Exhibit 2.4

Consolidated Financial Statements

(In U.S. dollars)

CONSTELLATION

SOFTWARE INC.

For the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

KPMG LLP

Vaughan Metropolitan Centre

100 New Park Place

Suite 1400

Vaughan, ON Canada L4K 0J3

Telephone (905) 265-5900

Fax (905) 265-6390

www.kpmg.ca

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT

To the Shareholders of Constellation Software Inc.

Opinion

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Constellation Software Inc. (“the Entity”), which comprise:

 

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the consolidated statements of financial position as at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

 

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the consolidated statements of income (loss) for the years then ended

 

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the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years then ended

 

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the consolidated statements of changes in equity for the years then ended

 

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the consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended

 

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and notes to the consolidated financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies

(Hereinafter referred to as the “financial statements”).

In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Entity as at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Basis for Opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the “Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements” section of our auditor’s report.

We are independent of the Entity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in Canada and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

KPMG LLP, an Ontario limited liability partnership and member firm of the KPMG global organization of independent

member firms affiliated with KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee.

KPMG Canada provides services to KPMG LLP.

 

Key Audit Matters

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters.

We have determined the matters described below to be the key audit matters to be communicated in our auditor’s report.

Determination of distinct professional services performance obligation in customer contracts containing multiple performance obligations and estimation of hours to complete for certain percentage-of-completion (POC) arrangements

Description of the matter

We draw attention to Notes 2(d) and 3(k) to the financial statements. The Entity has recognized revenue of $6,622 million. A portion of revenue is associated with customer contracts that contain multiple products and services such as software licenses, maintenance and other recurring services, professional services, and hardware. The Entity uses significant judgment to assess whether professional services sold in a customer contract are considered distinct and should be accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue from the license of software that involves complex implementation or customization that is not distinct, and/or includes sales of hardware that is not distinct, is recognized as a combined performance obligation using the percentage-of-completion method based primarily on labour hours. The Entity applies significant judgment to determine the estimated hours to completion which affects the timing of revenue recognized for professional services and non-distinct license and/or hardware.

Why the matter is the key audit matter

We identified the determination of distinct professional services performance obligations in customer contracts containing multiple performance obligations and the estimation of hours to complete for certain POC arrangements, being contracts where revenue recognition is based on estimated hours to completion, as a key audit matter. Significant auditor judgment was required to evaluate the Entity’s significant judgments of whether professional services are distinct or non-distinct and the estimated hours to completion for arrangements that are completed over an extended period. There was significant auditor effort, involving more senior professionals, required to address this matter.

How the matter was addressed in the audit

The primary procedures we performed to address this key audit matter included the following:

We evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of certain controls over revenue recognition including controls related to the Entity’s process to identify distinct professional services performance obligations in certain customer contracts and controls over the estimation of hours to complete for POC arrangements, inclusive of executed contract amendments and change orders.

For a selection of new customer contracts, we assessed the Entity’s determination of distinct/non-distinct professional services performance obligations, if any, by examining the contract source documents, comparing to the Entity’s past assessments for similar contracts, and practices observed in the Entity’s industry.

For a selection of POC arrangements where revenue recognition is based on the estimated hours to completion, we interviewed operational personnel responsible for the contract. We obtained an understanding of the original estimated hours to completion and any increase or decrease to the estimated hours to completion as the contract progresses and inspected correspondence such as project planning documents and change requests, if any, between the Entity and its customers.

 

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In addition, we assessed the Entity’s historical ability to accurately estimate hours to completion by performing an analysis of a selection of completed contracts to compare actual hours incurred upon completion to the initial estimated hours to completion.

Evaluation of acquisition-date fair value of intangible assets acquired in the Altera business combination

Description of the matter

We draw attention to Note 2(d), Note 3(d) and Note 4(a) to the financial statements. On May 2, 2022, the Entity completed an agreement with Allscripts Healthcare Solutions (“Allscripts”) to acquire 100% of the net assets (including the shares of certain subsidiaries) of Allscripts Hospitals and Large Physician Practices business segment (“Altera”). The Entity paid cash of $731 million less a cash holdback receivable of $4 million for aggregate consideration of $727 million. In connection with this transaction, the Entity recorded technology assets and customer assets (collectively, the “intangible assets”). The Entity uses discounted cash flow methodology to determine the fair value of the intangible assets. The acquisition date fair value for the intangible assets was $619 million. In determining the fair value of the intangible assets at the acquisition date, the Entity’s significant assumptions include forecasted cash flows, forecasted annual customer attrition rate, royalty rate, migration rate and the discount rates applied.

Why the matter is a key audit matter

We identified the evaluation of acquisition-date fair value of intangible assets acquired in the Altera business combination as a key audit matter. This matter represented a significant risk of material misstatement due to the magnitude of the balances and the high degree of estimation uncertainty in determining the fair value of intangible assets. In addition, significant auditor judgment and involvement of those with specialized skills and knowledge were required in performing and evaluating the results of our procedures due to the sensitivity of the fair value of the intangible assets to minor changes in certain significant estimates.

How the matter was addressed in the audit

The primary procedures we performed to address this key audit matter included the following:

We evaluated the appropriateness of the forecasted cash flows, annual customer attrition rate, royalty rate and migration rate assumptions by considering past performance, industry data and publicly available market data for comparable entities.

We involved valuations professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in assessing the discount rates embedded in the valuation model by comparing the transaction internal rate of return (“IRR”), weighted-average return on assets and the perceived risk inherent in each intangible asset relative to the risk of the overall Entity. We assessed the IRR and compared it to an independently calculated weighted-average cost of capital based on market inputs.

Other Information

Management is responsible for the other information. Other information comprises:

 

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis filed with the relevant Canadian Securities Commissions.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not and will not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information identified above and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit and remain alert for indications that the other information appears to be materially misstated.

 

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We obtained the information included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis filed with the relevant Canadian Securities Commissions as at the date of this auditor’s report. If, based on the work we have performed on this other information, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact in the auditor’s report.

We have nothing to report in this regard.

Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Entity or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Entity’s financial reporting process.

Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion.

Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards will always detect a material misstatement when it exists.

Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit.

We also:

 

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Identify and assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, design and perform audit procedures responsive to those risks, and obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control.

 

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Obtain an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Entity’s internal control.

 

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Evaluate the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by management.

 

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Conclude on the appropriateness of management’s use of the going concern basis of accounting and, based on the audit evidence obtained, whether a material uncertainty exists related to events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor’s report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor’s report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Entity to cease to continue as a going concern.

 

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Evaluate the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures, and whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.

 

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Communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

 

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Provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.

 

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Obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding the financial information of the entities or business activities within the Entity to express an opinion on the financial statements. We are responsible for the direction, supervision and performance of the group audit. We remain solely responsible for our audit opinion.

 

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Determine, from the matters communicated with those charged with governance, those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor’s report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our auditor’s report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.

 

Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants

The engagement partner on the audit resulting in this auditor’s report is Anuj Madan.

