LINDE PLC Form 10-K Annual Report Filed 2023-02-28

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

___________________________________

FORM 10-K

_______________________________________________


☑			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-38730

LINDE PLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Ireland						98-1448883
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

10 Riverview Drive,						Forge
Danbury, Connecticut						43 Church Street West
United States 06810						Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT
						United Kingdom

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(203) 837 - 2000						+ 44 14 83 242200
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class:	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered:
Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)	LIN	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

___________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," " smaller reporting company, " and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non- accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2022, was approximately $143 billion (based on the closing sale price of the stock on that date as reported on the New York Stock Exchange).

At January 31, 2023, 492,160,806 ordinary shares of €0.001 nominal value per share of the Registrant were outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference:

Portions of the Proxy Statement of Linde plc for its 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated in Part III of this report.

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LINDE PLC

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

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		Page

Part I

Item 1:	Business	4
Item 1A:	Risk Factors	9
Item 1B:	Unresolved Staff Comments	15
Item 2:	Properties	15
Item 3:	Legal Proceedings	15
Item 4:	Mine Safety Disclosures	15

Part II

Item 5:	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	16
Item 6:	Reserved	17
Item 7:	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 7A:	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	45
Item 8:	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	46
Item 9:	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	99
Item 9A:	Controls and Procedures	99
Item 9B:	Other Information	99

Item 9C:	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	99

Part III

Item 10:	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	100
Item 11:	Executive Compensation	100
Item 12:	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	101
Item 13:	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	101
Item 14:	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	101

Part IV

Item 15:	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	102
Item 16:	Form 10-K Summary	108

Signatures		109

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This document contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are identified by terms and phrases such as: anticipate, believe, intend, estimate, expect, continue, should, could, may, plan, project, predict, will, potential, forecast, and similar expressions. They are based on management’s reasonable expectations and assumptions as of the date the statements are made but involve risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation: the performance of stock markets generally; developments in worldwide and national economies and other international events and circumstances, including trade conflicts and tariffs; changes in foreign currencies and in interest rates; the cost and availability of electric power, natural gas and other raw materials; the ability to achieve price increases to offset cost increases; catastrophic events including natural disasters, epidemics, pandemics such as COVID-19, and acts of war and terrorism; the ability to attract, hire, and retain qualified personnel; the impact of changes in financial accounting standards; the impact of changes in pension plan liabilities; the impact of tax, environmental, healthcare and other legislation and government regulation in jurisdictions in which the company operates; the cost and outcomes of investigations, litigation and regulatory proceedings; the impact of potential unusual or non-recurring items; continued timely development and market acceptance of new products and applications; the impact of competitive products and pricing; future financial and operating performance of major customers and industries served; the impact of information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches in data security; and the effectiveness and speed of integrating new acquisitions into the business. These risks and uncertainties may cause actual future results or circumstances to differ materially from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, International Financial Reporting Standards or adjusted projections, estimates or other forward-looking statements.

Linde plc assumes no obligation to update or provide revisions to any forward-looking statement in response to changing circumstances. The above listed risks and uncertainties are further described in Item 1A (Risk Factors) in this report, which should be reviewed carefully. Please consider Linde plc’s forward-looking statements in light of those risks.

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Linde plc and Subsidiaries

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

Linde plc is a public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland with its principal offices in the United Kingdom and United States. Linde is the largest industrial gas company worldwide and is a major technological innovator in the industrial gases industry. Its primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, and acetylene etc). The company also designs and builds equipment that produces industrial gases and offers customers a wide range of gas production and processing services such as olefin plants, natural gas plants, air separation plants, hydrogen and synthesis gas plants and other types of plants.

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Linde’s sales were $33,364 million, $30,793 million, and $27,243 million for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Refer to Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis, for a discussion of consolidated sales and Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to Linde’s reportable segments.

Industrial Gases Products and Manufacturing Processes

Atmospheric gases are the highest volume products produced by Linde. Using air as its raw material, Linde produces oxygen, nitrogen and argon through several air separation processes of which cryogenic air separation is the most prevalent. Rare gases, such as krypton, neon and xenon, are also produced through cryogenic air separation. As a pioneer in the industrial gases industry, Linde is a leader in developing a wide range of proprietary and patented applications and supply systems technology. Linde also led the development and commercialization of non-cryogenic air separation technologies for the production of industrial gases. These technologies open important new markets and optimize production capacity for the company by lowering the cost of supplying industrial gases. These technologies include proprietary vacuum pressure swing adsorption (“VPSA”) and membrane separation to produce gaseous oxygen and nitrogen, respectively.

Process gases, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium, specialty gases and acetylene are produced by methods other than air separation.

Hydrogen is produced from a range of feedstocks using an array of different technologies. Despite hydrogen being an invisible molecule, colors are often used to designate and differentiate between the production processes used to produce the molecule. The majority of hydrogen currently produced by Linde is what is termed gray hydrogen and is derived from natural gas or methane, using steam methane reformation technology. Linde has multiple technologies to produce blue and green hydrogen, which are both considered types of clean energy. Blue hydrogen is produced by capturing the carbon emissions from the hydrogen plant and either utilizing them in a way that stops them from being emitted or sequestering them in the subsurface for the long term. Green hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using renewable energy or from the steam methane reforming of biomethane. Low carbon intensity, high-purity hydrogen is also produced by purifying and recovering by-product hydrogen sources from the chemical and petrochemical industries.

Helium is sourced from certain helium-rich natural gas streams in the United States, with additional supplies being acquired from outside the United States. Carbon monoxide can be produced by either steam methane reforming or auto-thermal reforming of natural gas or other feed streams such as naphtha. Acetylene is primarily sourced as a chemical by-product, but may also be produced from calcium carbide and water. Most carbon dioxide is purchased from by-product sources, including chemical plants, refineries and industrial processes or is recovered from carbon dioxide wells. Carbon dioxide is processed in Linde’s plants to produce commercial and food-grade carbon dioxide.

Industrial Gases Distribution

There are three basic distribution methods for industrial gases: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. These distribution methods are often integrated, with products from all three supply modes coming from the same plant. The method of supply is generally determined by the lowest cost means of meeting the customer’s needs, depending upon factors such as volume requirements, purity, pattern of usage, and the form in which the product is used (as a gas or as a cryogenic liquid).

On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product (typically oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen) and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or

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adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and containing minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Advanced air separation processes allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.

Merchant. The merchant business is generally associated with distributable liquid oxygen, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and helium. The deliveries generally are made from Linde’s plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site which are usually owned and maintained by Linde and leased to the customer. Due to distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three to seven-year requirement contracts.

Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in metal containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Packaged gases include atmospheric gases, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, helium, acetylene and related products. Linde also produces and distributes in cylinders a wide range of specialty gases and mixtures. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and through purchase orders.

Engineering

Linde’s Engineering business has a global presence, with its focus on market segments such as air separation, hydrogen, synthesis, olefin and natural gas plants. The company utilizes its extensive process engineering know-how in the planning, design and construction of highly efficient turnkey plants for the production and processing of gases. With its state-of-the-art sustainable technologies Engineering also helps customers avoid, capture and utilize CO2 emissions. Its technology portfolio covers the entire value chain for production, liquefaction, storage, distribution and application of hydrogen which supports the transition to clean energy. Its digital services and solutions increase plant efficiency and performance.

Linde's plants are used in a wide variety of fields: in the petrochemical and chemical industries, in refineries and fertilizer plants, to recover air gases, to produce synthesis gases, to treat natural gas and to produce noble gases. The Engineering business either supplies plant components directly to the customer or to the industrial gas business of Linde which operates the plants under a long-term gases supply contract.

Inventories – Linde carries inventories of merchant and cylinder gases and hardgoods to supply products to its customers on a reasonable delivery schedule. On-site plants and pipeline complexes have limited inventory. Inventory obsolescence is not material to Linde’s business.

Customers – Linde is not dependent upon a single customer or a few customers.

International – Linde is a global enterprise with approximately 68% of its 2022 sales outside of the United States. The company also has majority or wholly owned subsidiaries that operate in approximately 45 European, Middle Eastern and African countries (including Germany, the United Kingdom (U.K.), France, Sweden, and the Republic of South Africa); approximately 20 Asian and South Pacific countries (including China, Australia, India, South Korea and Thailand); and approximately 20 countries in North and South America (including Canada, Mexico and Brazil).

The company also has equity method investments operating in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North America.

Linde’s non-U.S. business is subject to risks customarily encountered in non-U.S. operations, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, import and export controls, and other economic, political and regulatory policies of local governments. Also, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Seasonality – Linde’s business is generally not subject to seasonal fluctuations to any significant extent.

Research and Development – Linde’s research and development is directed toward development of gas processing, separation and liquefaction technologies, and clean energy technologies; improving distribution of industrial gases and the development of new markets and applications for these gases. This results in the development of new advanced air separation, hydrogen, synthesis gas, natural gas, adsorption and chemical process technologies; novel clean energy and carbon management solutions; as well as the frequent introduction of new industrial gas applications. Research and development is primarily conducted at Munich, Germany, Tonawanda, New York, Burr Ridge, Illinois and Shanghai, China.

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Patents and Trademarks – Linde owns or licenses a large number of patents that relate to a wide variety of products and processes. Linde’s patents expire at various times over the next 20 years. While these patents and licenses are considered important to its individual businesses, Linde does not consider its business as a whole to be materially dependent upon any one particular patent, or patent license, or family of patents. Linde also owns a large number of trademarks, of which the "Linde" trademark is the most significant.

Raw Materials and Energy Costs – Energy is the single largest cost item in the production and distribution of industrial gases. Most of Linde’s energy requirements are in the form of electricity, natural gas and diesel fuel for distribution. The company mitigates electricity, natural gas, and hydrocarbon price fluctuations contractually through pricing formulas, surcharges, and cost pass–through and tolling arrangements.

The supply of energy has not been a significant issue in the geographic areas where the company conducts business. However, energy availability and price is unpredictable and may pose unforeseen future risks.

For carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, hydrogen and specialty gases, raw materials are largely purchased from outside sources. Linde has contracts or commitments for, or readily available sources of, most of these raw materials; however, their long-term availability and prices are subject to market conditions.

Competition – Linde participates in highly competitive markets in industrial gases and engineering, which are characterized by a mixture of local, regional and global players, all of which exert competitive pressure on the parties. In locations where Linde has pipeline networks, which enable the company to provide reliable and economic supply of products to larger customers, Linde derives a competitive advantage.

Competitors in the industrial gases industry include global and regional companies such as L’Air Liquide S.A., Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Messer Group GmbH, Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation (through Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation) as well as an extensive number of small to medium size independent industrial gas companies which compete locally as producers or distributors. In addition, a significant portion of the international gases market relates to customer-owned plants.

Employees – The company sources talent from an ever-changing and competitive environment. The ability to source and retain qualified and committed employees is a prerequisite for the company’s success, and represents a general risk for Linde.

The Board of Directors ("Board") has established a strategic business objective to maintain world-class standards in talent management. Executive variable compensation is assessed annually based on performance in financial measures as well as in several strategic non-financial areas, including talent management. The Human Capital Committee assists the Board in its oversight of Linde’s compensation policies and programs, particularly in regard to reviewing executive compensation for Linde’s executive officers. The Human Capital Committee also periodically reviews the company’s management development and succession programs, diversity policies and objectives, and the associated programs to achieve those objectives. The global head of Human Resources reports to the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). A global leader of Diversity and Inclusion reports to the head of Human Resources.

Linde has aligned diversity and inclusion with its business strategies and implemented diversity action planning into business process and performance management. Diversity and inclusion are line management responsibilities and Linde seeks competitive advantage through proactive management of its talent pipeline and recruiting processes. Linde provides equal employment opportunity, and recruits, hires, promotes and compensates people based solely on their performance and ability.

Employees receive a competitive salary and variable compensation components based on performance and job level. Linde has collective bargaining agreements with unions at numerous locations throughout the world. Additional benefits are offered such as occupational pensions and contributions towards health insurance or medical screening, reflecting regional conditions and local competition. Senior managers participate directly in the company’s growth in value through the Long Term Incentive Plan of Linde plc. From time to time, Linde may introduce special compensation schemes to recognize or reward specific individuals such as the one implemented in 2020 for global front-line employees. Linde also invests in professional development of its employees through formal and on-the-job training.

As of December 31, 2022, Linde had 65,010 employees worldwide comprised of approximately 28 percent women and 72 percent men.

Environment – Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Management’s Discussion and Analysis – Environmental Matters” in Item 7 of this 10-K.

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Available Information – The company makes its periodic and current reports available, free of charge, on or through its website, www.linde.com, as soon as practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Investors may also access from the company website other investor information such as press releases and presentations. Information on the company’s website is not incorporated by reference herein. In addition, the public may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC free of charge at the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically.

Executive Officers – The following Executive Officers have been elected by the Board of Directors and serve at the pleasure of the Board. It is expected that the Board will elect officers annually following each annual meeting of shareholders.

Sanjiv Lamba, 58, was appointed Chief Executive Officer of Linde effective March 1, 2022. Prior to being appointed CEO, he was Chief Operating Officer starting in January 2021 and after serving as Executive Vice President, APAC, beginning in October 2018. Previously, Mr. Lamba was appointed a Member of the Executive Board of Linde AG in 2011, responsible for the Asia, Pacific segment of the Gases Division, for Global Gases Businesses Helium & Rare Gases, Electronics as well as Asia Joint Venture Management. Mr. Lamba started his career 1989 with BOC India in Finance where he progressed to become Director of Finance before being appointed as Managing Director for BOC’s India’s business in 2001. Throughout his years with BOC/Linde, he worked in various roles across a number of different geographies including Germany, the U.K., Singapore and India.

Guillermo Bichara, 48, is Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer. He previously served as Praxair’s Vice President and General Counsel. Mr. Bichara joined the company in 2006, first as Director of Legal Affairs at Praxair Mexico before being promoted to Vice President and General Counsel of Praxair Asia. He subsequently had responsibility for Europe, Mexico and corporate transactions before being promoted to Associate General Counsel and Assistant Secretary. Mr. Bichara previously held roles at Cemex and various global law firms.

Sean Durbin, 52, became Executive Vice President, EMEA in April 2021. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Global Functions beginning in July 2020. Durbin joined Praxair, Inc. in 1993 and served in various roles across operations, engineering, project management, business development and sales. In recent years, he has held leadership positions including Business President, Region Europe South from 2019 to 2020, and President, Praxair Canada Inc. from 2013 to 2019.

Kelcey E. Hoyt, 53, became the Chief Accounting Officer of Linde in October 2018. Prior to this, she served as Vice President and Controller of Praxair, Inc. beginning in August 2016. Prior to becoming Controller, she served as Praxair’s Director of Investor Relations since 2010. She joined Praxair in 2002 and served as Director of Corporate Accounting and SEC Reporting through 2008, and later served as Controller for various divisions within Praxair’s North American Industrial Gas business. Previously, she was in audit at KPMG, LLP.

Juergen Nowicki, 59, was appointed Executive Vice President and CEO, Linde Engineering in April 2020. Prior to this, he was Senior Vice President, Commercial, Linde Engineering. Mr. Nowicki joined Linde in 1991 as an Internal Auditor and held various positions in Finance and Controlling. In 2002, he was appointed CFO Linde Gas North America, USA, and was named Head of Finance and Control for The Linde Group in 2006. Nowicki assumed the role of Managing Director, Linde Engineering in 2011.

John Panikar, 55, was appointed Executive Vice President, APAC of Linde effective in January 2021. Previously, he served as President UK & Africa of Linde since October 2018. From 2014 to 2018, Mr. Panikar was President of Praxair Asia. He began his career with Praxair in 1991 as an Applications Engineer. Over the years, Mr. Panikar held increasingly responsible positions including Manager of Site Services and Equipment, Business Development Director for Praxair Asia, Managing Director of Praxair India, VP, South Region, North American Industrial Gases and President, Praxair Distribution, Inc.

David P. Strauss, 64, is Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer. He previously served as Praxair’s Chief Human Resources Officer. Mr. Strauss joined Linde in 1990 as an Applications Engineer before being promoted to lead the electronics materials business. He subsequently served as Vice President of Safety, Health and Environment.

Matthew J. White, 50, became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Linde in October 2018. He previously served as the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Praxair, Inc. since January 1, 2014. Prior to

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this, Mr. White was President of Praxair Canada from 2011 to 2014. He joined Praxair in 2004 as finance director for the company’s largest business unit, North American Industrial Gases. In 2008, he became Vice President and Controller of Praxair, Inc., then was named Vice President and Treasurer in 2010. Before joining Praxair, White was vice president, finance, at Fisher Scientific and before that he held various financial positions, including group controller, at GenTek, a manufacturing and performance chemicals company.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Due to the size and geographic reach of the company’s operations, a wide range of factors, many of which are outside of the company’s control, could materially affect the company’s future operations and financial performance. Management believes the following risks may significantly impact the company:

Weakening economic conditions in markets in which Linde does business may adversely impact its financial results and/or cash flows.

Linde serves a diverse group of industries across more than 80 countries, which generally leads to financial stability through various business cycles. However, a broad decline in general economic or business conditions in the industries served by its customers could adversely affect the demand for Linde’s products and impair the ability of its customers to satisfy their obligations to Linde, resulting in uncollected receivables and/or unanticipated contract terminations or project delays. For example, global political and economic uncertainty could reduce investment activities of Linde’s customers, which could adversely affect Linde’s business.

In addition, many of Linde’s customers are in businesses that are cyclical in nature, such as the chemicals, metals and energy industries. Downturns in these industries may adversely impact Linde during these cycles. Additionally, such conditions could impact the utilization of Linde’s manufacturing capacity which may require it to recognize impairment losses on tangible assets such as property, plant and equipment, as well as intangible assets such as goodwill, customer relationships or intellectual property.

Increases in the cost of energy and raw materials and/or disruption in the supply of these materials could result in lost sales or reduced profitability.

Energy is the single largest cost item in the production and distribution of industrial gases. Most of Linde’s energy requirements are in the form of electricity, natural gas and diesel fuel for distribution. Linde attempts to minimize the financial impact of variability in these costs through the management of customer contracts and reducing demand through operational productivity and energy efficiency. Large customer contracts typically have escalation and pass-through clauses to recover energy and feedstock costs. Such attempts may not successfully mitigate cost variability, which could negatively impact Linde’s financial condition or results of operations. The supply of energy has not been a significant issue in the geographic areas where Linde conducts business. However, regional energy conditions are unpredictable and may pose future risk.

For carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, hydrogen and specialty gases, raw materials are largely purchased from outside sources. Where feasible, Linde sources several of these raw materials, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen and calcium carbide, as chemical or industrial byproducts. In addition, Linde has contracts or commitments for, or readily available sources of, most of these raw materials; however, their long-term availability and prices are subject to market conditions. A disruption in supply of such raw materials could impact Linde’s ability to meet contractual supply commitments.

Linde’s international operations are subject to the risks of doing business abroad and international events and circumstances may adversely impact its business, financial condition or results of operations.

Linde has substantial international operations which are subject to risks including devaluations in currency exchange rates, transportation delays and interruptions, political and economic instability and disruptions, restrictions on the transfer of funds, trade conflicts and the imposition of duties and tariffs, import and export controls, changes in governmental policies, labor unrest, possible nationalization and/or expropriation of assets, changes in U.S. and non-U.S. tax policies and compliance with governmental regulations. These events could have an adverse effect on the international operations of Linde in the future by reducing the demand for its products, decreasing the prices at which it can sell its products, reducing the revenue from international operations or otherwise having an adverse effect on its business.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations and other related risks may adversely affect Linde's results.

Because a significant portion of Linde's revenue is denominated in currencies other than its reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, changes in exchange rates will produce fluctuations in revenue, costs and earnings and may also affect the book

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value of assets and liabilities and related equity. Although the company from time to time utilizes foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge these exposures, its efforts to minimize currency exposure through such hedging transactions may not be successful depending on market and business conditions. As a result, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could adversely affect Linde’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Macroeconomic factors may impact Linde’s ability to obtain financing or increase the cost of obtaining financing which may adversely impact Linde’s financial results and/or cash flows.

Volatility and disruption in the U.S., European and global credit and equity markets, from time to time, could make it more difficult for Linde to obtain financing for its operations and/or could increase the cost of obtaining financing. In addition, Linde’s borrowing costs can be affected by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies which are based, in significant part, on its performance as measured by certain criteria such as interest coverage and leverage ratios. A decrease in these debt ratings could increase the cost of borrowing or make it more difficult to obtain financing.

An impairment of goodwill or intangible assets could negatively impact the company's financial results.

As of December 31, 2022, the net carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets was $26 billion and $2 billion, respectively, primarily as a result of the business combination and the related acquisition method of accounting applied to Linde AG. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, the company periodically assesses these assets to determine if they are impaired. Significant negative industry or economic trends, disruptions to business, unexpected significant changes or planned changes in use of the assets, divestitures and sustained market capitalization declines may result in recognition of impairments to goodwill or other indefinite-lived assets. Any charges relating to such impairments could have a material adverse impact on Linde's results of operations in the periods recognized.

Catastrophic events could disrupt the operations of Linde and/or its customers and suppliers and may have a significant adverse impact on the results of operations.

The occurrence of catastrophic events or natural disasters such as extreme weather, including hurricanes and floods; health epidemics; pandemics, such as COVID-19; and acts of war or terrorism, could disrupt or delay Linde’s ability to produce and distribute its products to customers and could potentially expose Linde to third-party liability claims. In addition, such events could impact Linde’s customers and suppliers resulting in temporary or long-term outages and/or the limitation of supply of energy and other raw materials used in normal business operations. Linde evaluates the direct and indirect business risks, consults with vendors, insurance providers and industry experts, makes investments in suitably resilient design and technology, and conducts regular reviews of the business risks with management. Despite these steps, however, these situations are outside Linde’s control and may have a significant adverse impact on its financial results.

The inability to attract and retain qualified personnel may adversely impact Linde’s business.

If Linde fails to attract, hire and retain qualified personnel, it may not be able to develop, market or sell its products or successfully manage its business. Linde is dependent upon a highly skilled, experienced and efficient workforce to be successful. Much of Linde’s competitive advantage is based on the expertise and experience of key personnel regarding marketing, technology, manufacturing and distribution infrastructure, systems and products. The inability to attract and hire qualified individuals or the loss of key employees in very skilled areas could have a negative effect on Linde’s financial results.

If Linde fails to keep pace with technological advances in the industry or if new technology initiatives do not become commercially accepted, customers may not continue to buy Linde’s products and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Linde’s research and development is directed toward developing new and improved methods for the production and distribution of industrial gases, the design and construction of plants and toward developing new markets and applications for the use of industrial and process gases. This results in the introduction of new applications and the development of new advanced process technologies. As a result of these efforts, Linde develops new and proprietary technologies and employs necessary measures to protect such technologies within the global geographies in which Linde operates. These technologies help Linde to create a competitive advantage and to provide a platform to grow its business. If Linde’s research and

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development activities do not keep pace with competitors or if Linde does not create new technologies that benefit customers, future results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks related to pension benefit plans may adversely impact Linde’s results of operations and cash flows.

Pension benefits represent significant financial obligations that will be ultimately settled in the future with employees who meet eligibility requirements. Because of the uncertainties involved in estimating the timing and amount of future payments and asset returns, significant estimates are required to calculate pension expense and liabilities related to Linde’s plans. Linde utilizes the services of independent actuaries, whose models are used to facilitate these calculations. Several key assumptions are used in the actuarial models to calculate pension expense and liability amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements. In particular, significant changes in actual investment returns on pension assets, discount rates, or legislative or regulatory changes could impact future results of operations and required pension contributions.

Operational risks may adversely impact Linde’s business or results of operations.

Linde’s operating results are dependent on the continued operation of its production facilities and its ability to meet customer contract requirements and other needs. Insufficient or excess capacity threatens Linde’s ability to generate competitive profit margins and may expose Linde to liabilities related to contract commitments. Operating results are also dependent on Linde’s ability to complete new construction projects on time, on budget and in accordance with performance requirements. Failure to do so may expose Linde’s business to loss of revenue, potential litigation and loss of business reputation.

Also inherent in the management of Linde’s production facilities and delivery systems, including storage, vehicle transportation and pipelines, are operational risks that require continuous training, oversight and control. Material operating failures at production, storage facilities or pipelines, including fire, toxic release and explosions, or the occurrence of vehicle transportation accidents could result in loss of life, damage to the environment, loss of production and/or extensive property damage, all of which may negatively impact Linde’s financial results.

Linde may be subject to information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches in data security.

Linde relies on information technology systems and networks for business and operational activities, and also stores and processes sensitive business and proprietary information in these systems and networks. These systems are susceptible to outages due to fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failures, viruses, break-ins and similar events, or breaches of security.

Linde has taken steps to address these risks and concerns by implementing advanced security technologies, internal controls, network and data center resiliency and recovery process. Despite these steps, however, our information technology systems have in the past been and in the future will likely be subject to increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks. Operational failures and breaches of security from such attempts could lead to the loss or disclosure of confidential information or personal data belonging to Linde or our employees and customers or suppliers. These failures and breaches could result in business interruption or malfunction and lead to legal or regulatory actions that could result in a material adverse impact on Linde’s operations, reputation and financial results. To date, such attempts have not had any significant impact on Linde's operations or financial results.

The inability to effectively integrate acquisitions or collaborate with joint venture partners could adversely impact Linde’s financial position and results of operations.

Linde has evaluated and expects to continue to evaluate, a wide array of potential strategic acquisitions and joint ventures. Many of these transactions, if consummated, could be material to its financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the process of integrating an acquired company, business or group of assets may create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Although historically Linde has been successful with its acquisition strategy and execution, the areas where Linde may face risks include:

•the need to implement or remediate controls, procedures and policies appropriate for a larger public company at companies that prior to the acquisition lacked these controls, procedures and policies;

•diversion of management time and focus from operating existing business to acquisition integration challenges;

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•cultural challenges associated with integrating employees from the acquired company into the existing organization;

•the need to integrate each company’s accounting, management information, human resources and other administrative systems to permit effective management;

•difficulty with the assimilation of acquired operations and products;

•failure to achieve targeted synergies and cost reductions; and

•inability to retain key employees and business relationships of acquired companies.

Foreign acquisitions and joint ventures involve unique risks in addition to those mentioned herein, including those related to integration of operations across different cultures and languages, currency risks and the particular economic, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries.

Also, the anticipated benefit of potential future acquisitions may not materialize. Future acquisitions or dispositions could result in the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses, or impairments of goodwill, any of which could adversely impact Linde’s financial results.

Linde is subject to a variety of international laws and government regulations and changes in, or failure to comply with, these laws or regulations could have an adverse impact on the company’s business, financial position and results of operations.

Linde is subject to regulations in the following areas, among others:

•environmental protection, including climate change and energy efficiency laws and policies;

•U.S. and non-U.S. tax laws and currency controls;

•safety;

•securities laws applicable in the United States, the European Union, Germany, Ireland, and other jurisdictions;

•trade and import/export restrictions, as well as economic sanctions laws;

•antitrust matters;

•data protection;

•global anti-bribery laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; and

•healthcare regulations.

Changes in these or other regulatory areas may impact Linde’s profitability and may give rise to new or increased compliance risks: it may become more complex and costly to ensure compliance, and the level of sanctions in the event of non-compliance may rise. Noncompliance with such laws and regulations could result in penalties or sanctions, cancellation of marketing rights or restrictions on participation in, or even exclusion from, public tender proceedings, all of which could have a material adverse impact on Linde’s financial results and/or reputation.

Such changes may also restrict Linde’s ability to compete effectively in the marketplace. Changes to regulations in the areas of environmental protection and climate change, for example, may impact customer and competitor behavior driving structural changes in key end markets. While Linde will work to mitigate these risks through the pursuit of strategic alliances and investment in applications technologies to capture new growth areas, given the uncertainty about the type and scope of new regulations, it is difficult to predict how such changes and their impact on market behavior will ultimately impact Linde’s business. However, such changes could have a material adverse impact on Linde's results of operations.

Doing business globally requires Linde to comply with anti-corruption, trade, compliance and economic sanctions and similar laws, and to implement policies and procedures designed to ensure that its employees and other intermediaries comply with the applicable restrictions. These restrictions include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain products, services and any other economic resources to embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments, persons and entities. Compliance with these restrictions requires, among other things, screening of business partners. Despite its commitment to legal compliance and corporate ethics, the company cannot ensure that its policies and procedures will always protect it from intentional, reckless or negligent acts committed by employees or agents under the applicable laws. If Linde fails to comply with laws governing the conduct of international operations, Linde may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could materially adversely affect its reputation, business and results of operations.

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The outcome of litigation or governmental investigations may adversely impact the company’s business or results of operations.

Linde’s subsidiaries are party to various lawsuits and governmental investigations arising in the ordinary course of business. Adverse outcomes in some or all of the claims pending may result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief that could adversely affect Linde’s ability to conduct business. Linde and its subsidiaries may in the future become subject to further claims and litigation, which is impossible to predict. The litigation and other claims Linde faces are subject to inherent uncertainties. Legal or regulatory judgments or agreed settlements might give rise to expenses which are not covered, or are not fully covered, by insurance benefits and may also lead to negative publicity and reputational damage. An unfavorable outcome or determination could cause a material adverse impact on the company’s results of operations.

Potential product defects or inadequate customer care may adversely impact Linde’s business or results of operations.

Risks associated with products and services may result in potential liability claims, the loss of customers or damage to Linde’s reputation. Principal possible causes of risks associated with products and services are product defects or an inadequate level of customer care when Linde is providing services.

Linde is exposed to legal risks relating to product liability in the countries where it operates, including countries such as the United States, where legal risks (in particular through class actions) have historically been more significant than in other countries. The outcome of any pending or future products and services proceedings or investigations cannot be predicted and legal or regulatory judgments or agreed settlements may give rise to significant losses, costs and expenses.

The manufacturing and sale of products as well as the construction and sale of plants by Linde may give rise to risks associated with the production, filling, storage, handling and transport of raw materials, goods or waste. Industrial gases are potentially hazardous substances and medical gases and the related healthcare services must comply with the relevant specifications in order to not adversely affect the health of patients treated with them.

Linde’s products and services, if defective or not handled or performed appropriately, may lead to personal injuries, business interruptions, environmental damages or other significant damages, which may result, among other consequences, in liability, losses, monetary penalties or compensation payments, environmental clean-up costs or other costs and expenses, exclusion from certain market sectors deemed important for future development of the business and loss of reputation. All these consequences could have a material adverse effect on Linde’s business and results of operations.

U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against Linde.

Linde is organized under the laws of Ireland and substantial portions of its assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, certain directors and officers of Linde and its subsidiaries reside outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon Linde or such persons, or to enforce outside the United States judgments obtained against such persons in U.S. courts in any action, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, it may be difficult for investors to enforce, in original actions brought in courts in jurisdictions located outside the United States, rights predicated upon the U.S. federal securities laws.

A judgment for the payment of money rendered by a court in the United States based on civil liability would not be automatically enforceable in Ireland. There is no treaty between Ireland and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. The following requirements must be met before the foreign judgment will be deemed to be enforceable in Ireland (i) the judgment must be for a definite sum, (ii) the judgment must be final and conclusive; and (iii) the judgment must be provided by a court of competent jurisdiction.

An Irish court will also exercise its right to refuse judgment if the foreign judgment (i) was obtained by fraud; (ii) violated Irish public policy; (iii) is in breach of natural justice; or (iv) if the judgment is irreconcilable with an earlier foreign judgment.

In addition, there is doubt as to whether an Irish court would accept jurisdiction and impose civil liability on Linde or such persons in an original action predicated solely upon the U.S. federal securities laws brought in a court of competent jurisdiction in Ireland against Linde or such member, officer or expert, respectively.

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Changes in tax laws or policy could adversely impact the company’s financial position or results of operations.

Linde and its subsidiaries are subject to the tax rules and regulations in the U.S., Germany, Ireland, the U.K. and other countries in which they operate. Those tax rules and regulations are subject to change on a prospective or retroactive basis. Under current economic and political conditions tax rates and policies in any jurisdiction, including the U.S., the U.K. and the EU, are subject to significant changes which could result in a significant change to Linde's current and deferred income tax. In particular, since Linde is currently treated as U.K. tax resident, any potential changes in the tax rules applying to U.K. tax-resident companies would directly affect Linde.

A change in Linde’s tax residency could have a negative effect on the company’s future profitability and may trigger taxes on dividends or exit charges. If Linde ceases to be resident in the U.K. and becomes resident in another jurisdiction, it may be subject to U.K. exit charges, and/or could become liable for additional tax charges in the other jurisdiction. If Linde were to be treated as resident in more than one jurisdiction, it could be subject to duplicative taxation. Furthermore, although Linde is incorporated in Ireland and is not expected to be treated as a domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it is possible that the IRS could challenge this result or that changes in U.S. federal income tax law could alter this result. If the IRS successfully asserted such a position or the law were to change, significant adverse tax consequences may result for Linde, the company and Linde’s shareholders.

Changes in tax laws may result in higher tax expense and tax payments. In addition, changes in tax legislation and uncertainty about the tax environment in some regions may restrict Linde's opportunity to enforce its respective rights under the law. Linde also operates in countries with complex tax regulations which could be interpreted in different ways. Linde and its subsidiaries are subject to audits by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions or other review actions by the relevant financial or tax authorities. The ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in Linde’s or its subsidiaries’ financial statements and may materially affect their respective financial results for the period when such determination is made.

Following the Reorganization, New Linde will seek Irish High Court approval for the creation of distributable reserves. New Linde expects this will be forthcoming, but cannot guarantee this, and until distributable reserves of New Linde are created, New Linde will be unable to make distributions by way of dividends, share repurchases or otherwise under Irish law.

Under Irish law, dividends may only be paid and share repurchases and redemptions must generally be funded only out of “distributable reserves,” which New Linde will not have immediately following the Reorganization. The creation of distributable reserves of New Linde involves a reduction in New Linde’s undenominated share capital which requires the approval of the Irish High Court. The approval of the Irish High Court is expected within eight weeks following the Reorganization becoming effective. This approval is the same process successfully followed by Linde immediately after the Linde AG – Praxair, Inc. merger in 2018. New Linde is not aware of any reason why the Irish High Court would not approve the creation of distributable reserves in this manner; however, the issuance of the required order is a matter for the discretion of the Irish High Court. In the event that distributable reserves of New Linde are not created, no distributions by way of dividends, share repurchases or otherwise will be permitted under Irish law until such time as New Linde has created sufficient distributable reserves from its business activities, except that New Linde will be able to pay any dividends declared by the company prior to the Reorganization becoming effective.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Linde has received no written SEC staff comments regarding any of its Exchange Act reports which remain unresolved.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Linde's principal executive offices are located in leased office space in Woking, United Kingdom and owned office space in Danbury, Connecticut. Linde also owns principal administrative office space in Tonawanda, New York, United States and Pullach, Germany.

Due to the nature of Linde’s industrial gas products, it is generally uneconomical to transport them distances greater than a few hundred miles from the production facility. As a result, Linde operates a significant number of production facilities spread globally throughout a number of geographic regions.

The following is a description of production facilities for Linde by segment. No significant portion of these assets was leased at December 31, 2022. Generally, these facilities are utilized and are sufficient to meet the company's manufacturing needs.

Americas

The Americas segment operates production facilities primarily in the U.S., Canada, Mexico and Brazil, approximately 350 of which are mainly cryogenic air separation plants, hydrogen plants and carbon dioxide plants. There are five major pipeline complexes in North America located in northern Indiana, Houston, along the Gulf Coast of Texas, Detroit and Louisiana. Also located throughout the Americas are noncryogenic air separation plants, packaged gas facilities and other smaller plant facilities.

EMEA

The EMEA segment has production facilities primarily in Germany, France, Sweden, the Republic of South Africa, and the U.K. which include approximately 275 cryogenic air separation plants and carbon dioxide plants. Also located throughout Europe are noncryogenic air separation plants, pipelines, hydrogen, packaged gas facilities and other smaller plant facilities.

APAC

The APAC segment has production facilities located primarily in China, Australia, India, South Korea and Thailand, approximately 230 of which are cryogenic air separation plants and carbon dioxide plants. Also located throughout Asia are noncryogenic air separation plants, pipelines, hydrogen, packaged gas and other production facilities.

