companies in Brazil for the last fiscal year, excluding taxes, up to the global amount of R$50 million per violation, a daily fine, up to the aforesaid global limit, suspension of the operation of the database related to the infraction for a maximum period of six months, which can be extended for an equal period, up to the regularization of the processing by the controlling shareholder, suspension of activities related to processing of personal data related to the infraction for a period of six months, which can be extended for an equal period, to the partial or total prohibition to exercise activities related to data processing.

The imposition of LGPD administrative sanctions does not inhibit the imposition of administrative sanctions set forth by other laws that address issues related to data privacy and protection, such as the Brazilian Code of Consumer Defense and the Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet. These administrative sanctions can be applied by other public authorities, such as the Attorney General’s Office and consumer protection agencies. The Nuvini Group can also be subject to civil liabilities for violation of any of these laws.

In addition to the administrative sanctions due to the noncompliance with the obligations established by the LGPD, the Nuvini Group can be held liable for individual or collective material damages, and non-material damages caused to data subjects, including when caused by service providers that serve as data processors on the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ behalf.

United States

In the United States, various laws and regulations apply to the security, collection, storage, use, disclosure and other processing of certain types of data. For example, California adopted the CCPA, which became effective in January 2020. The CCPA establishes a privacy framework for covered businesses, including an expansive definition of personal information and data privacy rights for California residents. Among other requirements, the CCPA mandates new disclosure to California consumers and allows California consumers to request a copy of the personal information collected about them, request deletion of their personal information and request to opt out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA includes a framework with potentially severe statutory damages and private rights of action. Further, in November 2020, California voters passed the CPRA, which expands the CCPA with additional data privacy compliance requirements and establishes a regulatory agency dedicated to enforcing those requirements. In addition, other states, such as Virginia, have also adopted or are considering adopting similar data privacy laws and all 50 states have adopted laws requiring notice to consumers of a security breach involving their personal information.

European Union and the United Kingdom

The European Union’s (EU) GDPR became effective in May 2018, and is applicable to companies processing personal data of data subjects in the European Economic Area (the “EEA”). The GDPR is wide-ranging in scope and implements stringent requirements in relation to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal data relating to EEA data subjects, with substantial monetary penalties for violations. Personal data as defined under the GDPR includes any type of information that can identify a living individual, including name, identification number, email address, location, internet protocol addresses and cookie identifiers. Among other requirements, the GDPR mandates more stringent administrative requirements for controllers and processors of personal data, including, for example, notice of and a lawful basis for data processing activities, data protection impact assessments, a right to “erasure” of personal data and data breach reporting. In the case of noncompliance with the obligations under the GDPR, companies may be exposed to significant fines ranging from €10 million to €20 million or 2.0% to 4.0% of total worldwide annual revenue, whichever is higher. The GDPR also provides that EU member states may enact their own additional laws and regulations in relation to certain data processing activities. Recent legal developments in the EU have also created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA to “third countries,” especially the United States. For example, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (the “CJEU”) in Schrems II invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Framework, a mechanism for the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the United States, and made clear that reliance on standard contractual clauses may not be sufficient in all circumstances, whereby organizations may be required to take supplementary measures. Furthermore, on June 4, 2021, the European Commission published a new set of modular standard contractual clauses which are designed to take into account the CJEU’s judgement in Schrems II and must be used for all new contracts entered into – and new processing operations undertaken – as of September 27, 2021.

The United Kingdom’s (“UK”) withdrawal from the EU and ongoing developments in the UK have created uncertainty regarding data protection regulation in the UK. Following the UK’s withdrawal from the EU on January 31, 2020 (“Brexit”), pursuant to the transitional arrangements agreed to between the UK and EU, the GDPR continued to have effect in law in the UK, and continued to do so until December 31, 2020, as if the UK remained a member state of the EU for such purposes. Following December 31, 2020, and the expiry of those transitional arrangements, the data protection obligations of the GDPR continue to apply to UK-related processing of personal data in substantially unvaried form by virtue of section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, as amended, which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act of 2018, transposes the GDPR in UK national law (“UK GDPR”). However, going forward, there may be increasing scope for divergence in application, interpretation and enforcement of data protection laws as between the UK and the EEA, and the relationship between the UK and the EEA in relation to certain aspects of data protection laws remains uncertain. For example, the new set of standard contractual clauses only apply to the transfer of personal data outside of the EEA and not the UK. Although the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision with respect to the UK on June 28, 2021, allowing the flow of personal data from the EEA to the UK to continue, this decision will be regularly reviewed and may be revoked if the UK diverges from its current adequate data protection laws following Brexit. The UK Information Commissioner’s Office has consulted on, and is developing, its own international data transfer requirements, including its own specific international data transfer agreement and a UK addendum to the standard contractual clauses. The Nuvini Group is accordingly monitoring these developments, but it may, in addition to other impacts, experience additional costs associated with increased compliance burdens and be required to engage in new contract negotiations with third parties that aid in processing personal data on the Nuvini Group’s behalf or localize certain data.