Vaughan, Canada

March 29, 2023

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets:
Cash		$	811			$	763
Accounts receivable (note 21)			876				600
Unbilled revenue (note 22)			230				140
Inventories (note 5)			48				35
Other assets (note 6)			496				296
			2,461				1,835
Non-current assets:
Property and equipment (note 7)			128				93
Right of use assets (note 8)			283				245
Deferred income taxes (note 16)			160				66
Other assets (note 6)			172				99
Intangible assets (note 9)			4,679				3,428
			5,422				3,931
Total assets		$	7,882			$	5,766
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Debt with recourse to Constellation Software Inc. (note 10)		$	505			$	143
Debt without recourse to Constellation Software Inc. (note 11)			316				60
Redeemable preferred securities (note 12)			—				7
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities			1,080				832
Dividends payable (note 17)			21				22
Deferred revenue (note 22)			1,484				1,158
Provisions (note 13)			11				11
Acquisition holdback payables			159				94
Lease obligations (note 14)			96				79
Income taxes payable (note 15)			97				56
			3,768				2,461
Non-current liabilities:
Debt with recourse to Constellation Software Inc. (note 10)			567				561
Debt without recourse to Constellation Software Inc. (note 11)			586				354
Deferred income taxes (note 16)			471				436
Acquisition holdback payables			77				68
Lease obligations (note 14)			217				190
Other liabilities (note 6)			262				175
			2,181				1,784
Total liabilities			5,949				4,245
Shareholders’ equity (note 17):
Capital stock			99				99
Other equity			—				(179	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			(150	)			(66	)
Retained earnings			1,763				1,206
Non-controlling interests (notes 1, 12 and 28)			221				460
			1,933				1,521
Subsequent events (notes 10, 17 and 29)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		$	7,882			$	5,766

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

		Year ended December 31,
		2022				2021
Revenue
License		$	320			$	287
Professional services			1,381				1,033
Hardware and other			233				176
Maintenance and other recurring			4,688				3,611
			6,622				5,106
Expenses
Staff			3,539				2,695
Hardware			134				99
Third party license, maintenance and professional services			626				433
Occupancy			49				40
Travel, telecommunications, supplies, software and equipment			307				186
Professional fees			114				79
Other, net			154				62
Depreciation (note 7 and 8)			143				121
Amortization of intangible assets (note 9)			676				518
			5,740				4,233
Foreign exchange loss (gain)			(56	)			1
IRGA/TSS Membership liability revaluation charge (note 10)			112				132
Finance and other expense (income) (note 18)			0				(7	)
Bargain purchase gain (note 4)			(16	)			(2	)
Impairment of intangible and other non-financial assets (note 9)			7				12
Redeemable preferred securities expense (income) (note 12)			—				295
Finance costs (note 18)			110				68
			156				499
Income (loss) before income taxes			725				374
Current income tax expense (recovery) (note 15)			403				257
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) (note 15)			(228	)			(51	)
Income tax expense (recovery)			175				206
Net income (loss)			551				169
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Common shareholders of Constellation Software Inc. (notes 1 and 28)			512				310
Non-controlling interests (notes 1 and 28)			38				(142	)
Net income (loss)			551				169
Earnings per common share of Constellation Software Inc.
Basic and diluted (note 19)		$	24.18			$	14.65

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

		Year ended December 31,
		2022				2021
Net income (loss)		$	551			$	169
Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to net income (loss):
Foreign currency translation differences from foreign operations and other, net of tax			(90	)			(41	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year, net of income tax			(90	)			(41	)
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year		$	460			$	128
Total other comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Common shareholders of Constellation Software Inc. (notes 1 and 18)			(79	)			(16	)
Non-controlling interests (notes 1 and 28)			(12	)			(25	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)		$	(90	)		$	(41	)
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
Common shareholders of Constellation Software Inc. (notes 1 and 28)			433				294
Non-controlling interests (notes 1 and 28)			27				(167	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)		$	460			$	128

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

Year ended December 31, 2022
		Equity Attributable to Common Shareholders of CSI
		Capital stock				Other equity				Accumulated				Retained earnings				Total				Non-controlling				Total equity
										other												interests
										comprehensive
										income (loss)
Balance at January 1, 2022		$	99			$	(179	)		$	(66	)		$	1,206			$	1,061				460			$	1,521
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year:
Net income (loss)			—				—				—				512				512				38				551
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation differences from foreign operations and other, net of tax			—				—				(79	)			—				(79	)			(12	)			(90	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) for the year			—				—				(79	)			—				(79	)			(12	)			(90	)
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year			—				—				(79	)			512				433				27				460
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Conversion of redeemable preferred securities to subordinate voting shares of Topicus.com Inc. and ordinary units of Topicus Coop (note 1 and 12) and other related movements			—				305				(5	)			—				301				(301	)			—
Non-controlling interests arising from business combinations (note 4)			—				—				—				—				—				41				41
Other movements in non-controlling interests			—				—				—				2				2				(6	)			(4	)
Dividends to shareholders of the Company (note 17)			—				—				—				(85	)			(85	)			—				(85	)
Reclassification of other equity to retained earnings			—				(127	)			—				127				—				—				—
Balance at December 31, 2022		$	99			$	—			$	(150	)		$	1,763			$	1,713			$	221			$	1,933

 

 

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

Year ended December 31, 2021
		Equity Attributable to Common Shareholders of CSI
		Capital stock				Other equity				Accumulated				Retained earnings				Total				Non-controlling				Total equity
										other												interests
										comprehensive
										income (loss)
Balance at January 1, 2021		$	99			$	—			$	(31	)		$	980			$	1,048			$	—			$	1,048
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year:
Net income (loss)			—				—				—				310				310				(142	)			169
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Foreign currency translation differences from foreign operations and other, net of tax			—				—				(16	)			—				(16	)			(25	)			(41	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss) for the year			—				—				(16	)			—				(16	)			(25	)			(41	)
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year			—				—				(16	)			310				294				(167	)			128
Transactions with owners, recorded directly in equity
Special dividend of Topicus Subordinated Voting Shares (note 1 and 28)			—				(141	)			(16	)			—				(157	)			157				—
Issuance of Topicus Coop Ordinary Units to non-controlling interests (note 4)			—				(21	)			(2	)			—				(23	)			23				—
Net acquisition of non-controlling interest associated with acquisitions and other movements			—				(16	)			(0	)			0				(16	)			17				1
Dividends to shareholders of the Company (note 17)			—				—				—				(85	)			(85	)			—				(85	)
Reclassification of Redeemable preferred securities of Topicus Coop from liabilities to non-controlling interest			—				—				—				—				—				434				434
Accrued dividends to preference unit holders of Topicus Coop (note 12)			—				—				—				—				—				(5	)			(5	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		$	99			$	(179	)		$	(66	)		$	1,206			$	1,061			$	460			$	1,521

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

 