Engineering

The Engineering business designs and constructs turnkey process plants for third-party customers as well as for the gases businesses in many locations worldwide, such as air separation, hydrogen, synthesis, olefin and natural gas plants. Plant components are produced in owned factories in Tacherting, Germany; Hesinque, France; New York and Oklahoma, United States; and Dalian, China.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements – 17. Commitments and Contingencies” in Item 8 of this 10-K.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Linde plc shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (“FSE”) under the ticker symbol “LIN”. At December 31, 2022 there were 7,319 shareholders of record.

On January 18, 2023, shareholders approved the company’s proposal for an intercompany reorganization that will result in the delisting of its ordinary shares from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Following the completion of legal and regulatory approvals, Linde anticipates that the intercompany reorganization and delisting process will be completed, and its ordinary shares will be delisted from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, on or about March 1, 2023.

Purchases of Equity Securities – Certain information regarding purchases made by or on behalf of the company or any affiliated purchaser (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of its ordinary shares during the three months ended December 31, 2022 is provided below:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (Thousands)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (1) (Thousands)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program (2) (Millions)
October 2022	677	$	287.57	677	$	5,832
November 2022	1,323	$	316.05	1,323	$	5,414
December 2022	138	$	333.88	138	$	5,368
Fourth Quarter 2022	2,138	$	308.18	2,138	5,368

(1)On February 28, 2022 the company's board of directors approved the repurchase of $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2022 program") which could take place from time to time on the open market (and could include the use of 10b5-1 trading plans), subject to market and business conditions. The 2022 program has a maximum repurchase amount of 15% of outstanding shares, beginning on March 1, 2022 and expires on July 31, 2024.

(2) As of December 31, 2022, the company repurchased $4.6 billion of its ordinary shares pursuant to the 2022 ` program. As of December 31, 2022, $5.4 billion of share repurchases remain authorized under the 2022 program.

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Peer Performance Table – The graph below compares the most recent five-year cumulative returns of the common stock of Praxair, the company's predecessor, through October 31, 2018 and Linde's ordinary shares for periods subsequent to October 31, 2018 with those of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index ("SPX") and the S5 Materials Index ("S5MATR") which covers 29 companies, including Linde. The figures assume an initial investment of $100 on December 31, 2017 and that all dividends have been reinvested.


	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
LIN	$100	$103	$143	$180	$240	$230
SPX	$100	$96	$126	$149	$192	$157
S5MATR	$100	$85	$106	$128	$163	$143

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of the company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read together with its consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.


			Page
Business Overview			19
Executive Summary – Financial Results & Outlook			20
Consolidated Results and Other Information			21
Segment Discussion			27
Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Financial Data			33
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements			35
Critical Accounting Estimates			35
New Accounting Standards			38
Fair Value Measurements			38
Non-GAAP Financial Measures			39
Supplemental Guarantee Information			43

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BUSINESS OVERVIEW

The company's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). The company also designs, engineers, and builds equipment that produces industrial gases and offers its customers a wide range of gas production and processing services such as olefin plants, natural gas plants, air separation plants, hydrogen and synthesis gas plants and other types of plants.

Linde’s industrial gas operations are managed on a geographical basis and in 2022 86% of sales were generated by Linde's three geographic segments (Americas, EMEA and APAC) and the remaining 14% are related largely to the Engineering segment, and to a lesser extent Other (see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements for operating segment details).

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics. The diversity of end-markets supports financial stability for Linde in varied business cycles.

Linde generates most of its revenues and earnings in the following geographies where the company has its strongest market positions and where distribution and production operations allow the company to deliver the highest level of service to its customers at the lowest cost.

North and South America ("Americas")

Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”)

Asia and Pacific
(“APAC”)

United States

Germany

China

Brazil

United Kingdom

Australia

Mexico

Eastern Europe

South Korea

Canada

India

The company manufactures and distributes its industrial gas products through networks of thousands of production plants, pipeline complexes, distribution centers and delivery vehicles. Major pipeline complexes are primarily located in the United States and China. These networks are a competitive advantage, providing the foundation of reliable product supply to the company’s customer base. The majority of Linde’s business is conducted through long-term contracts which provide stability in cash flow and the ability to pass through changes in energy and feedstock costs to customers. The company has growth opportunities in all major geographies and in diverse end-markets such as healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – FINANCIAL RESULTS & OUTLOOK

2022 Year in review

•Sales of $33,364 million were 8% above 2021 sales of $30,793 million. Higher pricing across all geographic segments contributed 7% to sales. Cost pass-through increased sales by 6% with minimal impact on operating profit. Volume increased sales by 1%. Currency translation decreased sales by 5%, largely in EMEA and APAC. Divestitures decreased sales by 1%.

•Reported operating profit of $5,369 million was 8% above 2021. Adjusted operating profit of $7,904 million was 10% above 2021. The increase in the reported operating profit was primarily due to higher pricing, productivity initiatives and lower depreciation and amortization driven by merger related assets, which more than offset Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges and the adverse impacts of inflation and currency in the year. The increase in adjusted operating profit increase was primarily due to higher pricing and productivity initiatives, which more than offset the adverse impacts of inflation and currency in the year.*

•Income from continuing operations of $4,147 million and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $8.23 increased from $3,821 million and $7.32, respectively in 2021. Adjusted income from continuing operations of $6,195 million and adjusted diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $12.29 were 11% and 15%, respectively above 2021 adjusted amounts.*

•Cash flow from operations of $8,864 million was $861 million below 2021. The decrease was driven by higher working capital requirements, including lower inflows from contract liabilities from engineering customer advanced payments, partially offset by higher net income adjusted for non cash charges. Capital expenditures were $3,173 million; dividends paid were $2,344 million; net purchases of ordinary shares of $5,132 million; and debt borrowings, net were $4,475 million.

*A reconciliation of the adjusted amounts can be found in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section in this MD&A.

2023 Outlook

Linde provides quarterly updates on operating results, material trends that may affect financial performance, and financial guidance via earnings releases and investor teleconferences. These materials are available on the company’s website, www.linde.com, but are not incorporated herein.

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS AND OTHER INFORMATION

The discussion that follows includes a comparison of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the discussion comparing the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, refer to Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following table provides summary information for 2022 and 2021. The reported amounts are GAAP amounts from the Consolidated Statements of Income. The adjusted amounts are intended to supplement investors' understanding of the company's financial information and are not a substitute for GAAP measures.


(Millions of dollars, except per share data) Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			Variance
Reported Amounts
Sales	$	33,364		$	30,793		8	%
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	$	19,450		$	17,543		11	%
As a percent of sales	58.3		%	57.0		%
Selling, general and administrative	$	3,107		$	3,189		(3)	%
As a percent of sales	9.3		%	10.4		%
Depreciation and amortization	$	4,204		$	4,635		(9)	%
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	$	1,029		$	273		—

Operating Profit	$	5,369		$	4,984		8	%
Operating margin	16.1		%	16.2		%
Interest expense – net	$	63		$	77		(18)	%
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	$	(237)		$	(192)		23	%
Effective tax rate	25.9		%	24.7		%
Income from equity investments	$	172		$	119		45	%
Noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	$	(134)		$	(135)		(1)	%
Income from continuing operations	$	4,147		$	3,821		9	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	8.23		$	7.32		12	%
Diluted shares outstanding	504,038			521,875			(3)	%
Number of employees	65,010			72,327			(10)	%
Adjusted Amounts (b)
Operating profit	$	7,904		$	7,176		10	%
Operating margin	23.7		%	23.3		%
Income from continuing operations	$	6,195		$	5,579		11	%
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	12.29		$	10.69		15	%
Other Financial Data (b)
EBITDA from continuing operations	$	9,745		$	9,738		—	%
As percent of sales	29.2		%	31.6		%
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations	$	10,873		$	10,179		7	%
As percent of sales	32.6		%	33.1		%

________________________

(a)See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

(b)Adjusted amounts and Other Financial Data are non-GAAP performance measures. A reconciliation of reported amounts to adjusted amounts can be found in the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section of this MD&A.

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Results of Operations

The following table provides a summary of changes in consolidated sales:


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	1	%
Price/Mix	7	%
Cost pass-through	6	%
Currency	(5)	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	(1)	%
Engineering	—	%
	8	%

2022 Compared With 2021

Sales

Linde sales increased $2,571 million, or 8%, for the 2022 year versus 2021. Higher pricing across all geographic segments contributed 7% to sales. Cost pass-through, representing the contractual billing of energy cost variances primarily to onsite customers, increased sales by 6%, with minimal impact on operating profit. Volume growth in all end markets, except healthcare, and startups increased sales by 1%. Currency translation decreased sales by 5%, largely in EMEA and APAC, driven by the weakening of the Euro, Chinese yuan, British pound and Australian dollar against the U.S. dollar. The impact of divestitures decreased sales by 1%.

Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, increased $1,907 million, or 11%, for the year primarily due to inflation and higher volumes, partially offset by productivity gains and currency effects. Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization, was 58.3% and 57.0% of sales, respectively, in 2022 compared to 2021. The increase as a percentage of sales was due primarily to higher cost pass-through to customers.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expense ("SG&A") decreased $82 million, from $3,189 in 2021 to $3,107 million in 2022. SG&A was 9.3% of sales in 2022 versus 10.4% in 2021. Currency impacts decreased SG&A by approximately $127 million in 2022. Excluding currency impacts, underlying SG&A increased primarily due to higher costs.

Depreciation and amortization

Reported depreciation and amortization expense decreased $431 million, or 9% versus 2021. The decrease is primarily due to lower depreciation and amortization of assets acquired in the merger and currency impacts.

On an adjusted basis, depreciation and amortization expense decreased $49 million, or 2%, versus 2021. Currency impacts decreased depreciation and amortization by $123 million in 2022. Excluding currency impacts, underlying depreciation and amortization increased including new project start ups.

Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges

Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges were $1,029 million and $273 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. The charge for 2022 relates primarily to the deconsolidation and impairment of Russian subsidiaries resulting from the ongoing war in Ukraine and related sanctions recorded as of June 30, 2022. 2021 charges relate to cost reduction program and other charges, primarily severance (see Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements).

On an adjusted basis, these benefits and costs have been excluded in both periods.

Operating profit

Reported operating profit increased $385 million in 2022, or 8%. On an adjusted basis, operating profit increased $728 million, or 10%, for 2022 versus 2021.

On a reported basis, operating profit increased $385 million, or 8% in 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher pricing, volumes, savings from productivity initiatives, and lower depreciation and amortization driven by merger related

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assets. These increases more than offset the adverse impacts of inflation and currency in the year as well as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges of $1,029 million. Cost reduction programs and other charges was $273 million in 2021.

On an adjusted basis, which excludes the impacts of purchase accounting as well as Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, operating profit increased $728 million, or 10%. Operating profit growth was driven by higher pricing, volumes and productivity initiatives, which more than offset the effects of inflation and currency during the period. A discussion of operating profit by segment is included in the segment discussion that follows.

Interest expense - net

Reported interest expense – net in 2022 decreased $14 million, or 18%, versus 2021. On an adjusted basis interest expense decreased $32 million, or 25% in 2022 as compared to 2021.

On both a reported and adjusted basis, the decrease year over year was driven primarily by higher interest income on cash deposits, partially offset by higher borrowing costs on short-term debt.

Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost

Reported net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost were benefits of $237 million and $192 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The increase in benefit primarily relates to lower amortization of deferred losses, partially offset by higher interest cost reflective of the higher discount rate environment year-over-year (see Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements).

Effective tax rate

The reported effective tax rate ("ETR") for 2022 was 25.9% versus 24.7% in 2021. The increase in the rate is primarily related to the net tax expense resulting from the deconsolidation and impairment of the company’s business in Russia in 2022. 2021 included a deferred income tax charge related to the revaluation of net deferred tax liabilities for a tax rate increase in the United Kingdom (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements).

On an adjusted basis, the ETR for 2022 was 24.2% versus 24.1% in 2021.

Income from equity investments

Reported income from equity investments for 2022 was $172 million as compared to $119 million in 2021. On an adjusted basis, income from equity investments for 2022 was $247 million versus $231 million in 2021.

On a reported basis, the year-over-year increase in income from equity investments was due to a $35 million impairment charge taken in the third quarter of 2021 related to a joint venture in the APAC segment.

On an adjusted basis, the year-over-year increase in income from equity investments was primarily driven by the overall performance of investments in APAC.

Noncontrolling interests from continuing operations

At December 31, 2022, noncontrolling interests from continuing operations consisted primarily of noncontrolling shareholders’ investments in APAC (primarily in China).

Reported noncontrolling interests from continuing operations decreased $1 million, from $135 million in 2021 to $134 million in 2022.

Adjusted noncontrolling interests from continuing operations increased $6 million in 2022 as compared to 2021.

Income from continuing operations

Reported income from continuing operations increased $326 million, or 9%. On an adjusted basis, which excludes the impacts of purchase accounting and Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, income from continuing operations increased $616 million, or 11%, in 2022 versus 2021. On both a reported and adjusted basis, the increase was driven by higher operating profit.

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations

Reported diluted earnings per share from continuing operations increased $0.91, or 12%, in 2022 as compared to 2021. On an adjusted basis, diluted EPS of $12.29 in 2022 increased 15% versus 2021. The increase on both reported and adjusted basis was primarily due to higher income from continuing operations and lower diluted shares outstanding.

Employees

The number of employees at December 31, 2022 was 65,010, a decrease of 10%, or 7,317 employees from 2021, primarily driven by the sale of GIST business, cost reduction initiatives and the deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries in the EMEA and Engineering segments.

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Other Financial Data

EBITDA from continuing operations increased to $9,745 million in 2022 from $9,738 million in 2021. Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations increased to $10,873 million for 2022 as compared to $10,179 million in 2021, primarily due to higher adjusted income from continuing operations plus depreciation and amortization versus the prior period.

See the "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" section for definitions and reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to reported GAAP amounts.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a loss of $778 million resulted primarily from currency translation adjustments of $1,835 million, partially offset by an increase in the funded status of the company's retirement obligations of $1,070 million driven by a higher discount rate environment. The translation adjustments reflect the impact of translating local currency foreign subsidiary financial statements to U.S. dollars, and are largely driven by the movement of the U.S. dollar against major currencies including the Euro, the Chinese yuan and the British pound. See the "Currency" section of the MD&A for exchange rates used for translation purposes and Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of the currency translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income by segment.

Related Party Transactions

The company’s related parties are primarily unconsolidated equity affiliates. The company did not engage in any material transactions involving related parties that included terms or other aspects that differ from those which would be negotiated with independent parties.

Environmental Matters

Linde’s principal operations relate to the production and distribution of atmospheric and other industrial gases, which for the most part are used to help customers reduce their emissions. Worldwide costs relating to environmental protection may continue to grow due to increasingly stringent laws and regulations. In addition, Linde may face physical risks from climate change and extreme weather.

Climate Change

Linde operates in jurisdictions that have, or are developing, laws and/or regulations to reduce or mitigate the adverse effects of greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions and therefore faces a highly uncertain regulatory environment in this area. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") has promulgated rules requiring reporting of GHG emissions to which Linde, its suppliers and customers are subject to. EPA has also promulgated regulations to restrict GHG emissions, including final rules regulating GHG emissions from light-duty vehicles and certain large manufacturing facilities, many of which are Linde suppliers or customers. In addition to these developments in the United States, several other countries worldwide have already implemented carbon taxation or trading systems which impact the company and its customers, including regulations in China, Singapore and the European Union. Among other impacts, such regulations are expected to raise the cost of energy, which is a significant cost for Linde. Nevertheless, Linde's long-term customer contracts routinely provide rights to recover increased electricity, natural gas, and other costs that are incurred by the company as a result of climate change regulation.

Linde anticipates continued growth in hydrogen sales due to increased focus on decarbonization projects. Traditionally, hydrogen production plants and a large number of other manufacturing and electricity-generating plants have been identified in California and the European Union as a source of carbon dioxide emissions and these plants are subject to cap-and-trade regulations in those jurisdictions. Linde believes it will be able to mitigate the costs of these regulations through the terms of its product supply contracts. However, legislation that limits GHG emissions may impact growth by increasing capital, compliance, operating and maintenance costs and/or decreasing demand.

To manage business risks from current and potential GHG emission regulation as well as physical consequences of climate change, Linde actively monitors current developments, evaluates the direct and indirect business risks, and takes appropriate actions. Among others, actions include: increasing relevant resources and training; maintaining contingency plans; obtaining advice and counsel from expert vendors, insurance providers and industry experts; incorporating GHG provisions in commercial agreements; and conducting regular reviews of the business risks with management. Although there are considerable uncertainties, Linde believes that the business risk from potential regulations can be effectively managed through its commercial contracts. Additionally, Linde does not anticipate any material effects regarding its plant operations or business arising from potential physical risks of climate change.

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Linde continuously seeks opportunities to optimize energy use and GHG emissions through research and development in customer applications and rigorous operational energy efficiency, sourcing low-carbon source energy, and purchasing hydrogen as a chemical byproduct where feasible. Linde tracks GHG emission performance versus targets and reports regularly to business management and annually to Linde's Board of Directors. In 2021, a new Sustainability Committee was created. The Committee is responsible for oversight of the Company's programs, policies and strategies related to environmental matters, including climate change, greenhouse gas reduction goals and decarbonization solutions, such as clean energy and carbon management.

At the same time, external factors may provide Linde with future business opportunities. For example, in 2022, several pieces of legislation were enacted, including the Inflation Reduction Act in the U.S., which provides for investments in decarbonization opportunities including hydrogen projects. Other factors include governmental regulation of GHG and other emissions; uncertain costs of energy and certain natural resources; the development of renewable energy alternatives; and new technologies that help extract natural gas, improve air quality, increase energy efficiency and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Linde continues to develop new applications that can help customers lower emissions by reducing energy consumption and increasing product throughput. Stricter regulation of water quality in emerging economies such as China provide a growing market for a number of gases, e.g., oxygen for wastewater treatment. Increased concern about drought in areas such as California and Australia may create additional markets for carbon dioxide for desalination. Renewable fuel standards in the European Union and U.S. can create a market for second-generation biofuels which use industrial gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.