Regulators in the EEA and UK are increasingly focusing on compliance with requirements in the online behavioral advertising ecosystem. National laws in the EEA that implement the ePrivacy Directive are likely to be replaced by the ePrivacy Regulation, which will significantly increase fines for non- compliance, although it will not have effect in the UK as a result of Brexit. This again introduces the possibility that the Nuvini Group will be subject to separate and additional legal regimes with respect to ePrivacy, which may result in further costs and may necessitate changes to Nuvini S.A.’s business practices. The GDPR and UK GDPR require opt-in, informed consent for the placement of cookies on a client’s device, and imposes conditions on obtaining valid consent (e.g. a prohibition on pre-checked consents). Increased regulation of cookies may lead to broader restrictions and impairments on the Nuvini Group’s online activities and may negatively impact its ability to understand its clients, and there has been a notable rise in enforcement activity from supervisory authorities across the EEA in relation to cookies-related violations.

Anti-corruption and Sanctions

The Nuvini Group is subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and economic sanctions and trade compliance laws and regulations imposed by governments with jurisdiction over its operations, which may include the Brazilian Federal Law No. 12,846/2013 (“Brazilian Anti- Corruption Law”), the Brazilian Federal Law No. 9,613/1998, as amended (“Brazilian Anti-Money Laundering Law”), the Brazilian Federal Law No. 8,429/1992, as amended (“Brazilian Administrative Improbity Law”), the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (“FCPA”), and the Proceeds of Crime Act, as amended. The Brazilian Anti-Corruption Law, the FCPA and the Proceeds of Crime Act prohibit corporations and individuals from engaging in improper activities to obtain or retain business or to influence a person working in an official capacity. These laws and regulations prohibit, among other things, providing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to any foreign government official, or any political party or official thereof, or candidate for political office to improperly influence such a person. Historically, technology companies have been the target of FCPA and other anti-corruption investigations and penalties.

In addition, the Nuvini Group is subject to U.S. and foreign laws and regulations that restrict its activities in certain countries and with certain persons. These include the economic sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council and other relevant sanctions authorities.

Cybersecurity

Brazil

In the cases in which the Nuvini Group provides services to financial institutions, payment institutions and other entities licensed to operate by the Brazilian Central Bank, the Nuvini Group may be required by such institutions to comply with certain requirements set forth in the Cybersecurity Regulations (as defined below). The Brazilian National Monetary Council Resolution No. 4,893, dated as of February 26, 2021 (“Resolution 4,893/21”) and the Brazilian Central Bank Resolution No. 85, dated as of April 8, 2021 (“Resolution 85/21” and, together with Resolution 4,893/21, “Cybersecurity Regulations”) provide general rules related to (i) the cybersecurity policy that needs to be implemented by such entities, as well as (ii) their engagement of data storage, data processing and cloud computing service providers.

Particularly in relation to data processing and cloud computing service providers, the Cybersecurity Regulations define a series of rules related to the engagement of third parties to provide “material services” of such nature in Brazil and offshore. The rules create minimum criteria and conditions for the engagement of third parties, establishing “indirect” rules for such outsourced entities.

As part of the controls required by the Cybersecurity Regulations, regulated entities are required to adopt corporate governance and management practices in proportion to the relevance of the service to be provided and the related risks. In other words, regulated entities should have their own governance mechanisms for engaging material cloud computing, data processing and data storage services, and be liable for that.