		Year ended December 31,
		2022				2021
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities:
Net income (loss)		$	551			$	169
Adjustments for:
Depreciation			143				121
Amortization of intangible assets			676				518
IRGA/TSS Membership liability revaluation charge			112				132
Finance and other expense (income)			0				(7	)
Bargain purchase (gain)			(16	)			(2	)
Impairment of intangible and other non-financial assets			7				12
Redeemable preferred securities expense (income) (note 12)			—				295
Finance costs			110				68
Income tax expense (recovery)			175				206
Foreign exchange loss (gain)			(56	)			1
Change in non-cash operating assets and liabilities exclusive of effects of business combinations (note 26)			(60	)			45
Income taxes paid			(343	)			(257	)
Net cash flows from (used in) operating activities			1,297				1,300
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities:
Interest paid on lease obligations			(11	)			(9	)
Interest paid on debt			(74	)			(40	)
Increase (decrease) in CSI facility (note 10)			322				—
Increase (decrease) in Topicus revolving credit debt facility without recourse to CSI			91				30
Proceeds from issuance of debt facilities without recourse to CSI			476				176
Repayments of debt facilities without recourse to CSI			(102	)			(6	)
Other financing activities			(3	)			3
Credit facility transaction costs			(7	)			(6	)
Payments of lease obligations			(94	)			(83	)
Distribution to the Joday Group (note 10)			(23	)			(22	)
Dividends paid to redeemable preferred security holders			(7	)			—
Dividends paid to common shareholders of the Company			(85	)			(85	)
Net cash flows from (used in) in financing activities			483				(41	)
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities:
Acquisition of businesses (note 4)			(1,633	)			(1,224	)
Cash obtained with acquired businesses (note 4)			216				153
Post-acquisition settlement payments, net of receipts			(149	)			(145	)
Receipt of additional subscription amount from the sellers of Topicus.com B.V.			—				33
Purchases of other investments			(97	)			(44	)
Proceeds from sales of other investments			6				13
Interest, dividends and other proceeds received			5				5
Property and equipment purchased			(41	)			(29	)
Net cash flows from (used in) investing activities			(1,694	)			(1,238	)
Effect of foreign currency on cash			(39	)			(16	)
Increase (decrease) in cash			48				5
Cash, beginning of period		$	763			$	758
Cash, end of period		$	811			$	763

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes

to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

 

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

1.	Reporting entity

Constellation Software Inc. is a company domiciled in Canada. The address of Constellation Software Inc.’s registered office is 20 Adelaide Street East, Suite 1200, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The consolidated financial statements of Constellation Software Inc. for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 comprise Constellation Software Inc. and its subsidiaries (together referred to as “Constellation”, “CSI”, or the “Company”) and the Company’s interest in associates. The Company is engaged principally in the development, installation and customization of software as well as in the provisioning of related professional services and support for customers globally across over 100 diverse markets.

Preferred Share Investment in Topicus.com Inc. (“Topicus”)

At the beginning of 2022, the Company owned 39,412,385 Topicus Preferred Shares. The Topicus Preferred Shares were non-voting and under certain conditions, prior to the Notification of Conversion, were redeemable at the option of CSI for a redemption price of approximately EUR 19.06 per share. The redemption price was either to be settled in cash or through the issuance of a variable number of Topicus Subordinate Voting Shares based on the terms of the Topicus Preferred Shares, or any combination thereof. The Topicus Preferred Shares were also convertible into Topicus Subordinate Voting Shares at a conversion ratio of 1:1. The Topicus Preferred Shares entitled CSI to a fixed annual cumulative dividend of 5% per annum on the initial Topicus Preferred Share value of approximately EUR 19.06 per share.

On February 1, 2022, the Topicus Preferred Shares were converted to Topicus Subordinate Voting Shares. Subsequent to the conversion, CSI continues to consolidate Topicus and now reflects an equity interest of 60.65% (December 31, 2021 – 30.3%) in Topicus and a non-controlling interest of 39.35% (December 31, 2021 – 69.7%).

 

2.	Basis of presentation

(a) Statement of compliance

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), issued and outstanding as of March 29, 2023, the date the Board of Directors approved such financial statements.

(b) Basis of measurement

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for certain assets and liabilities initially recognized in connection with business combinations, and certain financial instruments and derivative financial instruments, which are measured at fair value.

(c) Functional and presentation currency

The consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, which is Constellation Software Inc.’s functional currency.

 

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CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

(d) Use of estimates and judgements

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Estimates are based on historical experience and other assumptions that are considered reasonable in the circumstances. The actual amount or values may vary in certain instances from the assumptions and estimates made. Changes will be recorded, with corresponding effect in profit or loss, when, and if, better information is obtained.

Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a risk of resulting in a material adjustment within the next financial year are included in the following notes:

Note 3(k) - Revenue recognition

Note 3(a)(i) - Business combinations

Note 3(m) - Income taxes

Note 3(d) - Intangible assets

Note 24 - Contingencies

Critical judgements that the Company has made in the process of applying accounting policies disclosed herein and that have a significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements relate to the (i) determination of functional currencies for Constellation’s subsidiaries and, most notably, in respect of businesses acquired during the period; (ii) allocating the purchase price to the fair value of acquired net assets (iii) assessment as to whether professional services in multiple-performance obligation arrangements are distinct of other performance obligations and determination of the estimated hours to complete customer contracts accounted for using the percentage of completion method; (iv) recognition of deferred tax assets; and (v) recognition of provisions and contingent consideration liabilities.

 

•

Functional currency - the Company applies judgement in situations where primary and secondary indicators are mixed. Primary indicators such as the currency that mainly influence sales prices are given priority before considering secondary indicators.

 

•

Business Combinations - Estimates and judgments are used when allocating the purchase price to the fair value of acquired net assets (specifically to the acquired technology assets and customer relationship assets) in business combinations. The Company estimates the fair value of technology and customer relationships acquired in a business combination based on the income approach. The income approach is a valuation technique that calculates the fair value of an intangible asset based on the present value of future cash flows that the asset can be expected to generate over its remaining useful life. For significant business combinations, significant estimates and judgments include forecasted cashflows, forecasted annual customer attrition rate, royalty rates, migration rate and the discount rates used to estimate the fair value of the acquired intangible assets. Changes in these estimates and judgments could result in significant changes to the valuation of the intangible assets.

 

•

Revenue Recognition - The Company uses significant judgment to assess whether professional services sold in a customer contract are considered distinct and should be accounted for as separate performance obligations. Non-distinct professional services are combined with other goods or services to form a single performance obligation. The Company also applies significant judgment to determine the estimated hours to completion which affects the timing of revenue recognized for professional services and non-distinct license and hardware. Estimated hours to completion are continually and routinely revised based on changes in the progress of customer contracts.

 

14

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

•

Deferred tax assets - the recognition of deferred tax assets is based on forecasts of future taxable profit. The measurement of future taxable profit for the purposes of determining whether or not to recognize deferred tax assets depends on many factors, including the Company’s ability to generate such profits and the implementation of effective tax planning strategies. The occurrence or non-occurrence of such events in the future may lead to significant changes in the measurement of deferred tax assets.

 

•

Contingent consideration liablities - contingent consideration liabilities are initially recorded on the date of a business combination and are payable on the achievement of certain financial targets in the post- acquisition periods. The obligation for contingent consideration is recorded at its estimated fair value at the various acquisition dates and is recorded at fair value at the end of each reporting period. The estimated fair value of the applicable contingent consideration is calculated using the estimated financial outcome and resulting expected contingent consideration to be paid and inclusion of a discount rate as appropriate.