Costs Relating to the Protection of the Environment

Environmental protection costs in 2022 were not significant. Linde anticipates that future annual environmental protection expenditures will be similar to 2022, subject to any significant changes in existing laws and regulations. Based on historical results and current estimates, management does not believe that environmental expenditures will have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial position, the consolidated results of operations or cash flows in any given year.

Legal Proceedings

See Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements for information concerning legal proceedings.

Retirement Benefits

Pensions

The net periodic benefit cost (benefit) for the U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans was a benefit of $110 million, $35 million and $25 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The funded status (pension benefit obligation ("PBO") less the fair value of plan assets) for the U.S. plans was a deficit of $238 million and $271 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The funded status for non-U.S. plans was a surplus of $208 million and deficit of $1,430 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Both the U.S. and non-U.S. plans derived the benefit from a lower PBO due to an increase in discount rates.

Global pension contributions were $51 million in 2022, $42 million in 2021, and $91 million in 2020. At a minimum, Linde contributes to its pension plans to comply with local regulatory requirements (e.g., ERISA in the U.S.). Discretionary contributions in excess of the local minimum requirements are made based on many factors, including long-term projections of the plans' funded status, the economic environment, potential risk of overfunding, pension insurance costs and alternative uses of cash. Changes to these factors can impact the timing of discretionary contributions from year to year. Estimated required contributions for 2023 are currently expected to be in the range of $40 million to $50 million.

Linde assumes expected returns on plan assets for 2023 of 7.00% and 5.60% for the U.S. and non-U.S. plans, respectively, which are consistent with the long-term expected returns on its investment portfolios.

Excluding the impact of any settlements, 2023 consolidated pension expense is expected to be a benefit of approximately $118 million. The benefit derived from the expected return on assets assumption for Linde's most significant plans is anticipated to more than offset the expense from service and interest cost accruals and the higher amortization of deferred losses.

Refer to the Critical Accounting Estimates section and Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for a more detailed discussion of the company’s retirement benefits, including a description of the various retirement plans and the assumptions used in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost (benefit) and funded status.

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Insurance

Linde purchases insurance to limit a variety of property and casualty risks, including those related to property, business interruption, third-party liability and workers’ compensation. Currently, the company self retains up to $10 million per occurrence for vehicle liability in the United States, $5 million per occurrence for workers' compensation and general liability. In addition, the company self retains risk up to €5 million at its various properties worldwide for property damage resulting from fire, flood and other perils affecting its properties along with a separate €5 million deductible on all business interruption resulting from a major peril loss. To mitigate its aggregate loss potential above these retentions, the company purchases catastrophic insurance coverage from highly rated insurance companies. The company does not currently operate or participate in any captive insurance companies or other non-traditional risk transfer alternatives.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the company had recorded a total of $71 million and $75 million, respectively, representing an estimate of the retained liability for the ultimate cost of claims incurred and unpaid as of the balance sheet dates. The estimated liability is established using statistical analysis and is based upon historical experience, actuarial assumptions and professional judgment. These estimates are subject to the effects of trends in loss severity and frequency and are subject to a significant degree of inherent variability. If actual claims differ from the company’s estimates, they will be adjusted at that time and financial results could be impacted.

Linde recognizes estimated insurance proceeds relating to damages at the time of loss only to the extent of incurred losses. Any insurance recoveries for business interruption and for property damages in excess of the net book value of the property are recognized only when realized or pending payments confirmed by its insurance companies.

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SEGMENT DISCUSSION

Linde’s operations consist of two major product lines: industrial gases and engineering. As further described in the following paragraph, Linde’s industrial gases operations are managed on a geographic basis, which represents three of the company's reportable segments - Americas, EMEA (Europe/Middle East/Africa), and APAC (Asia/South Pacific); a fourth reportable segment, which represents the company's Engineering business, designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications specifically for end customers and is managed on a worldwide basis operating in all geographic segments. Other consists of corporate costs and a few smaller businesses which individually do not meet the quantitative thresholds for separate presentation.

The industrial gases product line centers on the manufacturing and distribution of atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). Many of these products are co-products of the same manufacturing process. Linde manufactures and distributes nearly all of its products and manages its customer relationships on a regional basis. Linde’s industrial gases are distributed to various end-markets within a regional segment through one of three basic distribution methods: on-site or tonnage; merchant or bulk; and packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution methods are generally integrated in order to best meet the customer’s needs and very few of its products can be economically transported outside of a region. Therefore, the distribution economics are specific to the various geographies in which the company operates and are consistent with how management assesses performance.

The company’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting purposes is segment operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as operating profit excluding purchase accounting impacts of the Linde AG merger, intercompany royalties, and items not indicative of ongoing business trends. This is the manner in which the company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM") assesses performance and allocates resources.

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		Variance
Sales
Americas	$	13,874	$	12,103	15	%
EMEA	8,443		7,643		10	%
APAC	6,480		6,133		6	%
Engineering	2,762		2,867		(4)	%
Other	1,805		2,047		(12)	%
Total sales	$	33,364	$	30,793	8	%

Operating Profit
Americas	$	3,732	$	3,368	11	%
EMEA	2,013		1,889		7	%
APAC	1,670		1,502		11	%
Engineering	555		473		17	%
Other	(66)		(56)		(18)	%
Segment operating profit	7,904		7,176		10	%
Reconciliation to reported operating profit :
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (Note 3)	(1,029)		(273)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(1,506)		(1,919)
Total operating profit	$	5,369	$	4,984

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Americas


(Dollar amounts in millions)							Variance
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021
Sales	$	13,874		$	12,103		15	%

Operating profit	$	3,732		$	3,368		11	%
As a percent of sales	26.9		%	27.8		%


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	4	%
Price/Mix	6	%
Cost pass-through	5	%
Currency	—	%
Acquisitions/Divestitures	—	%
	15	%

The Americas segment includes Linde’s industrial gases operations in approximately 20 countries including the United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil.

Sales

Sales for the Americas segment increased $1,771 million, or 15%, in 2022 versus 2021. Higher pricing contributed 6% to sales. Higher volumes increased sales by 4%, driven by higher demand across all end markets except healthcare, led by chemicals and energy. Cost past-through increased sales by 5% with minimal impact on operating profit.

Operating Profit

Operating profit in the Americas segment increased $364 million, or 11%, in 2022 versus 2021 driven primarily by higher pricing, volumes and continued productivity initiatives which more than offset inflation.

EMEA


(Dollar amounts in millions)							Variance
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021

Sales	$	8,443		$	7,643		10	%

Operating profit	$	2,013		$	1,889		7	%
As a percent of sales	23.8		%	24.7		%


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	(3)	%
Price/Mix	13	%
Cost pass-through	13	%
Currency	(11)	%
Acquisitions/Divestitures	(2)	%
	10	%

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The EMEA segment includes Linde's industrial gases operations in approximately 45 European, Middle Eastern and African countries including Germany, the U.K., France, Sweden and the Republic of South Africa.

Sales

EMEA segment sales increased $800 million, or 10%, in 2022 versus 2021. Higher price attainment increased sales by 13%. Cost pass-through, representing the contractual billing of energy cost variances primarily to onsite customers, increased sales by 13% with minimal impact on operating profit. Currency translation decreased sales by 11% due largely to the weakening of the Euro and British pound against the U.S. Dollar. Volume decreased sales by 3%. The impact of net divestitures decreased sales by 2% primarily due to the deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries as of June 30, 2022.

Operating Profit

Operating Profit for the EMEA segment increased $124 million, or 7%, in 2022 versus 2021. The increase was driven largely by higher pricing and continued productivity initiatives which more than offset currency, inflation and divestitures.

APAC


(Dollar amounts in millions)							Variance
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021

Sales	$	6,480		$	6,133		6	%

Operating profit	$	1,670		$	1,502		11	%
As a percent of sales	25.8		%	24.5		%


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume/Equipment	5	%
Price/Mix	5	%
Cost pass-through	2	%
Currency	(6)	%
Acquisitions/Divestitures	—	%

	6	%

The APAC segment includes Linde's industrial gases operations in approximately 20 Asian and South Pacific countries and regions including China, Australia, India and South Korea.

Sales

Sales for the APAC segment increased $347 million, or 6%, in 2022 versus 2021. Volume increased 5% including project start-ups in the electronics and chemicals and energy end markets. Higher price increased sales by 5%. Cost pass-through increased sales by 2% with minimal impact on operating profit. Currency translation decreased sales by 6% driven primarily by the weakening of the Australian dollar, Korean won and Chinese Yuan against the U.S. Dollar.

Operating Profit

Operating profit in the APAC segment increased $168 million, or 11%, in 2022 versus 2021. The increase was primarily driven by higher volumes and pricing and continued productivity initiatives which more than offset the impact of currency and inflation.

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Engineering


(Dollar amounts in millions)							Variance
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021

Sales	$	2,762		$	2,867		(4)	%

Operating profit	$	555		$	473		17	%
As a percent of sales	20.1		%	16.5		%


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	5	%

Currency	(9)	%

	(4)	%

Sales

Engineering segment sales decreased $105 million, or 4%, in 2022 versus 2021 . The decrease was driven by project timing and negative currency translation, partially offset by a $321 million project progress recognition during the third quarter.

Projects for Russia that were sanctioned and have been wound down represented approximately $894 million of the Engineering segment sales during 2022.

Operating profit

Engineering segment operating profit increased $82 million, or 17%, in 2022 versus 2021 driven by the aforementioned third quarter project and a fourth quarter project settlement, partially offset by other project timing and currency impacts.

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Other


(Dollar amounts in millions)							Variance
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021			2022 vs. 2021

Sales	$	1,805		$	2,047		(12)	%

Operating profit	$	(66)		$	(56)		(18)	%
As a percent of sales	(3.7)		%	(2.7)		%


	2022 vs. 2021
	% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume/Price	3	%
Cost pass-through	1	%
Currency	(4)	%
Acquisitions/Divestitures	(12)	%

	(12)	%

Other consists of corporate costs and a few smaller businesses including: Surface Technologies, GIST and global helium wholesale; which individually do not meet the quantitative thresholds for separate presentation.

Sales

Sales for Other decreased $242 million, or 12%, in 2022 versus 2021. Divestitures decreased sales by 12% due primarily to the sale of the GIST business as of September 30, 2022. Currency translation decreased sales by 4%. Underlying sales increased 3% in the year driven primarily by price and higher volumes of aviation and electronic sales in the coatings business. Cost pass-through increased sales by 1% in 2022.

Sales of the GIST business which was divested as of September 30, 2022 represented approximately $630 million of Other sales during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Operating profit

Operating profit in Other decreased $10 million, or 18%, in 2022 versus 2021 due primarily to higher sourcing costs in the global helium business and the impact of divestitures, partially offset by lower corporate costs .

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Currency

The results of Linde’s non-U.S. operations are translated to the company’s reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, from the functional currencies used in the countries in which the company operates. For most foreign operations, Linde uses the local currency as its functional currency. There is inherent variability and unpredictability in the relationship of these functional currencies to the U.S. dollar and such currency movements may materially impact Linde’s results of operations in any given period.

To help understand the reported results, the following is a summary of the significant currencies underlying Linde’s consolidated results and the exchange rates used to translate the financial statements (rates of exchange expressed in units of local currency per U.S. dollar):


	Percent of 2022		Statements of Income		Balance Sheets
	Consolidated		Average Year Ended December 31,		December 31,
Currency	Sales		2022	2021	2022	2021
Euro	21	%	0.95	0.85	0.93	0.88
Chinese yuan	8	%	6.72	6.45	6.90	6.36
British pound	6	%	0.81	0.73	0.83	0.74
Australian dollar	4	%	1.44	1.33	1.47	1.38
Brazilian real	4	%	5.16	5.39	5.28	5.58
Korean won	3	%	1,286	1,144	1,266	1,189
Canadian dollar	3	%	1.36	1.25	1.36	1.26
Mexican peso	2	%	20.10	20.28	19.50	20.53
Indian rupee	2	%	78.49	73.91	82.73	74.34
Republic of South African rand	1	%	16.30	14.77	17.04	15.94
Swedish krona	1	%	10.08	8.58	10.43	9.05
Thailand bhat	1	%	34.96	31.93	34.61	33.40

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LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND OTHER FINANCIAL DATA


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021
Net Cash Provided by (Used for)
Operating Activities
Income from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests)	$	4,281	$	3,956
Non-cash charges (credits):
Add: Russia-Ukraine and other charges, net of payments (a)	902		98


Add: Depreciation and amortization	4,204		4,635
Add (Less): Deferred income taxes	(383)		(254)
Add (Less): Non-cash charges and other	58		109
Income from continuing operations adjusted for non-cash charges and other	9,062		8,544
Less: Pension contributions	(51)		(42)
Add (Less): Working capital	(310)		1,148
Add (Less): Other	163		75
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	$	8,864	$	9,725
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures	$	(3,173)	$	(3,086)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(110)		(88)

Divestitures and asset sales, net of cash divested	195		167

Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	$	(3,088)	$	(3,007)
Financing Activities
Debt increases (decreases) – net	$	4,475	$	(514)
Issuances (purchases) of ordinary shares – net	(5,132)		(4,562)
Cash dividends – Linde plc shareholders	(2,344)		(2,189)

Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(88)		(323)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	$	(3,089)	$	(7,588)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	$	(74)	$	(61)


Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$	5,436	$	2,823

____________________

(a)See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

Cash increased $2,613 million in 2022 versus 2021. The primary sources of cash in 2022 were cash flows from operations of $8,864 million and debt borrowings, net of $4,475 million. The primary uses of cash included capital expenditures of $3,173 million, net purchases of ordinary shares of $5,132 million, cash dividends to shareholders of $2,344 million.

2022 compared with 2021

Cash Flows From Operations

Cash flows from operations was $8,864 million, a decrease of $861 million from 2021. The decrease was driven primarily by higher working capital requirements, including lower inflows from contract liabilities from engineering customer advanced payments, partially offset by higher net income adjusted for non cash charges. Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, net of payments, were $902 million and $98 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, representing charges of $1,029 million and $273 million net of related cash outflows of $127 million and $175 million, respectively, in each period.

As of December 31, 2022, Linde has approximately $1.7 billion recorded in contract liabilities within the consolidated balance sheet related to engineering projects in Russia. Any obligation to satisfy the related residual contract liabilities may have an adverse effect on Linde’s cash flows.

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Investing

Net cash used for investing activities was $3,088 million in 2022 compared to $3,007 million in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by higher capital expenditures and acquisitions, partially offset by proceeds from divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales.

Capital expenditures in 2022 were $3,173 million, an increase of $87 million from 2021. Capital expenditures during 2022 related primarily to investments in new plant and production equipment for operating and growth requirements. Approximately 52% of the capital expenditures were in the Americas segment with 27% in the APAC segment and the rest primarily in the EMEA segment.

At December 31, 2022 , Linde's sale of gas backlog of large projects under construction was approximately $5.7 billion. This represents the total estimated capital cost of large plants under construction.

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired for 2022 were $110 million, an increase of $22 million from 2021. Acquisitions, net of cash acquired for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $88 million. Acquisitions in each period related primarily to the Americas and EMEA. On January 6, 2023, Linde purchased the remaining 77.2% ownership interest in nexAir, LLC in an all cash transaction with a total purchase price of approximately $0.8 billion (see Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements).

Divestitures and asset sales, net of cash divested in 2022 were $195 million as compared to $167 million in 2021. Divestiture proceeds for the year include cash received from the sale of the company's GIST business of $184 million, net of cash divested of $75 million, for net proceeds of $109 million (See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements).

Financing

Linde’s financing strategy is to secure long-term committed funding by issuing public notes and debentures and commercial paper backed by a long-term bank credit agreement. Linde’s international operations are funded through a combination of local borrowing and intercompany funding to minimize the total cost of funds and to manage and centralize currency exchange exposures. As deemed necessary, Linde manages its exposure to interest-rate changes through the use of financial derivatives (see Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk).

Cash used for financing activities was $3,089 million in 2022 compared to $7,588 million in 2021. Cash provided by debt was $4,475 million in 2022 versus cash used for debt of $514 million in 2021 primarily driven by higher commercial paper borrowings and debt issuances in 2022. Net purchases of ordinary shares were $5,132 million in 2022 versus $4,562 million in 2021. Cash dividends increased to $2,344 million in 2022 versus $2,189 million in 2021 driven primarily by a 10% increase in dividends per share to $4.68 per share from $4.24 per share, partially offset by lower shares outstanding. Cash used for Noncontrolling interest transactions and other was $88 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 versus cash used of $323 million for the respective 2021 period primarily due to the settlement of the buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa in 2021.

The company believes that it has sufficient operating flexibility, cash reserves, and funding sources to maintain adequate amounts of liquidity to meet its business needs around the world. At December 31, 2022, Linde's credit ratings as reported by Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s were A-1 and P-1 for short-term debt, respectively, and A and A2 for long-term debt, respectively.

Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements includes information with respect to the company’s debt activity in 2022, current debt position, debt covenants and the available credit facilities; and Note 12 includes information relating to derivative financial instruments. Linde's credit facilities are with major financial institutions and are non-cancelable until maturity. Therefore, the company believes the risk of the financial institutions being unable to make required loans under the credit facilities, if requested, to be low. Linde’s major bank credit and long-term debt agreements contain standard covenants. The company was in compliance with these covenants at December 31, 2022 and expects to remain in compliance for the foreseeable future.

The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured and undrawn revolving credit agreements with no associated financial covenants. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of December 31, 2022. The company does not anticipate any limitations on its ability to access the debt capital markets and/or other external funding sources and remains committed to its strong ratings from Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s.

Linde’s total net debt outstanding at December 31, 2022 was $12,478 million, $1,094 million higher than $11,384 million at December 31, 2021. The December 31, 2022 net debt balance includes $17,561 million in public securities, and $353 million representing primarily worldwide bank borrowings, net of $5,436 million of cash. Linde’s global effective borrowing rate was approximately 1.7% for 2022.

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In January 2022, Linde repaid €1.0 billion of 0.250% notes that became due. In March 2022, Linde issued €500 million of 1.000% notes due 2027, €750 million of 1.375% notes due 2031, and €800 million of 1.625% notes due 2035. In May 2022, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.20% notes due in August 2022. In November 2022, Linde issued $300 million of 4.80% notes due in 2024 and $600 million of 4.70% notes due in 2025.