Among the abovementioned controls, regulated entities must verify if the third parties performing such material services are able to ensure the following: (i) compliance with the legislation and regulations in force; (ii) access to the regulated entity to the data and information to be processed or stored by the service provider; (iii) confidentiality, integrity, availability and retrieval of data and information processed or stored by the service provider; (iv) adherence to the certifications required by the regulated entity for the provision of the services to be contracted; (v) access to the reports prepared by an independent specialized auditing firm engaged by the service provider, regarding the procedures and controls used to provide the services to be contracted; (vi) provision of adequate information and management resources to monitor the services to be provided; (vii) identification and segregation of client data of the institution through physical or logical controls; and (viii) the quality of access controls aimed at protecting the data and information of the regulated entity’s clients.

C. Organizational Structure

The following chart outlines the Nuvini Group’s corporate structure (all subsidiaries are wholly-owned unless otherwise noted) as of December 31, 2024:

Nvni Group Limited, Nuvini Holdings Limited, Nvini Intermediate 1 and Nvni Intermediate 2 are exempted companies incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands. Nuvini LLC and Mercato are incorporated in the United States. Nuvini S.A., Effecti, Leadlovers, Smart NX, Ipê Digital, Mercos, Datahub, OnClick, Commit Consulting LTDA and APIE.COMM Tecnologia LTDA are all incorporated in Brazil.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

As of the date of this Annual Report, the Nuvini Group distributes their solutions throughout Latin America. Nuvini’s headquarters is located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The headquarters is leased from a third party. Nuvini’s property and equipment consist mostly of furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements. Nuvini believes that this office space is sufficient to meet its needs for its headquarters in the foreseeable future and that any additional space that may be required will be available on commercially reasonable terms.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements and involves numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors.” Actual results could differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Operating Results

Key Business Metrics

Each Nuvini Acquired Company has its own strategy to grow and retain its client base. Nuvini S.A.’s growth is based upon an M&A strategy. Since most of the Nuvini Acquired Companies have penetrated their respective markets, they are primarily focused on increasing their market share within their respective markets. Nuvini S.A.’s management uses the following key performance indicators to monitor its ability to grow and retain the client base of the Nuvini Acquired Companies: MRR/ARR, ARPU, Churn, CAC/LTV (all as defined below). Nuvini S.A. focused on financial key performance indicators and those are closely tracked within the management team.

MRR/ARR: Nuvini S.A. uses Monthly Recurring Revenue (“MRR”) and Actual Recurring Revenue (“ARR”) as performance measures because they provide useful measures of increases in contractual revenue from its clients.

Nuvini S.A. calculates MRR at the end of each period by multiplying the number of clients who have subscription plans with Nuvini S.A. at the period end date by the average monthly subscription plan fee revenue in effect on the last day of that period, assuming they maintain their subscription plans the following month. MRR allows us to average its various pricing plans and billing periods into a single, consistent number that we can track overtime. Nuvini S.A. also analyzes the factors that make up MRR, specifically the number of paying clients using its platform and changes in its average revenue earned from subscription plan fees per paying client. In addition, Nuvini S.A. uses MRR to forecast and predict future subscription solutions revenue.

Nuvini S.A. uses ARR as a measure of its revenue trend and growth and as an indicator of its future revenue opportunity from existing recurring subscription client contracts. Nuvini S.A. calculates ARR on an account level by annualizing the contracted subscription revenue, and its total ARR as of the end of a period is the aggregate thereof. ARR is not adjusted for the impact of any known or projected future client cancellations, upgrades or downgrades, or price increases or decreases. The amount of actual revenue that Nuvini S.A. recognizes over any 12-month period is likely to differ from ARR at the beginning of that period, due to cancellations, upgrades, or downgrades and pending renewals.

MRR and ARR should not be viewed by investors as alternatives to actual monthly revenue, as determined in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards. Other companies may not calculate MRR or ARR in the same manner. Accordingly, Nuvini S.A.’s MRR and ARR may not be comparable to other companies’ MRR and ARR. MRR and ARR should be considered only as supplements to total revenues as a measure of its performance. MRR and ARR should not be used as measures of its results of operations or liquidity, nor is it indicative of funds available to meet its cash needs, including its ability to make distributions to its stockholders.