The Company is closely monitoring the impact of COVID-19 on all aspects of its business. COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has had disruptive effects in countries in which the Company operates and has adversely impacted many of its business units’ operations to date, including through the cancellation by certain customers of their ongoing software maintenance contracts and the suspension or cancellation of new software purchases. The pandemic may also have an adverse impact on many of the Company’s customers, including their ability to satisfy ongoing payment obligations to the Company, which could increase the Company’s bad debt exposure. The future impacts of the pandemic and any resulting economic impact are largely unknown and rapidly evolving. It is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic, the measures taken by the governments of countries affected and the resulting economic impact may continue to adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, cash flows and financial position as well as its customers in future periods, and this impact could be material. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded income of $2 (December 31, 2021—$17) relating to government grants from various government authorities relating to the pandemic within “Other, net” expenses in the consolidated statements of income (loss).

 

3.	Significant accounting policies

The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated financial statements unless otherwise indicated.

The significant accounting policies have been applied consistently by the Company’s subsidiaries.

(a) Basis of consolidation

(i) Business combinations

Acquisitions have been accounted for using the acquisition method required by IFRS 3 Business Combinations. Goodwill arising on acquisitions is measured as the fair value of the consideration transferred including the recognized amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, if any, less the net recognized amount of the estimated fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed (subject to certain exemptions to fair value measurement principles such as deferred tax assets or liabilities), all measured as of the acquisition date. When the consideration transferred is less than the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, a bargain purchase gain is recognized immediately in the consolidated statements of income (loss). Transaction costs that the Company incurs in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.

 

15

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

The Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to reasonably value assets and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable, and these estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed with a corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to profit or loss. For a given acquisition, the Company may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend its review and evaluation of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess these contingencies as part of acquisition accounting, as applicable.

(ii) Consolidation methods

Entities over which the Company has control are consolidated from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases. Entities over which the Company has significant influence (investments in “associates”) are accounted for under the equity method. Significant influence is assumed when the Company’s interests are 20% or more, unless qualitative factors overcome this assumption.

Associates are those entities in which the Company has significant influence, but not control, over the financial and operating policies. Investments in associates are recognized initially at cost, inclusive of transaction costs. The Company’s investment includes goodwill identified on acquisition, net of any accumulated impairment losses. The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s share of the income and expenses and equity changes of equity accounted investees, from the date that significant influence commences until the date that significant influence ceases.

(iii) Transactions eliminated on consolidation

Intra-company balances and transactions, and any unrealized income and expenses arising from intra-company transactions, are eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

(b) Foreign currency translation

(i) Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of subsidiaries of the Company at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are re-measured to the functional currency at the exchange rate at that date. Foreign currency differences arising on re-measurement are recognized through profit or loss, except for differences arising on the retranslation of available-for-sale equity instruments, which are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency gains and losses are reported in profit and loss on a net basis. The effect of currency translation adjustments on cash and cash equivalents is presented separately in the statements of cash flows and separated from operating, investing and financing activities when deemed significant.

 

16

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

(ii) Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates at the reporting date. The income and expenses of foreign operations are translated to U.S. dollars using average exchange rates for the month during which the transactions occurred. Foreign currency differences are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the cumulative translation account; however, if the operation is a non-wholly owned subsidiary, then the relevant proportionate share of the translation difference is allocated to the non-controlling interest when applicable.

Foreign exchange gains or losses arising from a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation, the settlement of which is neither planned nor likely to occur in the foreseeable future and which its substance is considered to form part of the net investment in the foreign operation, are recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) in the cumulative amount of foreign currency translation differences. If, and when, settlement plans change or deemed likely to occur, then the accounting process in (b)(i) above is applied. When a foreign operation payable or receivable classified as a net investment is partially or fully disposed, the proportionate share of the cumulative amount in the translation reserve related to that foreign operation is transferred to profit or loss as part of the profit or loss on disposal. The Company has elected not to treat repayments of monetary items receivable or payable to a foreign operation as a disposition.

(c) Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments primarily comprise cash, accounts receivable, Debt with recourse to CSI, Debt without recourse to CSI, Redeemable Preferred Securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, dividends payable, and holdback assets or liabilities on acquisitions.

Financial assets are recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position if we have a contractual right to receive cash or other financial assets from another entity. Financial assets, including accounts receivable, are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or were transferred to another party and the Company has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Equity securities held for trading are recorded at fair value.

Financial liabilities include the Debt with recourse to CSI, Debt without recourse to CSI, Redeemable Preferred Securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, dividends payable, and holdbacks on acquisitions. Financial liabilities are generally recognized initially at fair value, typically being transaction price, plus any directly attributable transaction costs and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged, cancelled, or expired.

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount presented in the statement of financial position when, and only when, the Company has a legal right to offset the amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Common shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of common shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of tax.

The Company’s derivatives are carried at fair value and are reported as assets when they have a positive fair value and as liabilities when they have a negative fair value.

 

17

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

Changes in the fair values of derivative financial instruments are reported in the consolidated statements of income (loss), except for cash flow hedges that meet the conditions for hedge accounting. The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instruments that are determined to be an effective hedge are recognized directly in other comprehensive income (loss), and the ineffective portion in the consolidated statements of income (loss). The gains or losses deferred in other comprehensive income (loss) in this way are subsequently recognized in the consolidated statements of income (loss) in the same period in which the hedged underlying transaction or firm commitment is recognized in the statement of income (loss). In order to qualify for hedge accounting, the Company is required to document in advance the relationship between the item being hedged and the hedging instrument. The Company is also required to document and demonstrate an assessment of the relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument, which shows that the hedge will be highly effective on an ongoing basis. This effectiveness testing is re-performed at the end of each reporting period to ensure that the hedge remains highly effective.

(d) Intangible assets

(i) Goodwill

Goodwill that arises upon the acquisition of subsidiaries is included in intangible assets. After initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses, with the carrying value being reviewed for impairment at least annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired. In respect of equity accounted investees, the carrying amount of goodwill is included in the carrying amount of the investment.

The impairment test methodology is based on a comparison between the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value-in-use of each of the Company’s cash generating units (“CGU”) and the net asset carrying values (including goodwill). Within the Company’s reporting structure, business units generally reflect the CGU and are one level below the six operating segments (Volaris, Harris, Topicus, Jonas, Perseus, and Vela Operating Groups). In determining the recoverable amount, the Company applies an estimated market valuation multiple to the business unit’s most recent annual recurring revenues, which are generally derived from post-contract customer support revenues, transactional revenues, and hosted products revenues. Valuation multiples applied by the Company for this purpose reflect current market conditions specific to the business unit and are assessed for reasonability by comparison to the Company’s current and past acquisition experience involving ranges of revenue-based multiples required to acquire representative software companies and the Company’s overall revenue based-trading multiple. In addition, in certain instances, the recoverable amount is determined using a value-in-use approach which follows the same valuation process that is undertaken for the Company’s business acquisitions. An impairment is recognized if the carrying amount of a CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of goodwill is estimated annually on December 31 of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may be impaired.

(ii) Acquired intangible assets

The Company uses the income approach to value acquired technology and customer relationship intangible assets. The income approach is a valuation technique that calculates the estimated fair value of an intangible asset based on the estimated future cash flows that the asset can be expected to generate over its remaining useful life.