On February 28, 2022, the company’s Board of Directors approved the additional repurchase of $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares. For additional information related to the share repurchase programs, see Part II Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As discussed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements, at December 31, 2022, Linde had undrawn outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds entered into in connection with normal business operations and they are not reasonably likely to have a material impact on Linde’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The policies discussed below are considered by management to be critical to understanding Linde’s financial statements and accompanying notes prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP"). Their application places significant importance on management’s judgment as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Linde’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially affected if actual results differ from estimates made. These policies are determined by management and have been reviewed by Linde’s Audit Committee.

Revenue Recognition

Long-Term Construction Contracts

The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other varied gas production and processing plants manufactured specifically for end customers. Revenues for sale of equipment contracts are generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. The result is applied to total expected revenue and results in financial statement recognition of revenue in addition to costs incurred to date. Any expected loss on a contract is recognized as an expense immediately. Contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as a cumulative adjustment for the inception-to-date effect of such change. We assess performance as progress towards completion is achieved on specific projects, earnings will be impacted by changes to our forecast of revenues and costs on these projects.

The cost incurred input method places considerable importance on accurate estimates of the extent of progress towards completion and may involve estimates on the scope of deliveries and services required to fulfill the contractually defined obligations. The key source of estimation uncertainty is the total estimated costs at completion including material, labor and overhead costs and the resultant state of completion of the contracts. There are inherent uncertainties associated with the estimation process, including technical complexity, duration of construction cycle, potential cost inflation (whether equipment or manpower), and scope considerations all of which may affect the total estimation process. Changes in these estimates may lead to a significant impact on future financial statements.

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Pension Benefits

Pension benefits represent financial obligations that will be ultimately settled in the future with employees who meet eligibility requirements. Because of the uncertainties involved in estimating the timing and amount of future payments, significant estimates are required to calculate pension expense and liabilities related to the company’s plans. The company utilizes the services of independent actuaries, whose models are used to facilitate these calculations.

Several key assumptions are used in actuarial models to calculate pension expense and liability amounts recorded in the financial statements. Management believes the three most significant variables in the models are the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, the discount rate, and the expected rate of compensation increase. The actuarial models also use assumptions for various other factors, including long-term inflation rates, employee turnover, retirement age, and mortality. Linde management believes the assumptions used in the actuarial calculations are reasonable, reflect the company’s experience and expectations for the future and are within accepted practices in each of the respective geographic locations in which it operates. Actual results in any given year will often differ from actuarial assumptions because of economic and other factors. The sensitivities to each of the key assumptions presented below exclude the impact of special items that occurred during the year.

The weighted-average expected long-term rates of return on pension plan assets were 7.00% for U.S. plans and 5.60% for non-U.S. plans for the year ended December 31, 2022 (7.00% and 5.28%, respectively at December 31, 2021). The expected long-term rate of return on the U.S. and Non-U.S. plan assets is estimated based on the plans' investment strategy and asset allocation, historical capital market performance and, to a lesser extent, historical plan performance. A 0.50% change in these expected long-term rates of return, with all other variables held constant, would change Linde’s pension expense by approximately $44 million.

The company has consistently used a market-related value of assets rather than the fair value at the measurement date to determine annual pension expense. The market-related value recognizes investment gains or losses over a five-year period. As a result, changes in the fair value of assets from year to year are not immediately reflected in the company’s annual pension expense. Instead, annual pension expense in future periods will be impacted as deferred investment gains or losses are recognized in the market-related value of assets over the five-year period. The consolidated market-related value of assets was $8,898 million, or $1,213 million higher than the fair value of assets of $7,685 million at December 31, 2022. These net deferred investment gains of $1,213 million will be recognized in the calculation of the market-related value of assets ratably over the next four years and will impact future pension expense. Future actual investment gains or losses will impact the market-related value of assets and, therefore, will impact future annual pension expense in a similar manner.

Discount rates are used to calculate the present value of plan liabilities and pension costs and are determined annually by management. The company measures the service and interest cost components of pension and OPEB expense for significant U.S. and non-U.S. plans using the spot rate approach. U.S. plans that do not use the spot rate approach continue to determine discount rates by using a cash flow matching model provided by the company's independent actuaries. The model includes a portfolio of corporate bonds graded Aa or better by at least half of the ratings agencies and matches the U.S. plans' projected cash flows to the calculated spot rates. Discount rates for the remaining Non-U.S. plans are based on market yields for high-quality fixed income investments representing the approximate duration of the pension liabilities on the measurement date. Refer to Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of the discount rates used to calculate plan liabilities and benefit costs, and to the Retirement Benefits section of the Consolidated Results and Other Information section of this MD&A for a further discussion of 2022 benefit costs. A 0.50% reduction in discount rates, with all other variables held constant, would increase Linde’s pension expense by approximately $22 million whereas a 0.50% increase in discount rates would result in a decrease of $96 million. A 0.50% reduction in discount rates would increase the PBO by approximately $462 million whereas a 0.50% increase in discount rates would have a favorable impact to the PBO of approximately $417 million.

The weighted-average expected rate of compensation increase was 3.25% for U.S. plans and 2.59% for non-U.S. plans at December 31, 2022 (3.25% and 2.55%, respectively, at December 31, 2021). The estimated annual compensation increase is determined by management every year and is based on historical trends and market indices. A 0.50% change in the expected rate of compensation increase, with all other variables held constant, would change Linde’s pension expense by approximately $6 million and would impact the PBO by approximately $28 million.

Asset Impairments

Goodwill and Other Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Assets

At December 31, 2022, the company had goodwill of $25,817 million and $1,706 million of other indefinite-lived intangible assets. Goodwill represents the aggregate of the excess consideration paid for acquired businesses over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Indefinite-lived other intangibles relate to the Linde name.

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The company performs a goodwill impairment test annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. The impairment test performed during the fourth quarter of 2022 indicated no impairment. At December 31, 2022, Linde’s enterprise value was approximately $173 billion (outstanding shares multiplied by the year-end stock price plus net debt, and without any control premium) while its total capital was approximately $54 billion.

The impairment test allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value then the company will estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying value, including goodwill. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level.

Management believes that the quantitative and qualitative factors used to perform its annual goodwill impairment assessment are appropriate and reasonable. Although the 2022 assessment indicated that it is more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying value, changes in circumstances or conditions affecting this analysis could have a significant impact on the fair value determination, which could then result in a material impairment charge to the company's results of operations. Reporting units with greater concentration of Linde AG assets fair valued during the 2018 Praxair, Inc. and Linde AG merger are at greater risk of impairment in future periods.

Other indefinite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred, and no impairments were indicated.

See Notes 9 and 10 to the consolidated financial statements.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and finite-lived other intangible assets, are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an individual asset or asset group may not be recoverable. For purposes of this test, asset groups are determined based upon the lowest level for which there are independent and identifiable cash flows. Based upon Linde's business model an asset group may be a single plant and related assets used to support on-site, merchant and packaged gas customers. Alternatively, the asset group may be a collection of distribution related assets (cylinders, distribution centers, and stores) or be a pipeline complex which includes multiple interdependent plants and related assets connected by pipelines within a geographic area used to support the same distribution methods. As a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022. See Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

At December 31, 2022, Linde had deferred tax assets of $1,247 million (net of valuation allowances of $276 million), and deferred tax liabilities of $6,903 million. At December 31, 2022, uncertain tax positions totaled $325 million (see Note 1 and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements). Income tax expense was $1,434 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, or about 25.9% of pre-tax income (see Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to taxes).

In the preparation of consolidated financial statements, Linde estimates income taxes based on diverse legislative and regulatory structures that exist in various jurisdictions where the company conducts business. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities represent tax benefits or obligations that arise from temporary differences due to differing treatment of certain items for accounting and income tax purposes. Linde evaluates deferred tax assets each period to ensure that estimated future taxable income will be sufficient in character (e.g. capital gain versus ordinary income treatment), amount and timing to result in their recovery. A valuation allowance is established when management determines that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized to reduce the assets to their realizable value. Considerable judgments are required in establishing deferred tax valuation allowances and in assessing exposures related to tax matters. As events and circumstances change, related reserves and valuation allowances are adjusted to income at that time. Linde’s tax returns are subject to audit and local taxing authorities could challenge the company’s tax positions. The company’s practice is to review tax filing positions by jurisdiction and to record provisions for uncertain income tax positions, including interest and penalties when applicable. Linde believes it records and/or discloses such potential tax liabilities as appropriate and has reasonably estimated its income tax liabilities and recoverable tax assets. If new information becomes available, adjustments are charged or credited against income at that time. Management does not anticipate that such adjustments would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a material impact on the company’s reported results of operations.

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Contingencies

The company accrues liabilities for non-income tax contingencies when management believes that a loss is probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated, while contingent gains are recognized only when realized or realizable. If new information becomes available or losses are sustained in excess of recorded amounts, adjustments are charged against income at that time. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a material impact on the company’s reported results of operations.

Linde is subject to various claims, legal proceedings and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements). Such contingencies are significant and the accounting requires considerable management judgments in analyzing each matter to assess the likely outcome and the need for establishing appropriate liabilities and providing adequate disclosures. Linde believes it records and/or discloses such contingencies as appropriate and has reasonably estimated its liabilities.

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for information concerning new accounting standards and the impact of the implementation of these standards on the company’s financial statements.

FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Linde does not expect changes in the aggregate fair value of its financial assets and liabilities to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements.

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NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The following non-GAAP measures are intended to supplement investors’ understanding of the company’s financial information by providing measures which investors, financial analysts and management use to help evaluate the company’s financial leverage and operating performance. Special items which the company does not believe to be indicative of on-going business performance are excluded from these calculations so that investors can better evaluate and analyze historical and future business trends on a consistent basis. Definitions of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similar definitions used by other companies and are not a substitute for similar GAAP measures.

The non-GAAP measures in the following reconciliations are presented in this MD&A.

Adjusted Amounts


(Dollar amounts in millions, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,	2022			2021
Adjusted Operating Profit and Operating Margin
Reported operating profit	$	5,369		$	4,984
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	1,029			273


Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	1,506			1,919
Total adjustments	2,535			2,192
Adjusted operating profit	$	7,904		$	7,176

Reported percentage change	8		%
Adjusted percentage change	10		%

Reported sales	$	33,364		$	30,793

Reported operating margin	16.1		%	16.2		%
Adjusted operating margin	23.7		%	23.3		%

Adjusted Depreciation and amortization
Reported depreciation and amortization	$	4,204		$	4,635
Less: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(1,481)			(1,863)
Adjusted depreciation and amortization	$	2,723		$	2,772

Adjusted Other Income (Expense) - net
Reported Other Income (Expense) - net	$	(62)		$	(26)
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(25)			(56)
Adjusted Other Income (Expense) - net	$	(37)		$	30

Adjusted Net Pension and OPEB Cost (Benefit), Excluding Service Cost
Reported net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	$	(237)		$	(192)
Add: Pension settlement charges	(6)			(4)
Adjusted Net Pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service costs	$	(243)		$	(196)

Adjusted Interest Expense - Net
Reported interest expense - net	$	63		$	77
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	35			53
Adjusted interest expense - net	$	98		$	130

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Adjusted Income Taxes (a)
Reported income taxes	$	1,434	$	1,262
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	374		452
Add: Pension settlement charges	1		1
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	136		29
Total adjustments	511		482
Adjusted income taxes	$	1,945	$	1,744

Adjusted Effective Tax Rate (a)
Reported income before income taxes and equity investments	$	5,543	$	5,099
Add: Pension settlement charge	6		4
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	1,471		1,866
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	1,029		273
Total adjustments	2,506		2,143
Adjusted income before income taxes and equity investments	$	8,049	$	7,242

Reported Income taxes	$	1,434	$	1,262
Reported effective tax rate	25.9%		24.7%

Adjusted income taxes	$	1,945	$	1,744
Adjusted effective tax rate	24.2%		24.1%

Income from Equity Investments
Reported income from equity investments	$	172	$	119
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (d)	—		35
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	75		77
Total adjustments	75		112
Adjusted income from equity investments	$	247	$	231

Adjusted Noncontrolling Interests from Continuing Operations
Reported noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	$	(134)	$	(135)
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(22)		(15)
Adjusted noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	$	(156)	$	(150)

Adjusted Income from Continuing Operations (b)
Reported income from continuing operations	$	4,147	$	3,821
Add: Pension settlement charge	5		3
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	893		279
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	1,150		1,476
Total adjustments	2,048		1,758
Adjusted income from continuing operations	$	6,195	$	5,579

Adjusted Diluted EPS from Continuing Operations (b)
Reported diluted EPS from continuing operations	$	8.23	$	7.32
Add: Pension settlement charge	0.01		0.01
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	1.77		0.53
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	2.28		2.83
Total adjustments	4.06		3.37
Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing operations	$	12.29	$	10.69

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Reported percentage change	12		%
Adjusted percentage change	15		%

Adjusted EBITDA and % of Sales
Income from continuing operations	$	4,147		$	3,821
Add: Noncontrolling interests related to continuing operations	134			135
Add: Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(237)			(192)
Add: Interest expense	63			77
Add: Income taxes	1,434			1,262
Add: Depreciation and amortization	4,204			4,635
EBITDA from continuing operations	9,745			9,738
Add: Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (a)	1,029			308
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	99			133
Total adjustments	1,128			441
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations	$	10,873		$	10,179

Reported sales	$	33,364		$	30,793
% of sales
EBITDA from continuing operations	29.2		%	31.6		%
Adjusted EBITDA from continuing operations	32.6		%	33.1		%

(a) The income tax expense (benefit) on the non-GAAP pre-tax adjustments was determined using the applicable tax rates for the jurisdictions that were utilized in calculating the GAAP income tax expense (benefit) and included both current and deferred income tax amounts.

(b) Net of income taxes which are shown separately in “Adjusted Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rate”.

(c) The company believes that its non-GAAP measures excluding Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG are useful to investors because: (i) the business combination was a merger of equals in an all-stock merger transaction, with no cash consideration, (ii) the company is managed on a geographic basis and the results of certain geographies are more heavily impacted by purchase accounting than others, causing results that are not comparable at the reportable segment level, therefore, the impacts of purchasing accounting adjustments to each segment vary and are not comparable within the company and when compared to other companies in similar regions, (iii) business management is evaluated and variable compensation is determined based on results excluding purchase accounting impacts, and; (iv) it is important to investors and analysts to understand the purchase accounting impacts to the financial statements.
A summary of each of the adjustments made for Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG are as follows:
Adjusted Operating Profit and Margin: The purchase accounting adjustments for the periods presented relate primarily to depreciation and amortization related to the fair value step up of fixed assets and intangible assets (primarily customer related) acquired in the merger and the allocation of fair value step-up for ongoing Linde AG asset disposals (reflected in Other Income/(Expense)).
Adjusted Interest Expense - Net: Relates to the amortization of the fair value of debt acquired in the merger.
Adjusted Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rate: Relates to the current and deferred income tax impact on the adjustments discussed above. The income tax expense (benefit) on the non-GAAP pre-tax adjustments was determined using the applicable tax rates for the jurisdictions that were utilized in calculating the GAAP income tax expense (benefit) and included both current and deferred income tax amounts.
Adjusted Income from Equity Investments: Represents the amortization of increased fair value on equity investments related to depreciable and amortizable assets.
Adjusted Noncontrolling Interests from Continuing Operations: Represents the noncontrolling interests’ ownership portion of the adjustments described above determined on an entity by entity basis.

(d) Impairment charge related to a joint venture in the APAC segment.

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Net Debt and Adjusted Net Debt

Net debt is a financial liquidity measure used by investors, financial analysts and management to evaluate the ability of a company to repay its debt. Purchase accounting impacts have been excluded as they are non-cash and do not have an impact on liquidity.



	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
(Millions of dollars)
Debt	$	17,914	$	14,207
Less: cash and cash equivalents	(5,436)		(2,823)
Net debt	12,478		11,384
Less: purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(22)		(61)
Adjusted net debt	$	12,456	$	11,323

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SUPPLEMENTAL GUARANTEE INFORMATION

On June 6, 2020, the company filed a Form S-3 Registration Statement with the SEC (the "Registration Statement").

Linde plc may offer debt securities, preferred shares, depositary shares and ordinary shares under the Registration Statement, and debt securities exchangeable for or convertible into preferred shares, ordinary shares or other debt securities. Debt securities of Linde plc may be guaranteed by Linde Inc. (previously Praxair, Inc.) and/or Linde GmbH (previously Linde AG). Linde plc may provide guarantees of debt securities offered by its wholly owned subsidiaries Linde Inc. or Linde Finance under the Registration Statement.

Linde Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde Inc. may offer debt securities under the Registration Statement. Debt securities of Linde Inc. will be guaranteed by Linde plc, and such guarantees by Linde plc may be guaranteed by Linde GmbH. Linde Inc. may also provide (i) guarantees of debt securities offered by Linde plc under the Registration Statement and (ii) guarantees of the guarantees provided by Linde plc of debt securities of Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement.

Linde Finance B.V. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde Finance may offer debt securities under the Registration Statement. Linde plc will guarantee debt securities of Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement. Linde GmbH and Linde Inc. may guarantee Linde plc’s obligations under its downstream guarantee.

Linde GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde GmbH may provide (i) guarantees of debt securities offered by Linde plc under the Registration Statement and (ii) upstream guarantees of downstream guarantees provided by Linde plc of debt securities of Linde Inc. or Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement.

In September 2019, Linde plc provided downstream guarantees of all of the pre-business combination Linde Inc. and Linde Finance notes, and Linde GmbH and Linde Inc., respectively, provided upstream guarantees of Linde plc’s downstream guarantees.

For further information about the guarantees of the debt securities registered under the Registration Statement (including the ranking of such guarantees, limitations on enforceability of such guarantees and the circumstances under which such guarantees may be released), see “Description of Debt Securities – Guarantees” and “Description of Debt Securities – Ranking” in the Registration Statement, which subsections are incorporated herein by reference.

The following tables present summarized financial information for Linde plc, Linde Inc., Linde GmbH and Linde Finance on a combined basis, after eliminating intercompany transactions and balances between them and excluding investments in and equity in earnings from non-guarantor subsidiaries.