ARPU: Nuvini S.A. utilizes Average Revenue Per User (“ARPU”) as a measure of its consolidated performance and as a metric for forecasting future revenue by multiplying projections of clients by the projected ARPU for a given period. For purposes of calculating ARPU, a “user” is defined as a client of the Nuvini Group.

ARPU is calculated by dividing total net revenue the total number of clients.

Churn and LTV/CAC: Nuvini S.A. defines Churn for a given period as the percentage calculated from the clients lost over the total active clients of the previous period. Churn is a key performance measure that Nuvini S.A. uses to evaluate its clients’ satisfaction and its performance in relation to the competition.

Nuvini S.A.’s marketing strategy is underpinned by disciplined, results-driven Client Lifetime Value (“LTV”) and Client Acquisition Cost (“CAC”) metrics. LTV is calculated as follows: (1/average of last 6 months churn rate)*(ARPU*Gross Margin). This provides insight to Nuvini S.A. management on the estimated lifetime value of a client over time. CAC is calculated as the sales and marketing expenses divided by the volume of new clients and provides insight on the total cost of client acquisition. Nuvini S.A. utilizes standard market premises to calculate LTV and CAC. These metrics provide Nuvini S.A. management guidance over the rate and timing of return on marketing investments. Nuvini S.A. believes enhances engagement, increases brand awareness and drives repeat purchase. Nuvini S.A.’s core brands each have a dedicated marketing team whose goal is to develop a bespoke strategy that engages existing business clients and drives awareness amongst new business clients. Additionally, Nuvini S.A.’s highly curated brand portfolio emphasizes a differentiated positioning and purpose for each of its brands in order to target a unique business client. Through a consistent focus on ensuring distinctive brand messaging, Nuvini S.A. seeks opportunities to redefine and reinvigorate its existing and acquired brands to appeal to targeted business segments.

In addition, other significant factors affecting Nuvini S.A.’s performance and results of its operations include:

Non-IFRS Financial Measures

This Annual Report presents the non-IFRS financial measures “EBITDA”, “Adjusted EBITDA”, “Adjusted EBITDA Margin”, and “Adjusted Free Cash Flow”. See “–Going Concern, Liquidity and Capital Resources–Cash Flows –Adjusted Free Cash Flow” for a reconciliation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow to net cash from (used in) operating activities. Nuvini S.A. believes that these non-IFRS financial measures help to depict a representation of performance (EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin) and liquidity (Adjusted Cash Flow) of the underlying business, enabling Nuvini S.A. to evaluate and plan more effectively in the future. In addition, Nuvini S.A. uses these measures internally to establish forecasts, budgets and operational goals to manage and monitor its business. Nuvini S.A. believes that these non-IFRS financial measures help to depict a more realistic representation of the performance of the underlying business, enabling Nuvini S.A. to evaluate and plan more effectively for the future. Nuvini S.A. believes that investors should have access to the same set of tools that its management uses in analyzing operating results.

EBITDA: EBITDA is defined as net income or loss before the financial income and expenses, net, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Nuvini S.A. uses EBITDA because it provides us with an operating metric that is closely tied to the operations of the business.

Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income or loss before the impact of interest, taxes and depreciation and amortization, impairment, stock-based compensation, listing expense, IPO transaction expenses, and loss from the fair value of warrants. Adjusted EBITDA is a key measure of its financial performance and measures its efficiency and operating performance before financing costs, taxes and working capital needs. Nuvini S.A. utilizes Adjusted EBITDA because it provides Nuvini S.A. with an operating metric closely tied to the operations of the business.

Adjusted EBITDA Margin: Adjusted EBITDA Margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA over total net revenues. Nuvini S.A. uses Adjusted EBITDA Margin because it provides us with an operating metric that is closely tied to the operations of the business.