The Company utilizes the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) methodology which is a form of the income approach that begins with a forecast of the annual cash flows that a market participant would expect the subject intangible asset to generate over a discrete projection period. The forecasted cash flows for each of the years in the discrete projection period are then converted to their present value equivalent using a rate of return appropriate for the risk of achieving the intangible assets’ projected cash flows, again, from a market participant perspective. The present value of the forecasted cash flows are then added to the present value of the residual value of the intangible asset (if any) at the end of the discrete projection period to arrive at a conclusion with respect to the estimated fair value of the subject intangible assets.

 

18

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

Specifically, the Company relies on the relief-from-royalty method to value the acquired technology and the multiple-period excess earnings (“MEEM”) method to value customer relationship assets.

The underlying premise of the relief-from-royalty method is that the fair value of the technology is equal to the cost savings (or the “royalty avoided”) resulting from the ownership of the asset by the avoidance of paying royalties to license the use of the technology from another owner. Accordingly the income forecast reflects an estimate of a fair royalty that a licensee would pay, on a percentage of revenue basis, to obtain a license to utilize the technology.

The MEEM method isolates the cash flows attributable to the subject asset by utilizing a forecast of expected cash flows less the returns attributable to other enabling assets, both tangible and intangible.

Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Company and have finite useful lives are measured at cost, being reflective of fair value, less accumulated amortization and impairment losses. Subsequent expenditures are capitalized only when it increases the future economic benefits that form part of the specific asset to which it relates and other criteria have been met. Otherwise all other expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.

Amortization is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of intangible assets, other than goodwill, from the date that they are acquired and available for use, since this most closely reflects the expected usage and pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. To determine the useful life of the technology assets, the Company considers the length of time over which it expects to earn or recover the majority of the present value of the forecasted cash flows of the related intangible assets. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

 

Technology assets		2 to 12 years
Customer assets		5 to 20 years
Trademarks		20 years
Backlog		Up to 1 year
Non-compete agreements		Term of agreement

Amortization methods, useful lives and the residual values are reviewed at least annually (or when there has been an indication of impairment) and are adjusted as appropriate.

(iii) Research and development

Expenditure on research activities, undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding, is recognized in profit or loss as an expense as incurred.

Expenditure on development activities, whereby research findings are applied to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved products and processes, is capitalized only if the product or process is technically and commercially feasible, if development costs can be measured reliably, if future economic benefits are probable, if the Company intends to use or sell the asset and the Company intends and has sufficient resources to complete development. To date, no material development expenditures have been capitalized.

 

19

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

For the year ended December 31, 2022, $970 (2021 – $737) of research and development costs have been expensed in profit or loss. These costs are net of estimated investment tax credits, recognized as part of other, net expenses through profit or loss of $40 for the year ended December 31, 2022 (2021 – $33).

(e) Property and equipment

(i) Recognition and measurement

Property and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes initial and subsequent expenditures that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the related asset. When component parts of an item of property and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property and equipment, where applicable.

(ii) Depreciation

Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each part of an item of property and equipment.

The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative periods are as follows:

 

Asset		Rate
Computer hardware		3-5 years
Computer software		1 year
Furniture and equipment		5 years
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of the estimated useful life and the term of the lease
Building		50 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year end or more frequently as deemed relevant, and adjusted where appropriate.

(f) Inventories

Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventories is based on the first-in first-out principle, and includes expenditures incurred in acquiring the inventories, production and other costs incurred in bringing them to their existing location and condition. In the case of manufactured inventories and work in progress, cost includes an appropriate share of production overheads based on normal operating capacity. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses.

(g) Unbilled revenue

Unbilled revenue represents the gross unbilled amount expected to be collected from customers for contract work performed to date. It is measured at cost plus profit recognized to date less progress billings and recognized losses, if any.

Unbilled revenue is presented in the statement of financial position for all contracts in which costs incurred plus recognized profits exceed progress billings. If progress billings exceed costs incurred plus recognized profits, then the excess is presented as deferred revenue in the statement of financial position.

 

20

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

(h) Other non-current liabilities

Other non-current liabilities consists principally of certain acquired contract liabilities, deferred revenue, provisions and contingent consideration recognized in connection with business acquisitions to be settled in cash, which are discounted for measurement purposes.

(i) Impairment

(i) Financial assets (including receivables)

A financial asset not carried at fair value through profit or loss is assessed at each reporting date to determine whether there is objective evidence that it is impaired. A financial asset is impaired if objective evidence indicates that a loss event has occurred after the initial recognition of the asset, and that the loss event had a negative effect on the estimated future cash flows of that asset that can be estimated reliably.

Objective evidence that financial assets are impaired can include default or delinquency by a debtor, restructuring of an amount due to the Company on terms that the Company would not consider otherwise, or indications that a debtor or issuer will enter bankruptcy.

The Company considers evidence of impairment for receivables at both a specific and collective level. All individually significant receivables are assessed for specific impairment. All individually significant receivables found not to be specifically impaired, together with receivables that are not individually significant are collectively assessed for impairment by grouping together receivables with similar risk characteristics.

An impairment loss in respect of a financial asset measured at amortized cost is calculated as the difference between its carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the asset’s original effective interest rate. Losses are recognized in profit or loss and reflected in an allowance account against receivables. When a subsequent event causes the amount of impairment loss to decrease, the decrease in impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss.

(ii) Non-financial assets

The carrying amounts of the Company’s non-financial assets, other than inventories (which is addressed in note 3(f)) and deferred tax assets (which is addressed in note 3(m)), are reviewed at each reporting date (or more frequently if required) to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, then the asset’s recoverable amount is estimated. For goodwill, the recoverable amount is estimated annually on December 31 of each fiscal year or whenever required.

The recoverable amount of an asset or CGU is the greater of its value in use and its fair value less costs to sell. In assessing the value in use, the Company uses discounted cash flows which are determined using a pre-tax discount rate specific to the asset or CGU. The discount rate used reflects current market conditions including risks specific to the assets. Estimates within the cash flows include recurring revenue growth rates and operating expenses. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets that cannot be tested individually are grouped together into the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets, which for the Company’s purposes is typically representative of the business unit level within the corporate and management structure. For the purposes of goodwill impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to the CGU, or the group of CGUs, that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination.

 

21

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or its CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss. Impairment losses recognized in respect of CGUs are allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU, and then to reduce the carrying amounts of the other assets (such as intangible assets and property and equipment) in the CGU (group of units) on a pro rata basis.

Goodwill that forms part of the carrying amount of an investment in an associate is not recognized separately and, therefore, is not tested for impairment separately. Instead, the entire amount of the investment in an associate is tested for impairment as a single asset when there is objective evidence that the investment in an associate may be impaired.

An impairment loss in respect of goodwill is not reversed. In respect of other non-financial assets, impairment losses recognized in prior periods are assessed at each reporting date for any indications that the loss has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been previously recognized.

(j) Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are measured at the estimated future cash flows required to settle the present obligation, based on the most reliable evidence available at the reporting date. The estimated cash flows are discounted at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The amortization of the discount is recognized as part of finance costs.