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(Millions of dollars)
Statement of Income Data	Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022		Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2021
Sales	$	8,850	$	7,767
Operating profit	1,337		973
Net income	675		721
Transactions with non-guarantor subsidiaries	2,241		2,067

Balance Sheet Data (at period end)
Current assets (a)	$	11,478	$	5,826
Long-term assets (b)	13,949		15,928
Current liabilities (c)	11,767		8,853
Long-term liabilities (d)	48,210		42,860

(a) From current assets above, amount due from non-guarantor subsidiaries	$	7,260	$	4,209
(b) From long-term assets above, amount due from non-guarantor subsidiaries	1,982		3,257
(c) From current liabilities above, amount due to non-guarantor subsidiaries	1,334		1,304
(d) From long-term liabilities above, amount due to non-guarantor subsidiaries	33,268		28,142

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the company’s earnings, cash flows and equity.

To manage these risks, Linde uses various derivative financial instruments, including interest-rate swaps, treasury rate locks, currency swaps, forward contracts, and commodity contracts. Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments. These contracts are entered into primarily with major banking institutions thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. Also, see Note 1 and Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for a more complete description of Linde’s accounting policies and use of such instruments.

The following discussion presents the sensitivity of the market value, earnings and cash flows of Linde’s financial instruments to hypothetical changes in interest and exchange rates assuming these changes occurred at December 31, 2022. The range of changes chosen for these discussions reflects Linde’s view of changes which are reasonably possible over a one-year period. Market values represent the present values of projected future cash flows based on interest rate and exchange rate assumptions.

Interest Rate Risk

At December 31, 2022, Linde had debt totaling $17,914 million ($14,207 million at December 31, 2021). For fixed-rate instruments, interest rate changes affect the fair market value but do not impact earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for floating-rate instruments, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value of the instrument but impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming that other factors are held constant. At December 31, 2022, including the impact of derivatives, Linde had fixed-rate debt of $13,000 million and floating-rate debt of $4,914 million, representing 73% and 27%, respectively, of total debt. At December 31, 2021, Linde had fixed-rate debt of $12,492 million and floating-rate debt of $1,715 million, representing 88% and 12%, respectively, of total debt.

Fixed Rate Debt

In order to mitigate interest rate risk, when considered appropriate, interest-rate swaps are entered into as hedges of underlying financial instruments to effectively change the characteristics of the interest rate without actually changing the underlying financial instrument. At December 31, 2022, Linde had fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps outstanding that were designated as hedging instruments of the underlying debt issuances - refer to Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. This sensitivity analysis assumes that, holding all other variables constant (such as foreign exchange rates, swaps and debt levels), a one hundred basis point increase in interest rates would decrease the unrealized fair market value of the fixed-rate debt portfolio by approximately $666 million ($834 million in 2021). A one hundred basis point increase in interest rates would result in an approximate $21 million decrease to derivative assets recorded.

Variable Rate Debt

At December 31, 2022, the after-tax earnings and cash flows impact of a one hundred basis point increase in interest rates, including offsetting impact of derivatives, on the variable-rate debt portfolio would be approximately $25 million ($33 million in 2021).

Foreign Currency Risk

Linde’s exchange-rate exposures result primarily from its investments and ongoing operations in Latin America (primarily Brazil and Mexico), Europe (primarily Germany, Scandinavia, and the U.K.), Canada, Asia Pacific (primarily Australia and China) and other business transactions such as the procurement of equipment from foreign sources. Linde frequently utilizes currency contracts to hedge these exposures. At December 31, 2022, Linde had a notional amount outstanding of $3,870 million ($5,870 million at December 31, 2021) related to foreign exchange contracts. The majority of these were to hedge recorded balance sheet exposures, primarily intercompany loans denominated in non-functional currencies. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements.

Holding all other variables constant, if there were a 10% increase in foreign-currency exchange rates for the portfolio, the fair market value of foreign-currency contracts outstanding at December 31, 2022 would increase by approximately $83 million and at December 31, 2021 would decrease by approximately $28 million, which would be largely offset by an offsetting loss or gain on the foreign-currency fluctuation of the underlying exposure being hedged.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



			Page
Management’s Statement of Responsibility for Financial Statements			47
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting			47
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm [PCAOB ID 238]			48

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 202 2 , 202 1 and 20 20			50
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 202 2 , 202 1 and 20 20			51
Consolidated Balance Sheets as as of December 31, 202 2 and 20 21			52
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 202 2 , 202 1 and 20 20			53
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 202 2 , 202 1 and 20 20			54

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies			55
Note 2. Acquisition and Divestitures			58
Note 3. Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges			59
Note 4. Leases			62
Note 5. Income Taxes			63
Note 6. Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders			68
Note 7. Supplemental Information			68
Note 8. Property, Plant and Equipment – Net			72
Note 9. Goodwill			72
Note 10. Other Intangible Assets			73
Note 11. Debt			75
Note 12. Financial Instruments			77
Note 13. Fair Value Disclosures			79
Note 14. Equity and Noncontrolling Interests			81
Note 15. Share-Based Compensation			82
Note 16. Retirement Programs			84
Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies			92
Note 18. Segment Information			93
Note 19. Revenue Recognition			96
Note 20. Subsequent Events			98

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MANAGEMENT’S STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Linde’s consolidated financial statements are prepared by management, which is responsible for their fairness, integrity and objectivity. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America applied on a consistent basis, except for accounting changes as disclosed, and include amounts that are estimates and judgments. All historical financial information in this annual report is consistent with the accompanying financial statements.

Linde maintains accounting systems, including internal accounting controls, monitored by a staff of internal auditors, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance of the reliability of financial records and the protection of assets. The concept of reasonable assurance is based on recognition that the cost of a system should not exceed the related benefits. The effectiveness of those systems depends primarily upon the careful selection of financial and other managers, clear delegation of authority and assignment of accountability, inculcation of high business ethics and conflict-of-interest standards, policies and procedures for coordinating the management of corporate resources, and the leadership and commitment of top management. In compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Linde assessed its internal control over financial reporting and issued a report (see below).

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists solely of non-employee directors, is responsible for overseeing the functioning of the accounting system and related controls and the preparation of annual financial statements. The Audit Committee periodically meets with management, internal auditors and the independent registered public accounting firm to review and evaluate their accounting, auditing and financial reporting activities and responsibilities, including management’s assessment of internal control over financial reporting. The independent registered public accounting firm and internal auditors have full and free access to the Audit Committee and meet with the committee, with and without management present.

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Linde’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (often referred to as COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that the company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited and issued their opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 as stated in their report.


/s/ Sanjiv Lamba						/s/ KELCEY E. HOYT
Sanjiv Lamba Chief Executive Officer						Kelcey E. Hoyt Chief Accounting Officer
/s/ MATTHEW J. WHITE
Matthew J. White Chief Financial Officer						February 28, 2023

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Linde plc

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Linde plc and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition - Estimated Costs at Completion

As described in Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements, $2,762 million of the Company’s total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 was generated from the sale of equipment contracts. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from the sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition - estimated costs at completion is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the estimated costs at completion for the sale of equipment contracts; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the estimated costs at completion and management’s significant assumptions related to the total estimated material and labor costs; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the revenue recognition process, including controls over developing the estimated costs at completion for the sale of equipment contracts. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating and testing management’s process for developing the estimated costs at completion for the sale of equipment contracts, which included evaluating the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions related to the total estimated material and labor costs. Evaluating the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions involved evaluating management’s ability to reasonably estimate costs at completion for the sale of equipment contracts on a sample basis by (i) performing a comparison of the originally estimated and actual costs incurred on similar completed equipment contracts, and (ii) evaluating the timely identification of circumstances that may warrant a modification to estimated costs at completion, including actual costs in excess of estimates. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the reasonableness of management’s estimates and significant assumptions related to the total estimated material and labor costs.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Stamford, Connecticut

February 28, 2023

We have served as the Company’s or its predecessor’s auditor since 1992.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollar amounts in millions, except per share data)


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Sales	$	33,364	$	30,793	$	27,243
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	19,450		17,543		15,383
Selling, general and administrative	3,107		3,189		3,193
Depreciation and amortization	4,204		4,635		4,626
Research and development	143		143		152
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges	1,029		273		506

Other income (expenses) – net	(62)		(26)		(61)
Operating Profit	5,369		4,984		3,322
Interest expense – net	63		77		115
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(237)		(192)		(177)
Income From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	5,543		5,099		3,384
Income taxes on continuing operations	1,434		1,262		847
Income From Continuing Operations Before Equity Investments	4,109		3,837		2,537
Income from equity investments	172		119		85
Income From Continuing Operations (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	4,281		3,956		2,622
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	—		5		4
Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	4,281		3,961		2,626
Less: noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	(134)		(135)		(125)

Net Income – Linde plc	$	4,147	$	3,826	$	2,501

Net Income – Linde plc
Income from continuing operations	$	4,147	$	3,821	$	2,497
Income from discontinued operations	$	—	$	5	$	4

Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations	$	8.30	$	7.39	$	4.74
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations	—		0.01		0.01
Basic earnings per share	$	8.30	$	7.40	$	4.75
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	8.23	$	7.32	$	4.70
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations	—		0.01		0.01
Diluted earnings per share	$	8.23	$	7.33	$	4.71

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding	499,736		516,896		526,736
Diluted shares outstanding	504,038		521,875		531,157

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollar amounts in millions)


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$	4,281	$	3,961	$	2,626

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,725)		(1,116)		565
Reclassifications to net income	(110)		(52)		—
Income taxes	—		(7)		30
Translation adjustments	(1,835)		(1,175)		595
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 16):



Retirement program remeasurements	1,349		826		(675)


Reclassifications to net income	80		175		92
Income taxes	(359)		(255)		114
Funded status - retirement obligations	1,070		746		(469)
Derivative instruments (Note 12):
Current year unrealized gain (loss)	107		140		(3)
Reclassifications to net income	(129)		(49)		42
Income taxes	9		(20)		(8)
Derivative instruments	(13)		71		31





TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(778)		(358)		157

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	3,503		3,603		2,783
Less: noncontrolling interests	(90)		(135)		(158)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - LINDE PLC	$	3,413	$	3,468	$	2,625

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollar amounts in millions)


December 31,	2022		2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	5,436	$	2,823
Accounts receivable – net	4,559		4,499
Contract assets	124		134
Inventories	1,978		1,733
Prepaid and other current assets	950		970
Total Current Assets	13,047		10,159
Property, plant and equipment – net	23,548		26,003
Equity investments	2,350		2,619
Goodwill	25,817		27,038
Other intangible assets – net	12,420		13,802
Other long-term assets	2,476		1,984
Total Assets	$	79,658	$	81,605
Liabilities and Equity
Accounts payable	$	2,995	$	3,503
Short-term debt	4,117		1,163
Current portion of long-term debt	1,599		1,709
Contract liabilities	3,073		2,940
Accrued taxes	613		429
Other current liabilities	4,082		3,899
Total Current Liabilities	16,479		13,643
Long-term debt	12,198		11,335
Other long-term liabilities	2,795		4,188
Deferred credits	6,799		6,998
Total Liabilities	38,271		36,164
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13		13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity:
Ordinary shares (€0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2022 and 2021 issued: 552,012,862 ordinary shares)	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	40,005		40,180
Retained earnings	20,541		18,710
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,782)		(5,048)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2022 – 59,555,235 shares and 2021 – 43,331,983 shares)	(14,737)		(9,808)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	40,028		44,035
Noncontrolling interests	1,346		1,393
Total Equity	41,374		45,428
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	79,658	$	81,605

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Millions of dollars)


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Operations
Net income – Linde plc	$	4,147	$	3,826	$	2,501
Less: income from discontinued operations, net of tax and noncontrolling interests	—		(5)		(4)
Add: Noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	134		135		125
Income from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests)	$	4,281	$	3,956	$	2,622
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, net of payments	902		98		258


Depreciation and amortization	4,204		4,635		4,626

Deferred income taxes	(383)		(254)		(369)
Share-based compensation	107		128		133



Non-cash charges and other	(49)		(19)		152
Working capital
Accounts receivable	(423)		(553)		19
Contract assets and liabilities, net	310		1,307		90
Inventory	(347)		(129)		18
Prepaid and other current assets	(157)		76		128
Payables and accruals	307		447		109
Pension contributions	(51)		(42)		(91)
Long-term assets, liabilities and other	163		75		(266)
Net cash provided by operating activities	8,864		9,725		7,429


Investing
Capital expenditures	(3,173)		(3,086)		(3,400)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(110)		(88)		(68)

Divestitures and asset sales, net of cash divested	195		167		482



Net cash used for investing activities	(3,088)		(3,007)		(2,986)

Financing
Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) – net	3,050		(1,329)		1,198
Long-term debt borrowings	3,210		2,283		2,796
Long-term debt repayments	(1,785)		(1,468)		(2,681)
Issuances of ordinary shares	36		50		47
Purchases of ordinary shares	(5,168)		(4,612)		(2,457)
Cash dividends – Linde plc shareholders	(2,344)		(2,189)		(2,028)


Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(88)		(323)		(220)


Net cash used for financing activities	(3,089)		(7,588)		(3,345)






Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(74)		(61)		(44)

Change in cash and cash equivalents	2,613		(931)		1,054
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period	2,823		3,754		2,700


Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$	5,436	$	2,823	$	3,754

Supplemental Data
Income taxes paid	$	1,735	$	1,710	$	1,066
Interest paid, net of capitalized interest (Note 7)	$	170	$	233	$	322

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollar amounts in millions, except per share data, shares in thousands)


	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity
	Ordinary shares			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Note 7)		Treasury Stock			Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Activity	Shares	Amounts								Shares	Amounts




























Balance, December 31, 2019	552,013	$	1	$	40,201	$	16,842	$	(4,814)	17,632	$	(3,156)	$	49,074	$	2,448	$	51,522
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders						2,501							2,501		125		2,626
Other comprehensive income (loss)								124					124		33		157
Noncontrolling interests:
Dividends and other capital reductions													—		(161)		(161)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)													—		(193)		(193)
Redemption value adjustments						17							17				17
Dividends ($3.852 per ordinary share)						(2,028)							(2,028)				(2,028)





Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans				(132)		(154)				(1,208)	233		(53)				(53)

Purchases of ordinary shares										12,294	(2,451)		(2,451)				(2,451)
Share-based compensation				133									133				133
Balance, December 31, 2020	552,013	$	1	$	40,202	$	17,178	$	(4,690)	28,718	$	(5,374)	$	47,317	$	2,252	$	49,569
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders						3,826							3,826		135		3,961
Other comprehensive income (loss)								(358)					(358)		—		(358)
Noncontrolling interests:
Dividends and other capital reductions													—		(118)		(118)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)													—		(876)		(876)

Dividends ($4.24 per ordinary share)						(2,189)							(2,189)				(2,189)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans				(150)		(105)				(1,026)	209		(46)				(46)
Purchases of ordinary shares										15,640	(4,643)		(4,643)				(4,643)
Share-based compensation				128									128				128
Balance, December 31, 2021	552,013	$	1	$	40,180	$	18,710	$	(5,048)	43,332	$	(9,808)	$	44,035	$	1,393	$	45,428
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders						4,147							4,147		134		4,281
Other comprehensive income (loss)								(734)					(734)		(44)		(778)
Noncontrolling interests:
Dividends and other capital reductions													—		(81)		(81)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)													—		(56)		(56)

Dividends ($4.68 per ordinary share)						(2,344)							(2,344)				(2,344)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans				(282)		28				(811)	198		(56)				(56)
Purchases of ordinary shares										17,034	(5,127)		(5,127)				(5,127)
Share-based compensation				107									107				107
Balance, December 31, 2022	552,013	$	1	$	40,005	$	20,541	$	(5,782)	59,555	$	(14,737)	$	40,028	$	1,346	$	41,374

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these financial statements

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, United States 06810. Linde trades on the New York Stock Exchange and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol LIN.

In connection with the closing of the intercompany reorganization, Linde shareholders will automatically receive one share of the new holding company, to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in exchange for each share of Linde plc they own. The new holding company will also be named “Linde plc” and will trade under the existing ticker LIN.

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (" U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of all significant subsidiaries where control exists and, in limited situations, variable-interest entities where the company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation and any significant related-party transactions have been disclosed.

Equity investments generally consist of 20% to 50% owned operations where the company exercises significant influence, but does not have control. Income from equity investments in corporations is reported on an after-tax basis. Pre-tax income from equity investments that are partnerships or limited-liability corporations is included in other income (expenses) – net with related taxes included in Income taxes. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances reflect that an impairment loss may have been incurred.

Changes in ownership interest that result either in consolidation or deconsolidation of an investment are recorded at fair value through earnings, including the retained ownership interest, while changes that do not result in either consolidation or deconsolidation of a subsidiary are treated as equity transactions.

Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While actual results could differ, management believes such estimates to be reasonable.

Operations – Linde is the largest industrial gases company globally. The company produces, sells and distributes atmospheric, process and specialty gases to a diverse group of industries including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage, electronics, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, and metals. Linde’s Engineering business offers its customers an extensive range of gas production and processing services including supplying plant components and services directly to customers.

Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. See Note 19 for additional details regarding Linde's revenue recognition policies.

Cash Equivalents – Cash equivalents are considered to be highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less.

Inventories – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average-cost method.

Property, Plant and Equipment – Net – Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. The company capitalizes labor, applicable overhead and interest as part of the cost of constructing major facilities. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are also capitalized. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, which

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range from 3 years to 40 years (see Note 8). Linde uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate. Maintenance of property, plant and equipment is generally expensed as incurred.

The company performs a test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an individual asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Should projected undiscounted future cash flows be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment charge reducing the carrying amount to fair value may be required. Fair value is determined based on the most appropriate valuation technique, including discounted cash flows.

Asset-Retirement Obligations – An asset-retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which sufficient information exists to determine the fair value of the liability with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the related property, plant and equipment which is then depreciated over its useful life. The liability is initially measured at fair value and then accretion expense is recorded in each subsequent period. The company’s asset-retirement obligations are primarily associated with its on-site long-term supply arrangements where the company has built a facility on land leased from the customer and is obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. The company's asset-retirement obligations are not material to its consolidated financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation – For most foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency and translation gains and losses are reported as part of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of equity as a cumulative translation adjustment (see Note 7).

Financial Instruments – Linde enters into various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuating interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity pricing and energy costs. Such instruments primarily include interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements; currency-swap agreements; forward contracts; currency options; and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes. Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.