Neither EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, nor Adjusted EBITDA Margin should be considered as a measure of financial performance under IFRS Accounting Standards, and the items excluded from EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are significant components in understanding and assessing Nuvini S.A.’s financial performance. Accordingly, these metrics have limitations as an analytical tool. They should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards. Nuvini S.A. calculates EBITDA as net loss before income tax, net, financial income and expenses, net and depreciation and amortization. Nuvini S.A. calculates Adjusted EBITDA by further adding back impairment of goodwill, stock-based compensation, listing expenses, IPO transaction expenses, and loss from fair value of warrants. Nuvini S.A.’s calculation of Adjusted EBITDA may be different from the calculation used by other companies, including competitors in the industry, and therefore, Nuvini S.A.’s measures may not be comparable to those of other companies. The following table presents the reconciliation of net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Significant Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Nuvini results of operations and financial performance are and will continue to be driven by the following factors:

Business Combination

On September 29, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), we consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, by and among Nvni Group Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands (“New Nuvini”), Nuvini Holdings Limited, an exempted company incorporated with limited liability in the Cayman Islands (“Nuvini”), Nuvini Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Merger Sub”), and Mercato Partners Acquisition Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“Mercato”).

Accounting Treatment of the Business Combination

Nuvini has been determined to be the accounting acquirer of Mercato based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

Mercato did not meet the definition of a “business” pursuant to IFRS 3 Business Combinations, and therefore the Business Combination is a capital transaction and accounted for as a share-based payment transaction under IFRS 2 Share-Based Payments, whereby Nuvini issued shares for Mercato’s net assets. Under this method of accounting, the acquisition of Mercato is stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

The difference between the fair value of the equity instruments issued to acquire Mercato and the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired represented a stock exchange listing expense. This expense was be recognized immediately upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

Accordingly, the financial statements of Nuvini S.A. will become the historical financial statements of New Nuvini and the assets, liabilities and results of operations of Mercato will be consolidated with Nuvini from the Closing Date.

As a result of the completion of the Business Combination, we raised US$14.1 million (approximately R$70.8 million based on the exchange rate of R$5.034 to US$1.00, the commercial selling rate for U.S. dollars as of September 29, 2023, as reported by the Central Bank), before transaction-related expenses, to fund future organic and inorganic growth initiatives. Total direct transaction costs of Nuvini and Mercato was approximately R$99.7 million (approximately US$20.3 million based on the exchange rate of R$5.034 to US$1.00, the commercial selling rate for U.S. dollars as of September 29, 2023, as reported by the Central Bank), substantially all of which will be recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital as costs related to the reverse recapitalization. We expect to incur additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees and additional internal and external accounting, legal and administrative resources, including increased audit, legal, and filing fees.

The main impacts of the Business Combination on our results of operations, balance sheet and cash flow statement are as follows:

For additional information on the Business Combination, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.”

Acquisitions

The ability to identify, execute and integrate strategic acquisitions is a key driver of Nuvini S.A.’s growth. Nuvini S.A.’s focus is to acquire companies that operate in distinct, highly-specialized sectors within the SaaS market and take them to the next level of development, bringing experience and industry expertise. This focus consists mainly of leveraging the growth of Nuvini Acquired Companies by improving their commercial strategies, optimizing the efficiency of their internal processes and advancing their governance structures.

Brazilian Macroeconomic Environment

As a majority of the Nuvini Group’s operations and services are performed in Brazil, they are generally affected by macroeconomic conditions, economic growth and political stability in Brazil and, to a lesser extent, in Latin America. Such factors affect the Nuvini Group more broadly through the resulting impact on the demand for technology services, financing costs and the general availability of financing. The following table sets forth certain data relating to gross domestic product (“GDP”), inflation and interest rates in Brazil and the U.S. dollar/real exchange rate as of dates and periods indicated.

Sources:

Gross Domestic Product

Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America as measured by GDP. Trends in Brazil’s GDP tend to impact Nuvini Group’s results of operations mainly by generally affecting the overall purchasing power of its clients. Brazil’s GDP is also impacted to a large degree by the political environment.

According to data from the Central Bank, Brazil’s GDP grew by 4.1% in 2022, compared to the previous year. This growth was driven by a combination of factors, including a recovery in industrial production, a resurgence in consumer spending and a rebound in exports. Additionally, the services sector, which included sub-sectors such as finance, real estate, and information technology, also saw strong growth in 2022.

In 2023, the GDP grew by 2.9%, with significant contributions from Agriculture, Industry and Services. Agriculture saw record outputs in production, while Industry growth was led by mining and utilities, despite declines in manufacturing and construction. All Service sectors grew, particularly financial activities compared to prior period 2022.