(k) Revenue recognition

Revenue represents the amount the Company expects to receive for products and services in its contracts with customers, net of discounts and sales taxes. The Company reports revenue under four revenue categories being, License, Hardware and other, Professional services, and Maintenance and other recurring revenue. Software license revenue is comprised of non-recurring license fees charged for the use of software products licensed under multiple-year or perpetual arrangements. Professional service revenue consists of fees charged for implementation services, custom programming, product training, certain managed services, and consulting. Hardware and other revenue includes the resale of third party hardware as part of customized solutions, as well as sales of hardware assembled internally and the reimbursement of travel costs. Maintenance and other recurring revenue primarily consists of fees charged for customer support on software products post-delivery and also includes recurring fees derived from combined software/support contracts, transaction revenues, managed services associated with CSI software that has been sold to the customer, and hosted software-as-a-service products.

Contracts with multiple products or services

Typically, the Company enters into contracts that contain multiple products and services such as software licenses, hosted software-as-a-service, maintenance, professional services, and hardware. The Company evaluates these arrangements to determine the appropriate unit of accounting (performance obligation) for revenue recognition purposes based on whether the product or service is distinct from some or all of the other products or services in the arrangement. A product or service is distinct if the customer can benefit from it on its own or together with other readily available resources and Constellation’s promise to transfer the good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contractual arrangement with the customer. Non-distinct products and services are combined with other goods or services until they are distinct as a bundle and therefore form a single performance obligation.

 

22

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

Where a contract consists of more than one performance obligation, revenue is allocated to each based on their estimated standalone selling price.

Nature of products and services

The Company sells on-premise software licenses on both a perpetual and specified-term basis. Revenue from the license of distinct software is recognized at the time that both the right-to-use the software has commenced and the software has been made available to the customer. Certain of the Company’s contracts with customers contain provisions that require the customer to renew optional support and maintenance in order to maintain the active right to use a perpetual or term license. The renewal payments after the initial bundled support and maintenance term in these cases apply to both the continued right-to-use the license and the support and maintenance renewal. Where the fees payable for the initial term are incremental to the fees for the renewal terms, the excess is treated as a prepayment for expected renewals and allocated (amortized) evenly over the expected customer renewals, up to the estimated life of the software that is typically 4-6 years.

Revenue from the license of software that involves complex implementation or customization that is not distinct, and/or includes sales of hardware that is not distinct, is recognized as a combined performance obligation using the percentage-of-completion method based primarily on labour hours. The percentage-of-completion method based on labour hours requires the Company to make significant judgments to determine the estimated hours to completion which affects the timing of revenue recognized.

A portion of the Company’s sales, categorized as hardware and other revenue, are accounted for as product revenue. Product revenue is recognized when control of the product has transferred under the terms of an enforceable contract.

Revenue related to the customer reimbursement of travel related expenses incurred during a project implementation where the Company is the principal in the arrangement is included in the hardware and other revenue category. Revenue is recognized as costs are incurred which is consistent with the period in which the costs are invoiced. Reimbursable travel expenses incurred for which an invoice has not been issued, are recorded as part of unbilled revenue on the statement of financial position.

Maintenance and other recurring revenue primarily consists of fees charged for customer support on software products post-delivery and also includes, to a lesser extent, recurring fees derived from software licenses that are not distinct from maintenance, transaction revenues, managed services associated with CSI software, and hosted products.

Revenue from software-as-a-service (SaaS) arrangements, which allows customers to use hosted software over a term without taking possession of the software, are provided on a subscription basis. Revenue from the SaaS subscription, which includes the hosted software and maintenance is recognized rateably over the term of the subscription. Significant incremental payments for SaaS in an initial term are recognized rateably over the expected renewal periods, up to the estimated life of the software.

Professional services revenue including installation, implementation, training and customization of software is recognized by the stage of completion of the performance obligation determined using the percentage of completion method noted above or as such services are performed as appropriate in the circumstances. Professional services revenue also includes managed services not associated with CSI software. The revenue and profit of fixed price contracts is recognized on a percentage of completion basis when the outcome of a contract can be estimated reliably. When the outcome of the contract cannot be estimated reliably but the Company expects to recover its costs, the amount of expected costs is treated as variable consideration and the transaction price is updated as more information becomes known.

 

23

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

The timing of revenue recognition often differs from contract payment schedules, resulting in revenue that has been earned but not billed. These amounts are included in unbilled revenue. Amounts billed in accordance with customer contracts, but not yet earned, are recorded and presented as part of deferred revenue.

Costs to Obtain a Contract

The Company allocates incremental costs to obtain a contract (which principally consists of commissions) to the various performance obligations to which they relate using the expected-based allocation (relative expected margins) for bundled costs. For those performance obligations that are expected to be renewed at the end of the initial period without a further commission (such as post-contract customer support), the Company has considered expected renewals over the life of the intellectual property when determining the expected margins from the arrangement. For performance obligations not delivered upfront, the allocated commissions are deferred and amortized over the pattern of transfer of the related performance obligation. For commissions allocated to term-based license arrangements and post-contract customer support, the amortization period is expected to be approximately 4-6 years. Capitalized costs to obtain a contract are included in other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet.

(l) Finance income and finance costs

Finance income comprises interest income, gains on the disposal of available-for-sale financial assets, and changes in the fair value of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss. Interest income is recognized as it accrues through profit or loss, using the effective interest method.

Finance costs comprise interest expense on borrowings, interest expense associated with lease obligations, amortization of the discount on provisions, and impairment losses recognized on financial assets other than trade receivables. Transaction costs attributable to the Company’s bank indebtedness are recognized in finance costs using the effective interest method.

(m) Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income (loss).

Current tax is the expected taxes payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the period, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to taxes payable in respect of previous years.

Deferred tax is recognized in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognized for temporary differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill.

 

24

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

Deferred tax is measured at tax rates that are expected to be applied to temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset if there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different tax entities, but we intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or their tax assets and liabilities will be realized simultaneously.

A deferred tax asset is recognized for unused tax losses, tax credits, difference in tax bases in the purchaser’s tax jurisdiction and its cost as reported in the consolidated financial statements as a result of an intra-group transfer of assets and deductible temporary differences, to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

(n) Investment tax credits

The Company is entitled to both non-refundable and refundable investment tax credits for qualifying research and development activities. Investment tax credits are included within “Other, net” for items of a period expense nature or as a reduction of property and equipment for items of a capital nature when the amount is reliably estimable and the Company has reasonable assurance regarding compliance with the relevant objective conditions and that the credit will be realized.

(o) Segment reporting

An operating segment is a component of the Company that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, including revenues and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Company’s other components. The operating results of all operating segments are reviewed regularly by the Company’s President to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assessing their performance.

The Company consists of six operating segments being, Volaris, Harris, Topicus, Vela, Jonas and Perseus. Each of the Company’s operating segments operate essentially as mini Constellations, conglomerates of small vertical market software companies with similar economic characteristics. Each operating segment CEO is focused on investing capital that generates returns at or above the investment hurdle rates set by CSI’s head office (primarily the President) and the Board of Directors, irrespective of whether the acquired business operates primarily in the public or private sector. The Company aggregates the six operating segments into one reportable segment, consistent with the objective and basic principles of IFRS 8.