There are three types of derivatives the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes unless they are related to forecasted transactions. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.

Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair-value hedges are recognized in earnings as an offset to the change in the fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged. The changes in fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash-flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Provided the hedge remains highly effective, any ineffectiveness is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries are recognized in the cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets to offset translation gains and losses associated with the hedged net investment. Derivatives that are entered into for risk-management purposes and are not designated as hedges (primarily related to currency derivatives other than for firm commitments) are recorded at their fair market values and recognized in current earnings.

See Note 12 for additional information relating to financial instruments.

Goodwill – Acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method which requires allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is recorded as goodwill. Allocations of the purchase price are based on preliminary estimates and assumptions at the date of acquisition and are subject to revision based on final information received, including appraisals and other analyses which support underlying estimates.

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The company performs a goodwill impairment test annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. The impairment test allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value then the company will estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying value, including goodwill. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level. The qualitative analysis of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2022 showed the fair value of the reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value, as such further analysis was not performed.

See Note 9 for additional information relating to goodwill.

Other Intangible Assets – Other intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, are amortized over the estimated period of benefit. The determination of the estimated period of benefit will be dependent upon the use and underlying characteristics of the intangible asset. Linde evaluates the recoverability of its intangible assets subject to amortization when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is generally estimated based on either appraised value or other valuation techniques. Indefinite lived intangible assets related to the Linde brand are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate an impairment loss may have occurred.

See Note 10 for additional information relating to other intangible assets.

Income Taxes – Deferred income taxes are recorded for the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets whenever circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized in future periods.

Under the guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the company can recognize the benefit of an income tax position only if it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. Otherwise, no benefit can be recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, the company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. Interest and penalties are classified as income tax expense in the financial statements.

See Note 5 for additional information relating to income taxes.

Retirement Benefits – Most Linde employees participate in a form of defined benefit or contribution retirement plan, and additionally certain employees are eligible to participate in various post-employment health care and life insurance benefit plans. The cost of contribution plans is recognized in the year earned while the cost of other plans is recognized over the employees’ expected service period to the company, all in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. The funded status of the plans is recorded as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Funding of retirement benefits varies and is in accordance with local laws and practices.

See Note 16 for additional information relating to retirement programs.

Share-based Compensation– The company has historically granted share-based awards which consist of stock options, restricted stock and performance-based stock. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period. For stock awards granted to full-retirement-eligible employees, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved. For performance-based awards, compensation expense is recognized only if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

See Note 15 for additional disclosures relating to share-based compensation.

Reclassifications – Certain prior years’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Implemented in 2022

There were no new accounting pronouncements that would materially impact the 2022 financial statements.

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NOTE 2. Acquisitions and Divestitures

Acquisitions

Acquisitions were $110 million, $88 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Acquisitions in 2022 and 2021 primarily related to the Americas and EMEA. Acquisitions in 2020 primarily related to the Americas.

Divestitures

Sale of GIST business

In the third quarter of 2022, the company completed the sale of its GIST business. Proceeds from the sale were $184 million, net of cash divested of $75 million, for net proceeds of $109 million. The sale resulted in a loss of $21 million (benefit of $3 million, after tax), recorded within the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges in the consolidated statement of income (see Note 3).

Deconsolidation of Joint Venture in APAC

Effective January 1, 2021, Linde deconsolidated a joint venture with operations in APAC, due to the expiration of certain contractual rights that the parties mutually agreed not to renew. From the effective date, the joint venture is reflected as an equity investment on Linde's consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding results reflected in income from equity investments on the consolidated statement of income.

The fair value of the joint venture at January 1, 2021 was determined using a discounted cash flow model and approximated the carrying amount of its net assets. The net carrying value of $852 million was mainly comprised of assets of approximately $1.9 billion (primarily Other intangibles and Property plant and equipment - net), net of liabilities of approximately $1.0 billion. Upon deconsolidation an equity investment was recorded representing Linde's share of the joint venture's net assets. The deconsolidation resulted in a gain of $52 million recorded within 2021 charges (see Note 3) related to the release of the CTA balance recorded within AOCI. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation.

The joint venture contributed sales of approximately $600 million in 2020.

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NOTE 3. Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges

2022 Charges

Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges were $1 billion ($896 million, after tax and noncontrolling interests) for the year ended December 31, 2022, largely attributable to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Russia-Ukraine Conflict

In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple jurisdictions, including Europe and the U.S., have imposed several tranches of economic sanctions on Russia. As a result, Linde reassessed its ability to control its Russian subsidiaries and determined that as of June 30, 2022 it can no longer exercise control over these entities. As such, Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022. The deconsolidation of the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities resulted in a loss of $787 million ($730 million after tax) during the second quarter.

The fair value of Linde’s Russian subsidiaries was determined using a probability weighted discounted cash flow model, which resulted in the recognition of a $407 million loss on deconsolidation when compared to the carrying value of the entities. This loss is recorded within Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges in the consolidated statements of income.

Upon deconsolidation an investment was recorded, which represents the fair value of net assets. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation. Linde will maintain its interest in its Russian subsidiaries and will continue to comply with sanctions and government restrictions as it continues to develop divestiture options. The investment will be monitored for impairment in future periods.

Receivables, primarily loans receivable, with newly deconsolidated entities were reassessed for collectability resulting in a write-off of approximately $380 million.

Other Russia related charges

Other charges related specifically to the Russia-Ukraine conflict were $103 million ($73 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and are primarily comprised of impairments of assets which are maintained by international entities in support of the Russian business.

Merger-Related Costs and Other Charges

Merger-related costs and other charges were $139 million ($93 million, after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to severance actions within the Engineering segment recorded during the fourth quarter, the impairment of an equity method investment in the EMEA segment, and the sale of the GIST business completed on September 30, 2022 (see Note 2).

The following table provides a summary of the pre-tax charges by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 :


	Year Ended December 31, 2022
(millions of dollars)	Russia deconsolidation charges		Other Russia related charges		Total Russia charges		Merger-related costs and other charges		Total
Americas	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	4
EMEA	733		(7)		726		25		751
APAC	—		—		—		28		28
Engineering	54		110		164		41		205
Other	—		—		—		41		41
Total	$	787	$	103	$	890	$	139	$	1,029

2021 Charges

Cost reduction programs and other charges were $273 million ($279 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Total cost reduction program related charges were $338 million ($253 million after tax), for the year ended December 31, 2021. These expenses consisted primarily of severance charges of $259 million and other charges of $79 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Other charges related primarily to the execution of the company's synergistic actions including location consolidations and business rationalization projects, process harmonization, and associated non-recurring costs.

Merger-related and other charges were benefits of $65 million (benefit of $26 million, after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The 2021 pre-tax benefit was primarily due to a $52 million gain triggered by a joint venture deconsolidation in the APAC segment.


	Year Ended December 31, 2021
(millions of dollars)	Severance costs		Other cost reduction charges		Total cost reduction program related charges		Merger related and other charges		Total
Americas	$	4	$	2	$	6	$	(6)	$	—
EMEA	204		33		237		1		238
APAC	16		12		28		(50)		(22)
Engineering	20		6		26		—		26
Other	15		26		41		(10)		31
Total	$	259	$	79	$	338	$	(65)	$	273

2020 Charges

Cost reduction programs and other charges were $506 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, ($372 million after tax).

Total cost reduction program related charges were $391 million ($277 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2020. These expenses consisted primarily of severance costs of $298 million and other charges of $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Other charges related to the execution of the company's synergistic actions including location consolidations and business rationalization projects, process harmonization, and associated non-recurring costs.

Merger-related and other charges were $115 million ($95 million, after tax). for the year ended December 31, 2020.


	Year Ended December 31, 2020
(millions of dollars)	Severance costs		Other cost reduction charges		Total cost reduction program related charges		Merger related and other charges		Total
Americas	$	35	$	24	$	59	$	13	$	72
EMEA	131		21		152		3		155
APAC	7		2		9		3		12
Engineering	38		28		66		4		70
Other	87		18		105		92		197
Total	$	298	$	93	$	391	$	115	$	506

Cash Requirements

The total cash requirements of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 are expected to be immaterial. Remaining cash requirements are expected to be paid through 2023. Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, net of payments in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 also reflect the impact of cash payments of liabilities, including merger-related tax liabilities, accrued as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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The following table summarizes the activities related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the company's cost reduction programs and other charges during 2021 and 2022:


(millions of dollars)	Total Russia charges		Severance costs		Other cost reduction charges		Total cost reduction program related charges		Merger related and other charges		Total









Balance, December 31, 2020	$	—	$	283	$	22	$	305	$	64	$	369
2021 Cost Reduction Programs and Other Charges	—		259		79		338		(65)		273
Less: Cash payments	—		(138)		(15)		(153)		(22)		(175)
Less: Non-cash charges	—		—		(41)		(41)		54		13
Foreign currency translation and other	—		(20)		(7)		(27)		—		(27)
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	—	$	384	$	38	$	422	$	31	$	453
2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges	890		41		24		65		74		1,029
Less: Cash payments	—		(122)		(24)		(146)		19		(127)
Less: Non-cash charges	(890)		—		(7)		(7)		(109)		(1,006)
Foreign currency translation and other	—		(22)		(4)		(26)		(3)		(29)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	—	$	281	$	27	$	308	$	12	$	320

Classification in the consolidated financial statements

The pre-tax charges for each year are shown within operating profit in a separate line item on the consolidated statements of income. In the consolidated balance sheets, reductions in assets are recorded against the carrying value of the related assets and unpaid amounts are recorded as other current or long-term liabilities (see Note 7). On the consolidated statements of cash flows, the pre-tax impact of these charges, net of cash payments, is shown as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities. In Note 18 Segment Information, Linde excluded these charges from its management definition of segment operating profit; a reconciliation of segment operating profit to consolidated operating profit is shown within the segment operating profit table.

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NOTE 4. LEASES

In the normal course of its business, Linde enters into various leases as the lessee, primarily involving manufacturing and distribution equipment and office space. Linde determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. Total lease and rental expenses related to operating lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $284 million and $317 million, respectively. Operating leases costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. The related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Total lease and rental expenses related to finance lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $57 million and $51 million, respectively, and the costs are included in depreciation and amortization and interest. Related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Linde includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised as part of the lease term. Operating and financing lease expenses above include short term and variable lease costs which are immaterial.

As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, Linde uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to measure lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. Linde determines incremental borrowing rates through market sources.

The company has elected to apply the short-term lease exception for all underlying asset classes. Short-term leases are leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include a purchase option that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. Leases that meet the short-term lease definition are not recognized on the balance sheet, but rather expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance. The company does not have material variable lease payments.

Gains and losses on sale and leaseback transactions were immaterial. Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $254 million and $290 million, respectively. Cash flows used for finance leases for the same period were immaterial.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	726	$	853

Other current liabilities	181		215
Other long-term liabilities	540		618
Total operating lease liabilities	721		833

Finance Leases
Finance lease right-of-use assets	146		163

Other current liabilities	42		47
Other long-term liabilities	114		129
Total finance lease liabilities	$	156	$	176

Supplemental operating lease information:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Weighted average lease term (years)	8		9
Weighted average discount rate	3.26	%	2.91	%

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Future operating and finance lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (millions of dollars):


Period	Operating Leases		Financing Leases
2023	$	196	$	48
2024	140		37
2025	106		29
2026	79		19
2027	58		12
Thereafter	258		57
Total future undiscounted lease payments	837		202
Less imputed interest	(116)		(46)
Total reported lease liability	$	721	$	156

NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES

Pre-tax income applicable to U.S. and non-U.S. operations is as follows:


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	2,502	$	2,020	$	1,253
Non-U.S.	3,041		3,079		2,131
Total income before income taxes	$	5,543	$	5,099	$	3,384

Provision for Income Taxes

The following is an analysis of the provision for income taxes:


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Current tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal	$	486	$	287	$	185
State and local	92		87		17
Non-U.S.	1,239		1,142		1,013
	1,817		1,516		1,215
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal	(12)		63		20
State and local	7		8		7
Non-U.S.	(378)		(325)		(395)
	(383)		(254)		(368)
Total income taxes	$	1,434	$	1,262	$	847

U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) 2018

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the tax payable related to the deemed repatriation tax is $178 million and $178 million, respectively, of which $139 million and $178 million is classified as other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet (See Note 7), respectively. The company is required to fund the balance in annual installments through 2025.

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Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation

For purposes of the effective tax rate reconciliation, the company utilizes the U.S. statutory income tax rate of 21%. An analysis of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income follows:


(Dollar amounts in millions) Year Ended December 31,	2022				2021				2020
U.S. statutory income tax	$	1,164	21.0	%	$	1,071	21.0	%	$	711	21.0	%
State and local taxes – net of federal benefit	84		1.5	%	83		1.6	%	21		0.6	%
U.S. tax credits and deductions (a)	(16)		(0.3)	%	(23)		(0.5)	%	(8)		(0.2)	%
Non-U.S. tax differentials (b)	176		3.2	%	219		4.3	%	167		4.9	%

Share-Based compensation	(41)		(0.7)	%	(56)		(1.1)	%	(53)		(1.6)	%
Russia/Ukraine Charges	108		1.9	%	—		—	%	—		—	%
Other – net (c)	(41)		(0.7)	%	(32)		(0.6)	%	9		0.3	%
Provision for income taxes	$	1,434	25.9	%	$	1,262	24.7	%	$	847	25.0	%

________________________

(a)U.S. tax credits and deductions relate to non-U.S. derived intangible income and the research and experimentation tax credit in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

(b)Primarily related to differences between the U.S. tax rate and the statutory tax rate in the countries where the company operates. Excluding 2021, which included an $83 million deferred income tax charge related to a tax rate increase in the U.K, other permanent items and tax rate changes were not significant.

(c)Other - net includes net tax benefits related to the settlement of tax audits of $71 million in 2022 , and $47 million in 2021.

Net Deferred Tax Liabilities

Net deferred tax liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of the following:

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(Millions of dollars) December 31,	2022		2021
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets (a)	$	2,775	$	3,177
Goodwill	173		166
Other intangible assets	2,939		3,263
Subsidiary/equity investments	545		586
Other (b)	471		634
	$	6,903	$	7,826
Deferred tax assets
Carryforwards	$	289	$	358
Benefit plans and related (c)(d)	165		607
Inventory	68		57
Accruals and other (e)	1,001		1,042
	$	1,523	$	2,064
Less: Valuation allowances (f)	(276)		(235)
	$	1,247	$	1,829
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	5,656	$	5,997
Recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as (Note 7):
Other long-term assets	230		242
Deferred credits	5,886		6,239
	$	5,656	$	5,997

________________________

(a)Excludes $39 million and $19 million of fixed assets in 2022 related to the deconsolidation of Russia and the sale of GIST, respectively (see Notes 3 and 2).

(b)Includes $206 million in 2022 and $236 million in 2021 related to right-of-use lease assets.

(c)Includes deferred tax liabilities of $54 million and deferred tax assets of $305 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to pension / OPEB funded status (see Notes 7 and 16).

(d)The amounts are net of non-US deferred tax liabilities of $315 million in 2022 and $71 million in 2021.

(e)Includes $212 million in 2022 and $246 million in 2021 related to lease liabilities and $25 million and $42 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to research and development costs.

(f)Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):


	2022		2021		2020
Balance, January 1,	$	(235)	$	(243)	$	(222)
Income tax (charge) benefit	(44)		8		(21)
Other, including write-offs	—		—		2
Translation adjustments	3		—		(2)
Balance, December 31,	$	(276)	$	(235)	$	(243)

The company evaluates deferred tax assets quarterly to ensure that estimated future taxable income will be sufficient in character (e.g., capital gain versus ordinary income treatment), amount and timing to result in their recovery. After considering the positive and negative evidence, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the assets to their realizable value when management determines that it is more likely than not (i.e., greater than 50% likelihood) that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Considerable judgment is required in establishing deferred tax valuation allowances.

As of December 31, 2022, the company had $289 million of deferred tax assets relating to net operating losses (“NOLs”) and tax credits and $276 million of valuation allowances. These deferred tax assets include $215 million relating to NOLs of which $90 million expire within 5 years, $42 million expire after 5 years and $83 million have no expiration. The

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deferred tax assets also include $74 million related to credits of which $5 million expire within 5 years, $66 million expire after 5 years, and $3 million have no expiration. The valuation allowances of $276 million primarily relate to NOLs and foreign currency loss related to the revaluation of deferred tax liabilities associated with future repatriations. Management has determined, based on financial projections and available tax strategies, that it is unlikely that the benefit of these losses will be realized. If events or circumstances change, valuation allowances are adjusted at that time resulting in an income tax benefit or charge.

The company has $545 million of non-U.S. income taxes accrued related to its investments in subsidiaries and equity investments as of December 31, 2022. A provision has not been made for any additional non-U.S. income tax at December 31, 2022 on approximately $33 billion related to its investments in subsidiaries because the company intends to remain indefinitely reinvested. While the $33 billion could become subject to additional non-U.S. income tax if there is a sale of a subsidiary, or earnings are remitted as dividends, it is not practicable to estimate the unrecognized deferred tax liability.

Uncertain Tax Positions

Unrecognized income tax benefits represent income tax positions taken on income tax returns but not yet recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The company has unrecognized income tax benefits totaling $325 million, $387 million and $452 million as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. If recognized, essentially all of the unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties would be recorded as a benefit to income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2020
Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1	$	387	$	452	$	472
Additions for tax positions of prior years	26		11		35
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (a)	(45)		(11)		(34)
Additions for current year tax positions	—		19		11
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (a)(b)	(23)		(60)		(39)
Foreign currency translation and other	(20)		(24)		7
Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31	$	325	$	387	$	452

________________________

(a)2022 amounts are primarily related to the settlement of tax audits.

(b)Settlements are uncertain tax positions that were effectively settled with the taxing authorities, including positions where the company has agreed to amend its tax returns to eliminate the uncertainty.

The company classifies interest income and expense related to income taxes as tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. The company recognized net interest benefit of $3 million and $15 million and expense of $29 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The company had $35 million and $40 million of accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were recorded in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets (See Note 7).