In 2024, the GDP grew by 3.4%, primarily due to strong household spending and investment. Brazil saw a record low unemployment rate of 6.2%, resulting in higher disposable income among households. Additionally, an easing of monetary policy and lower interest rates allowed for increased investment in the overall economy.

The negative macroeconomic environment in Brazil in recent years was in part due to economic and political uncertainties resulting from a global decrease in commodities prices, as well as corruption investigations of Brazilian state-owned and private sector companies, politicians and business executives, which, in turn, led to the ouster and arrest of several prominent politicians. Launched by the Office of the Brazilian Federal Prosecutor at the end of 2014, the so-called Lava Jato operation investigated members of the Brazilian government and other members of the legislative branch, as well as senior officers and directors of large state-owned and other companies in connection with allegations of political corruption. The resulting fallout from the Lava Jato investigation have contributed to the impeachment and arrest and conviction of former Brazilian presidents in both 2016 and 2018.

Presidential elections were held in Brazil in 2022 and President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was elected with 50.90% of the votes for a mandate until the end of 2026.

The president of Brazil has the power to determine policies and issue governmental acts related to the Brazilian economy that affect the operations and financial performance of companies, including Nuvini. It is expected that the new Brazilian federal government may propose the general terms of fiscal reform to stimulate the economy and reduce the forecasted budget deficit for 2024 and following years, but it is uncertain whether the Brazilian government will be able to gather the required support in the Brazilian Congress to pass additional specific reforms. The political and economic environment in Brazil has affected, and is continuing to affect, the confidence of investors and the general public, which has historically resulted in economic deceleration and heightened volatility in the securities offered by companies with significant operations in Brazil and may adversely affect Nuvini Group’s businesses, financial condition and operating results.

Interest Rates and Inflation

The two primary inflation indices in Brazil are the Expanded National Consumer Price Index, or Índice Nacional de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo (“IPCA”) and the General Market Price Index or Índice Geral de Preços ao Consumidor (“IGP-M”).

The IPCA is considered the official inflation index of Brazil, and it measures the monthly variation in prices of goods and services consumed by households with income between 1 and 40 times the minimum wage. The index is calculated by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (the “IBGE”) and is used by the Central Bank to set monetary policy. From 2018 to 2020 the IPCA average per annum was 4.36%, and as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, it was 4.83%, 4.62%, and 5.79%, respectively, on an accumulated basis.

The IGP-M, on the other hand, measures the monthly inflation of the overall Brazilian economy, including both wholesale and consumer prices. It is calculated by the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV) and is widely used in contracts and agreements as a reference for price adjustments, such as rents tariffs and public utility fees. From 2018 to 2020 the IGP-M average per annum was 14.03%, and as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, it was 6.54%, (3.18)%, and 5.45%, respectively, on an accumulated basis. The IGP-M is a highly volatile index and can be influenced by factors such as exchange rate fluctuations, commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, therefore, its annual average can vary significantly from year to year.

In addition, Nuvini S.A. is exposed to interest rate risk stemming from financial investments, loans and financing and debentures whose interest rates are referenced to the average of interbank overnight rates in Brazil (the “CDI”), which can negatively affect financial expenses or revenues in the event of an unfavorable movement in interest rates and inflation.

Inflation can affect the results of operations and financial performance primarily by affecting certain leasing arrangements that include inflation- adjustment clauses.

Growth through Acquisitions

Nuvini S.A.’s business model is focused on acquiring profitable B2B SaaS businesses and selects target companies that are leaders in discrete markets and generate a recurring, solid client base with low client turnover. Based on the historical performance of the Nuvini Group, its clients have been consistently renewing their respective subscriptions on a monthly basis. The Nuvini Acquired Companies have been operating for more than 10 years on average and have a record of consistent monthly renewals even during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was a major disruption for most businesses. As of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, 97.1%, 96.7% and 95.4%, respectively, of clients renewed their subscriptions to Nuvini Group services or products every month.

Nuvini S.A. prides itself on a quick and efficient capital allocation process, combined with a diligent and repeatable M&A process.