(p) Earnings per share

The Company presents basic and diluted earnings per share data for its ordinary shares, being common shares. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for treasury shares held. Diluted earnings per share is determined by dividing the profit or loss attributable to shareholders of ordinary shares by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.

 

25

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

(q) Short-term employee benefits

Short-term employee benefit obligations, including wages, benefits, incentive compensation, and compensated absences are measured on an undiscounted basis and are expensed as the related service is provided. A liability is recognized for the amount expected to be paid and settled under the Company’s employee incentive compensation plan if the Company has legal or constructive obligation to pay this amount at the time bonuses are paid as a result of past service provided by the employee, and the obligation can be estimated reliably.

(r) Leases

At inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease based on whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured based on the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, less any lease incentives received. The assets are depreciated to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the lease term using the straight-line method as this most closely reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits. The lease term includes periods covered by an option to extend if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise that option. In addition, the right-of-use asset can be periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate.

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, if there is a change in the Company’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or if the Company changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset, or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero. The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less and leases of low value assets. The lease payments associated with these leases is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 

4.	Business acquisitions

(a) On May 2, 2022, the Company completed an agreement with Allscripts Healthcare Solutions (“Allscripts) to acquire 100% of the net assets (including the shares of certain subsidiaries) of Allscripts’ Hospitals and Large Physician Practices business segment (“Altera”). The Company paid cash of $731 less a cash holdback receivable of $4 for aggregate consideration of $727. Contingent consideration of up to $30 could be payable based on performance of the business during the two years following transaction closing.

Altera is a software provider based in the United States and primarily operates in the healthcare market and is a software business similar to existing businesses operated by the Company. The acquisition has been accounted for using the acquisition method with the results of operations included in these consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition.

 

26

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

The goodwill recognized in connection with this acquisition is primarily attributable to the application of the Company’s best practices to improve the operations of Altera, synergies with existing businesses of the Company, and other intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition including assembled workforce. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The gross contractual amount of acquired receivables was $170; however, the Company has recorded an allowance of $65 as part of the acquisition accounting to reflect contractual cash flows that are not expected to be collected.

Due to the complexity of the acquisition, the Company is in the process of determining and finalizing the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired as part of the Altera acquisition. The amounts determined on a provisional basis generally relate to net asset assessments and measurement of the assumed liabilities. The provisional purchase price allocations may differ from the final purchase price allocations, and these differences may be material. Revisions to the allocations will occur as additional information about the fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available.

The impact of acquisition accounting applied on a provisional basis in connection with the acquisition of Altera is as follows:

 

Assets acquired:
Cash		$	61
Accounts receivable			105
Other current assets			103
Property and equipment			25
Right of use assets			27
Other non-current assets			30
Deferred income taxes			25
Technology assets			224
Customer assets			395
			994
Liabilities assumed:
Current liabilities			102
Deferred revenue			169
Deferred income taxes			12
Long-term lease obligations			26
Other non-current liabilities			47
			355
Goodwill			88
Total consideration		$	727

 

27

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

The acquisition of Altera contributed revenue of $556 for the year ended December 31, 2022 and net income of $0 for the year ended December 31, 2022. If this acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2022, the Company estimates that pro-forma consolidated revenue and pro-forma consolidated net income (loss) would have been $6,912 and $552 compared to the actual amounts reported in the consolidated statement of income (loss) for the actual period for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(b) During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company completed a number of additional acquisitions for aggregate cash consideration of $902 plus cash holdbacks of $194 and contingent consideration with an estimated acquisition date fair value of $53. The total consideration resulting from the additional acquisitions in the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1,148. The contingent consideration is payable on the achievement of certain financial targets in the post-acquisition periods. The obligation for contingent consideration for acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022 has been recorded at its estimated fair value at the various acquisition dates. The estimated fair value of the applicable contingent consideration is calculated using the estimated financial outcome and resulting expected contingent consideration to be paid and inclusion of a discount rate as appropriate. For these arrangements, which include both maximum, or capped, and unlimited contingent consideration amounts, the estimated increase to the initial consideration is not expected to exceed $156. As of December 31, 2022, aggregate contingent consideration of $157 (December 31, 2021 - $104) has been reported in the consolidated statement of financial position at its estimated fair value relating to applicable acquisitions completed in the current and prior periods. Changes made to the estimated fair value of contingent consideration are included in other, net in the consolidated statements of income (loss). An expense of $42 has been recorded for the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of such changes (expense of $14 for the year ended December 31, 2021).

Other than Altera, no other acquisitions were deemed to be individually significant. The majority of the businesses acquired during the period were acquisitions of shares and the remainder were asset acquisitions. The cash holdbacks are generally payable over a two-year period and are adjusted, as necessary, for such items as working capital or net tangible asset assessments, as defined in the agreements, and claims under the respective representations and warranties of the purchase and sale agreements.

On January 3, 2022, the Company acquired a controlling interest of 63.51% in Adapt IT Holdings Limited (“Adapt IT”), a Company based in South Africa. The remaining 36.49% represents non-controlling interest. The total current assets of Adapt IT on the acquisition date and recorded on the opening balance sheet were $30, the total long-lived assets were $114, the total current liabilities were $23 and the total long-term liabilities were $59. Total revenue recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $103 and net income for year ended December 31, 2022 was $3.

On May 16, 2022, Topicus acquired a controlling interest of 72.68% in Sygnity S.A. (“Sygnity”), a Company based in Poland. The remaining 27.32% represents non-controlling interest. The total current assets of Sygnity on the acquisition date and recorded on the opening balance sheet were $19, the total long-lived assets were $78, the total current liabilities were $18 and the total long-term liabilities were $18. The total revenue recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $32 and the net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.

The additional acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2022 include software companies catering to the following markets: accounting, automotive, communications, financial services, education, data management, fitness, fleet and facility management, healthcare, homebuilders, horticulture, legal, logistics, mining, oil and gas, moving and storage, notaries, pulp and paper manufacturers, real estate brokers and agents, retail management and distribution, speech recognition, third party logistics warehouse management systems, transit, agribusiness, airport, auctions, compliance, construction, data management, human capital, information services, public libraries, local government, manufacturing, not for profit organizations, public housing, public safety, publishing, software development, property management, hospitality, document management, performance management, trucking, schools, small and medium sized businesses, engineering, travel, automated explosive tracking, risk management, textiles and apparel, asset management, public safety, project management, arts and culture, club, convenience store distribution, ESG, public sector, security, veterinary, and utilities all of which are software businesses similar to existing businesses operated by the Company. The acquisitions have been accounted for using the acquisition method with the results of operations included in these consolidated financial statements from the date of each acquisition.

 

28

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

The goodwill recognized in connection with these additional acquisitions is primarily attributable to the application of Constellation’s best practices to improve the operations of the companies acquired, synergies with existing businesses of Constellation, and other intangible assets that do not qualify for separate recognition including assembled workforce. Goodwill in the amount of $22 is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.

The gross contractual amounts of acquired receivables from the additional acquisitions was $134; however, the Company has recorded an allowance of $10 as part of the acquisition accounting to reflect contractual cash flows that are not expected to be collected.