Nuvini S.A.’s most recent acquisition was Smart NX. On January 25, 2023, as amended on February 23, 2023, June 8, 2023, and August 1, 2023, Nuvini S.A. entered into a business combination agreement by and among Smart NX and Nuvini S.A., which was unanimously approved by Nuvini S.A.’s Board of Directors. Smart NX develops technology and management solutions that help transform business and aligns with Nuvini S.A.’s current market strategy. Smart NX operates in Brazil. The transaction will consist of a payment in shares and cash of Nuvini S.A. for 55% of Smart NX with a call option to purchase the remaining 45% of the total capital stock of Smart NX to be paid in three installments on January 25, 2024, January 25, 2025, and January 25, 2026, for a variable consideration based on multiples of future Smart NX EBITDA. The guidance presented in Regulation S-X 3-05 requires a pro forma significance test to be completed based on the details of the probable acquisition. The significance test performed for the Smart NX acquisition was deemed to be not significant and the need for full audited financials or inclusion within any pro forma information will not be needed.

Prior to the acquisition of Smart NX, Nuvini S.A. made the following acquisitions:

For more information of the Nuvini Acquired Companies, see “Business of Nuvini and Certain Information about Nuvini – Capabilities of the Nuvini Acquired Companies.”

Description of Principal Line Items

Revenues

Net operating revenue includes the following categories: SaaS platform subscription services, data analytics service, set-up service, and other revenue, which are each described below. The method Nuvini recognizes revenue is in accordance with IFRS 15 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“IFRS 15”), which establishes a five-step model for measuring and recognizing revenue from contracts with clients.

Saas Platform Subscription Service

Net operating revenue comprises (i) software subscription services, in which clients have access to software on multiple devices simultaneously in its latest version; (ii) maintenance, including technical support and technological evolution; and (iii) services, including cloud computing and client service.

The client uses each of the Nuvini Acquired Companies’ online platforms to purchase the services which are presented in a series of bundles.

Clients can purchase access to the software platform via a software subscription but can also purchase a bundle consisting of the software platform and maintenance or additional services. The bundles are all listed clearly for the client with transparent pricing and services and are considered as one performance obligation since it represents a series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and that have the same pattern of transfer to the client.

The revenue service is recognized on a monthly basis over the contract period as the performance obligation is satisfied and as services are provided, from the date on which the services and software are made available to the client and all other revenue recognition criteria are met. A time-based output method to measure progress and recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the contract term. Contract periods are typically 12 months in length.

Data Analytics, Set-Up And Other Services

Net operating revenue from data analytics, set-up and other services constitute revenues from additional services that clients can add to the platform, recognized in accordance with IFRS 15, usually for the provision of services to clients linked to a specific service contract. Such revenues are recognized as follows

i. A licensing fee (which is on an invoice-basis and not subscription-based model) is recognized at a point in time when all risks and benefits inherent in the license are transferred to the buyer through the availability of the software and the value can be measured reliably, and as soon as it is probable that the economic benefits will be generated in favor of Nuvini S.A.

ii. Revenues from implementation and customization services represent a performance obligation distinct from other services and are billed separately and recognized over time as costs incurred in relation to the total expected costs, realized according to the execution schedule and when there is valid expectation of receipt of the client. Nuvini S.A. allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The performance obligations, such as implementation services and customization services, have observable inputs that are used to determine the standalone selling price of those distinct performance obligations. Invoiced revenues that do not meet the recognition criteria do not make up the balances of the respective revenue accounts and receivables.

iii. Revenue from consulting and training services is recognized at the time the services are provided and consideration is transferred to the client.

Expenses

Cost Of Services Provided

Cost of services provided consists primarily of personnel and hosting fees in connection with delivery of services. Cost of services provided also includes on-going costs related to maintenance and client support.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing consist primarily of personnel-related expenses associated with Nuvini S.A. sales and marketing operations, including fixed and variable compensation, benefits and payroll taxes. Sales and marketing expenses also include sales commissions paid to sales force and commercial representatives, traveling expenses and expenses for events, conferences and seminars.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel, outsourced services, depreciation and amortization, facilities and certain other expenses.

Impairment of Goodwill

Impairment of goodwill is made up of the impairment loss related to the acquisition for which goodwill has been recognized. Nuvini S.A. performs an annual impairment test to evaluate if there has been an impairment loss, or more frequently if there are indicators that show a deterioration of the fair value of the assets acquired (a trigger event).