Due to the complexity and timing of certain acquisitions made, the Company is in the process of determining and finalizing the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired as part of the acquisitions closed during 2022. The amounts determined on a provisional basis generally relate to net asset assessments and measurement of the assumed liabilities, including acquired contract liabilities. The provisional purchase price allocations may differ from the final purchase price allocations, and these differences may be material. Revisions to the allocations will occur as additional information about the fair value of assets and liabilities becomes available. The cash consideration associated with these provisional estimates totals $902.

The aggregate impact of acquisition accounting applied in connection with the aggregate of business acquisitions that are not individually significant in the year ended December 31, 2022 is as follows:

 

29

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

Assets acquired:
Cash		$	155
Accounts receivable			124
Other current assets			77
Property and equipment			26
Right of use assets			62
Other non-current assets			7
Deferred income taxes			30
Trademarks			0
Technology assets			599
Customer assets			625
			1,705
Liabilities assumed:
Current liabilities			176
Deferred revenue			155
Deferred income taxes			221
Long-term debt			23
Long-term lease obligations			47
Other non-current liabilities			26
			647
Non-controlling interest			41
Goodwill			147
Bargain purchase gain			(16	)
Total consideration		$	1,148

The 2022 additional business acquisitions did not have a material impact to either the consolidated revenue or the consolidated net income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022. The materiality threshold is reviewed on a regular basis taking into account the quantitative (contribution to revenue and net income (loss)) and qualitative (size and comparability with other Constellation businesses) factors of current period acquisitions on both an individual and aggregate basis.

 

30

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

5.	Inventories

 

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Raw materials		$	13			$	14
Work in progress			5				2
Finished goods			30				19
Total		$	48			$	35

No inventories were carried at fair value less cost to sell, and the carrying amount of inventories subject to retention of title clauses was $nil as at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Raw materials (which consists primarily of hardware components) and changes in finished goods and work in progress recognized as hardware expenses in the consolidated statements of income (loss) amounted to $122 (2021: $90). The write-downs of inventories to net realizable value amounted to $5 (2021: $2). The reversals of write-downs amounted to $2 (2021: $3). Write-downs and reversals of write-downs are based on the Company’s projected sales. The write-downs and reversals are included in hardware expenses.

 

6.	Other assets and liabilities

(a) Other assets

 

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		$	222			$	155
Investment tax credits recoverable			39				27
Sales tax receivable			26				25
Equity securities held for trading			115				39
Other receivables			93				50
Total other current assets			496			$	296
Investment tax credits recoverable		$	18			$	11
Costs to obtain a contract			55				46
Non-current trade and other receivables and other assets			96				39
Equity accounted investees			3				2
Total other non-current assets		$	172			$	99

(b) Other liabilities

 

		December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Contingent consideration		$	109			$	72
Deferred revenue			100				52
Other non-current liabilities			53				51
Total other non-current liabilities		$	262			$	175

 

31

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

7.	Property and equipment

 

						Computer				Furniture and				Leasehold				Building and
		Computer hardware				software				equipment				improvements				land				Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2021		$	96			$	36			$	46			$	43			$	8			$	229
Additions			20				3				4				2				0				29
Acquisitions through business combinations			11				2				7				5				3				27
Disposals / retirements			(5	)			(1	)			(3	)			(5	)			(3	)			(18	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(3	)			1				(4	)			2				(0	)			(4	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		$	119			$	40			$	49			$	47			$	7			$	263
Balance at January 1, 2022		$	119			$	40			$	49			$	47			$	7			$	263
Additions			28				3				6				4				0				41
Acquisitions through business combinations			29				5				8				9				—				51
Disposals / retirements			(9	)			(2	)			(5	)			(1	)			(0	)			(17	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(6	)			(1	)			(2	)			(3	)			(0	)			(14	)
Balance at December 31, 2022		$	162			$	45			$	55			$	56			$	7			$	325
Depreciation and impairment losses
Balance at January 1, 2021		$	63			$	33			$	27			$	20			$	1			$	143
Depreciation charge for the year			21				3				7				7				0				38
Disposals / retirements			(4	)			(1	)			(2	)			(2	)			(1	)			(11	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(2	)			1				(0	)			(1	)			1				(0	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		$	77			$	36			$	31			$	24			$	1			$	170
Balance at January 1, 2022		$	77			$	36			$	31			$	24			$	1			$	170
Depreciation charge for the year			27				6				8				8				1				50
Disposals / retirements			(8	)			(2	)			(4	)			(1	)			(1	)			(16	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(4	)			(1	)			(1	)			(2	)			0				(8	)
Balance at December 31, 2022		$	93			$	38			$	34			$	29			$	2			$	197
Carrying amounts:
At January 1, 2021		$	33			$	4			$	19			$	23			$	7			$	86
At December 31, 2021		$	42			$	4			$	18			$	23			$	6			$	93
At January 1, 2022		$	42			$	4			$	18			$	23			$	6			$	93
At December 31, 2022		$	69			$	6			$	21			$	27			$	5			$	128

 

32

CONSTELLATION SOFTWARE INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(In millions of U.S. dollars or specified currency, except per share amounts and as otherwise indicated.)

(Due to rounding, numbers presented may not foot.)

Years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

 

8.	Right of use assets

The following table presents the right-of-use assets for the Company:

 

		Computer								Furniture and
		hardware				Vehicles				equipment				Building				Other				Total
Cost
Balance at January 1, 2021		$	19			$	27			$	4			$	315			$	4			$	369
Additions			9				8				1				34				0				52
Acquisitions through business combinations			1				3				0				49				1				54
Disposals / retirements			(3	)			(5	)			(1	)			(31	)			(0	)			(40	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(1	)			(2	)			(0	)			(12	)			(0	)			(16	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		$	25			$	31			$	5			$	355			$	4			$	419
Balance at January 1, 2022		$	25			$	31			$	5			$	355			$	4			$	419
Additions			6				6				0				56				0				69
Acquisitions through business combinations			0				2				0				86				1				90
Disposals / retirements			(5	)			(5	)			(0	)			(32	)			(1	)			(44	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(1	)			(2	)			(0	)			(19	)			(0	)			(22	)
Balance at December 31, 2022		$	26			$	33			$	5			$	445			$	4			$	512
Depreciation and impairment losses
Balance at January 1, 2021		$	9			$	11			$	2			$	94			$	1			$	117
Depreciation charge for the year			6				9				1				66				1				83
Disposals / retirements			(3	)			(3	)			(0	)			(14	)			(0	)			(20	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(0	)			(1	)			(0	)			(4	)			(0	)			(6	)
Balance at December 31, 2021			12				15				2				143				2				174
Balance at January 1, 2022			12				15				2				143				2				174
Depreciation charge for the year			5				8				1				78				1				93
Disposals / retirements			(4	)			(4	)			(0	)			(20	)			(1	)			(29	)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange and other			(0	)			(1	)			(0	)			(7	)			(0	)			(8	)
Balance at December 31, 2022			13				18				3				193				2				229
Carrying amounts:
At January 1, 2021		$	10			$	16			$	3			$	221			$	2			$	251
At December 31, 2021		$	13			$	16			$	2			$	212			$	2			$	245
At January 1, 2022		$	13			$	16			$	2			$	212			$	2			$	245
At December 31, 2022		$	13			$	15			$	2			$	252			$	2			$	283

 

33