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As of December 31, 2022, the company remained subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the tax years as indicated below:



Major tax jurisdictions			Open Years
North and South America
United States			2017 through 2022
Canada			2014 through 2022
Mexico			2014 through 2022
Brazil			2003 through 2022

Europe and Africa
France			2019 through 2022
Germany			2018 through 2022
Spain			2010 through 2022
United Kingdom			2020 through 2022

Asia and Australia
Australia			2018 through 2022
China			2017 through 2022
India			2006 through 2022
South Korea			2020 through 2022

The company is currently under audit in a number of jurisdictions. As a result, it is reasonably possible that some of these matters will conclude or reach the stage where a change in unrecognized income tax benefits may occur within the next twelve months. At the time new information becomes available, the company will record any adjustment to income tax expense as required. Final determinations, if any, are not expected to be material to the consolidated financial statements. The company is also subject to income taxes in many hundreds of state and local taxing jurisdictions that are open to tax examinations.

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NOTE 6. EARNINGS PER SHARE – LINDE PLC SHAREHOLDERS

Basic and Diluted earnings per share - Linde plc shareholders is computed by dividing Income from continuing operations, Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, and Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:


	2022		2021		2020
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Income from continuing operations	$	4,147	$	3,821	$	2,497
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	—		5		4
Net Income – Linde plc	$	4,147	$	3,826	$	2,501
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding	499,254		516,507		526,404
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans	482		389		332
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share	499,736		516,896		526,736
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards	4,302		4,979		4,421
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share	504,038		521,875		531,157
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations	$	8.30	$	7.39	$	4.74
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations	—		0.01		0.01
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	8.30	$	7.40	$	4.75
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations	$	8.23	$	7.32	$	4.70
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations	—		0.01		0.01
Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	8.23	$	7.33	$	4.71

There were no antidilutive shares for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

NOTE 7. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

Income Statement


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling	$	1,295	$	1,342	$	1,303
General and administrative	1,812		1,847		1,890
	$	3,107	$	3,189	$	3,193


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Depreciation and Amortization (a)
Depreciation	$	3,633	$	3,912	$	3,861
Amortization of intangibles (Note 10)	571		723		765
Depreciation and Amortization	$	4,204	$	4,635	$	4,626

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Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Other Income (Expenses) – Net
Currency related net gains (losses)	$	(18)	$	(29)	$	(28)
Partnership income	18		13		10

Severance expense	(13)		(5)		(5)
Asset divestiture gains (losses) – net	(9)		(31)		(78)
Other – net	(40)		26		40
	$	(62)	$	(26)	$	(61)


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Interest Expense – Net
Interest incurred on debt and other	$	277	$	227	$	277
Interest income	(117)		(40)		(55)
Amortization on acquired debt	(35)		(53)		(85)
Interest capitalized	(62)		(57)		(38)
Bond redemption (b)	—		—		16
	$	63	$	77	$	115


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests' operations (c)	$	134	$	135	$	125

Balance Sheet


(Millions of dollars) December 31,	2022		2021
Accounts Receivable


Trade and Other receivables	$	4,964	$	4,904
Less: allowance for expected credit losses	(405)		(405)
	$	4,559	$	4,499

Receivables

Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,498 million and $4,425 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $321 million and $329 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Gross other receivables were $145 million and $150 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments.

Provisions for expected credit losses were $163 million, $129 million and $182 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The allowance activity in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material.

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December 31,	2022		2021
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$	567	$	399
Work in process	368		334
Finished goods	1,043		1,000
	$	1,978	$	1,733


December 31,	2022		2021
Prepaid and Other Current Assets

Prepaid and other deferred charges (d)	$	597	$	527
VAT recoverable	225		196
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12)	24		101
Other	104		146
	$	950	$	970


December 31,	2022		2021
Other Long-term Assets
Pension assets (Note 16)	$	661	$	139
Insurance contracts (e)	39		46
Long-term receivables, net (f)	164		105
Lease assets (Note 4)	872		1,016
Deposits	52		43
Investments carried at cost (h)	184		18
Deferred charges	66		62
Deferred income taxes (Note 5)	230		242
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12)	4		35
Other	204		278
	$	2,476	$	1,984


December 31,	2022		2021
Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses	$	1,533	$	1,248
Payroll	614		710
VAT payable	259		295
Pension and postretirement (Note 16)	51		38
Interest payable	118		102
Lease liability (Note 4)	223		262
Insurance reserves	19		19
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12)	23		27

Cost reduction programs (Note 3)	187		200
Other	1,055		998
	$	4,082	$	3,899

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December 31,	2022		2021
Other Long-term Liabilities
Pension and postretirement (Note 16)	$	640	$	1,802
Tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions (Note 5)	248		302
Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5)	139		178

Lease liability (Note 4)	654		747
Interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions (Note 5)	35		40
Insurance reserves	52		56
Asset retirement obligation	305		305
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12)	73		8
Cost reduction programs (Note 3)	133		253
Other	516		497
	$	2,795	$	4,188


December 31,	2022		2021
Deferred Credits
Deferred income taxes (Note 5)	$	5,886	$	6,239
Other	913		759
	$	6,799	$	6,998


December 31,	2022		2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas (g)	$	(3,942)	$	(3,985)
EMEA (g)	(1,249)		94
APAC (g)	(835)		154
Engineering	(241)		24
Other	483		(280)
	(5,784)		(3,993)
Derivatives – net of taxes	62		75


Pension/OPEB funded status obligation (net of $54 million tax obligation in 2022 and $305 million tax benefit in 2021) (Note 16)	(60)		(1,130)
	$	(5,782)	$	(5,048)

(a)Depreciation and amortization expense in 2022 include $1,006 million and $474 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. In 2021, depreciation and amortization expense include $1,245 million and $618 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts.

(b)In December 2020, the company repaid $500 million of 4.05% notes and $500 million of 3.00% notes that were due in 2021 resulting in a $16 million interest charge.

(c)In 2022, 2021 and 2020 noncontrolling interests from continuing operations includes $22 million, $15 million and $57 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. The decrease in 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see Note 2) and the buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa (see Note 14).

(d) Includes estimated income tax payments of $164 million in 2022 and $122 million in 2021.

(e) Consists primarily of insurance contracts and other investments to be utilized for non-qualified pension and OPEB obligations.

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(f) The balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are net of reserves of $36 million and $33 million, respectively. The amounts in both years relate primarily to long-term notes receivable from customers in APAC and government receivables in Brazil. The amount in 2022 also includes receivables from the sale of GIST.

(g) Americas consists of currency translation adjustments primarily in Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. EMEA relates primarily to Germany, the U.K. and Sweden. APAC relates primarily to China, South Korea, India and Australia.

(h) In 2022 includes investments from the deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries.

NOTE 8. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT – NET

Significant classes of property, plant and equipment are as follows:


(Millions of dollars) December 31,	Depreciable Lives (Yrs)	2022		2021
Production plants (primarily 15-year life) (a)	10-20	$	30,554	$	29,120
Storage tanks	15-20	4,807		4,441
Transportation equipment and other	3-15	3,434		2,973
Cylinders	10-30	4,604		4,474
Buildings	25-40	3,002		3,265
Land and improvements (b)	0-20	1,047		1,121
Construction in progress		3,239		3,062
		50,687		48,456
Less: accumulated depreciation		(27,139)		(22,453)
		$	23,548	$	26,003

(a) - Depreciable lives of production plants related to long-term customer supply contracts are generally consistent with the contract lives.

(b) - Land is not depreciated.

NOTE 9. GOODWILL

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:


(Millions of dollars)	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	9,083	$	10,844	$	5,262	$	2,682	$	330	$	28,201
Acquisitions	45		1		—		—		—		46
Foreign currency translation and other	(41)		(559)		(173)		(186)		(7)		(966)
Disposals (Note 2)	—		(8)		(235)		—		—		(243)
Balance, December 31, 2021	9,087		10,278		4,854		2,496		323		27,038
Acquisitions	44		28		—		—		—		72
Foreign currency translation and other	5		(773)		(304)		(146)		(13)		(1,231)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	—		(41)		—		(1)		(20)		(62)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	9,136	$	9,492	$	4,550	$	2,349	$	290	$	25,817

Linde performs its goodwill impairment tests annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. For the fourth quarter 2022 test, the company applied the FASB's accounting guidance which allows the company to first assess qualitative factors to determine the extent of additional quantitative analysis, if any, that may be required to test goodwill for impairment. Based on the qualitative assessments performed, the company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit substantially exceeded its carrying value and therefore, further quantitative analysis was not required. As a result, no impairment was recorded. There were no indicators of impairment since the annual goodwill impairment test was performed through December 31, 2022.

NOTE 10. OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following is a summary of Linde’s other intangible assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2022	Customer Relationships		Brands/Tradenames		Other Intangible Assets		Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	11,859	$	2,685	$	1,629	$	16,173
Additions	19		—		53		72
Foreign currency translation	(660)		(120)		(56)		(836)
Disposals (Note 2)	(140)		—		(45)		(185)
Other *	(16)		—		116		100
Balance, December 31, 2022	11,062		2,565		1,697		15,324
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2021	(1,541)		(159)		(671)		(2,371)
Amortization expense (Note 7)	(419)		(42)		(110)		(571)
Foreign currency translation	80		5		13		98
Disposals (Note 2)	34		—		16		50
Other *	5		—		(115)		(110)
Balance, December 31, 2022	(1,841)		(196)		(867)		(2,904)
Net intangible asset balance at December 31, 2022	$	9,221	$	2,369	$	830	$	12,420

(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2021	Customer Relationships		Brands/Tradenames		Other Intangible Assets		Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	13,776	$	2,895	$	1,697	$	18,368
Additions	12		—		61		73
Foreign currency translation	(490)		(113)		(69)		(672)
Disposals	(1,085)		(94)		(46)		(1,225)
Other *	(354)		(3)		(14)		(371)
Balance, December 31, 2021	11,859		2,685		1,629		16,173
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2020	(1,470)		(118)		(596)		(2,184)
Amortization expense (Note 7)	(553)		(45)		(125)		(723)
Foreign currency translation	64		3		22		89
Disposals (Note 2)	66		1		13		80
Other *	352		—		15		367
Balance, December 31, 2021	(1,541)		(159)		(671)		(2,371)
Net balance at December 31, 2021	$	10,318	$	2,526	$	958	$	13,802

*Other primarily relates to the write-off of fully amortized assets and reclassifications. 2021 Other is primarily due to merger related customer lists in the Americas.

There are no expected residual values related to these intangible assets. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $571 million, $723 million and $765 million, respectively. The remaining weighted-average amortization period for intangible assets is approximately 24 years.

Total estimated annual amortization expense related to finite-lived intangibles is as follows:


(Millions of dollars)
2023	$	565
2024	537
2025	519
2026	468
2027	460
Thereafter	8,165
Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets	10,714
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2022	1,706
Net intangible assets at December 31, 2022	$	12,420

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NOTE 11. DEBT

The following is a summary of Linde’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


(Millions of dollars)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper	$	3,926	$	278
Other borrowings (primarily non U.S.)	191		885
Total short-term debt	4,117		1,163
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2022 (b) (c)	—		1,137
2.20% Notes due 2022 (e)	—		500
2.70% Notes due 2023	501		500
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b)	699		759
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b)	367		432
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024	588		625
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b)	324		356
4.800% Notes due 2024 (f)	299		—
4.700% Notes due 2025 (f)	598		—
2.65% Notes due 2025	400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	533		565
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026	751		799
3.20% Notes due 2026	724		725
3.434% Notes due 2026	198		197
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027	88		94
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2027	802		850
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 (d)	536		—
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)	749		879
1.10% Notes due 2030	696		696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030	111		118
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)	803		—
0.550% Euro denominated notes due 2032	798		847
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033	529		565
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 (d)	849		—
3.55% Notes due 2042	665		664
2.00% Notes due 2050	296		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051	731		788
Non U.S. borrowings	152		243
Other	10		10


	13,797		13,044
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(1,599)		(1,709)
Total long-term debt	12,198		11,335
Total debt	17,914		14,207

________________________

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

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(b)December 31, 2022 and 2021 included a cumulative $56 million and $42 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps.

(c)In January 2022, Linde repaid €1.0 billion of 0.250% note that became due.

(d)In March, 2022, Linde issued €500 million of 1.000% notes due 2027, €750 million of 1.375% notes due 2031, and €800 million of 1.625% notes due 2035.

(e)In May 2022, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.20% notes that were due in August 2022. There was no impact to interest within the consolidated statements of income.

(f)In November 2022, Linde issued $300 million of 4.800% notes due in 2024 and $600 million of 4.700% notes due in 2025.

Credit Facilities

On December 7, 2022, the company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an amended and restated unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Five Year Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of banking institutions. The Five Year Credit Agreement provides for total commitments of $5.0 billion, which may be increased up to $6.5 billion, subject to receipt of additional commitments and satisfaction of customary conditions. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility expires on December 7, 2027 with the option to request two one-year extensions of the expiration date.

In addition, on December 7, 2022, the company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an unsecured 364-day revolving credit agreement (the “364-Day Credit Agreement” and, together with the Five Year Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”) with a syndicate of banking institutions. The 364-Day Credit Agreement provides for total commitments of $1.5 billion. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility expires on December 7, 2023 with the option to elect to have the entire principal balance outstanding under the Credit Agreement converted into non-revolving term loans, which will be due and payable one year after the commitment termination date.

No borrowings were outstanding under the Credit Agreements as of December 31, 2022.

Other Debt Information

The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 3.2% and 0.0% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Expected maturities of long-term debt are as follows:


(Millions of dollars)
2023	$	1,599
2024	1,219
2025	1,548
2026	1,686
2027	1,442
Thereafter	6,303
	$	13,797

As of December 31, 2022, the amount of Linde's assets pledged as collateral was immaterial.

See Note 13 for the fair value information related to debt.

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NOTE 12. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.

There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.

Counterparties to Linde’s derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of December 31, 2022, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial.

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for consolidated subsidiaries:


					Fair Value
(Millions of dollars)	Notional Amounts				Assets (a)				Liabilities (a)
December 31,	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items	$	3,056	$	4,427	$	13	$	22	$	7	$	17
Forecasted transactions	449		537		9		6		9		11
Cross-currency swaps	42		148		—		21		1		4
Commodity contracts	N/A		N/A		—		—		—		—
Total	$	3,547	$	5,112	$	22	$	49	$	17	$	32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Forecasted transactions	323		758		6		14		5		3
Commodity contracts	N/A		N/A		—		49		4		—
Interest rate swaps	856		1,251		—		24		70		—
Total Hedges	$	1,179	$	2,009	$	6	$	87	$	79	$	3
Total Derivatives	$	4,726	$	7,121	$	28	$	136	$	96	$	35

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(a) Amounts at December 31, 2022 and 2021 included current assets of $24 million and $101 million, which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $4 million and $35 million, which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $23 million and $27 million, which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $73 million and $8 million, which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.

Balance Sheet Items

Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities.

Forecasted Transactions

Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings.

Cross-Currency Swaps

Cross-currency interest rate swaps are entered into to limit the foreign currency risk of future principal and interest cash flows associated with intercompany loans, and to a more limited extent bonds, denominated in non-functional currencies. The fair value adjustments on the cross-currency swaps are recorded to earnings, where they are offset by fair value adjustments on the underlying intercompany loan or bond.

Commodity Contracts

Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase.

Net Investment Hedges

As of December 31, 2022, Linde has €8.0 billion ($8.5 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥3.2 billion ($0.5 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet and the consolidated statement of comprehensive income is $473 million (deferred gain of $333 million for the year ended December 31, 2022).

As of December 31, 2022, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a loss of $42 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swaps

Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 11).

Derivatives Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table summarizes the impact of the company's derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:

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(Millions of dollars)	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items:
Debt-related	$	12	$	42	$	(125)
Other balance sheet items	8		(5)		(40)
Total	$	20	$	38	$	(165)

* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

NOTE 13. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
(Millions of dollars)	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Assets
Derivative assets	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	136	$	—	$	—
Investments and securities *	20		42		—		—		13		20
Total	$	20	$	42	$	28	$	136	$	13	$	20
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	96	$	35	$	—	$	—

*Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's consolidated balance sheets.

Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts these by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

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The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within either Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on the trading volume of the issues and whether or not they are actively quoted in the market as opposed to traded through over-the-counter transactions. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $11,994 million versus a carrying value of $13,797 million. At December 31, 2021 the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $13,219 million versus a carrying value of $13,044 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

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NOTE 14. EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS

Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, Linde has total authorized share capital of €1,825,000 divided into 1,750,000,000 ordinary shares of €0.001 each, 25,000 A ordinary shares of €1.00 each, 25,000 deferred shares of €1.00 each and 25,000,000 preferred shares of €0.001 each.

At December 31, 2022 there were 552,012,862 and 492,457,627 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2022 there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding.

At December 31, 2021 there were 552,012,862 and 508,680,879 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2021, there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding.

Linde’s Board of Directors may from time to time authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock and, in connection with the creation of such series, determine the characteristics of each such series including, without limitation, the preference and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the series.

Other Linde plc Ordinary Share and Treasury Share Transactions

Linde may issue new ordinary shares for dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans and employee savings and incentive plans. No new ordinary shares were issued in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

On January 22, 2019 the company’s board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $6.0 billion of its ordinary shares under which Linde had repurchased 24,847,354 shares through December 31, 2021. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2021.

On January 25, 2021 the company's board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $5.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2021 program") under which Linde had repurchased 16,662,678 shares through December 31, 2022. This program is set to expire on July 31, 2023. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2022.

On February 28, 2022, the company's board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2022 program") under which Linde had repurchased 15,474,759 shares through December 31, 2022. This program expires on July 31, 2024.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interest ownership changes are presented within the consolidated statements of equity. 2022 includes the impact of deconsolidating the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities (see to Note 3).

The decrease during 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see to Note 2).

The decrease during 2020 primarily relates to the initiated buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa. As of December 31, 2020, the conditions of the buyout were met obligating the company to execute in January 2021. Therefore, the company reclassified $196 million from non-controlling interest to other current liabilities reflecting the transaction price. An additional $35 million of dividends declared to the minority owners, reflected on the Dividends and other capital reductions line, was also reclassified to other current liabilities at December 31, 2020 and was paid in 2021.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests with redemption features, such as put/sell options, that are not solely within the company’s control (“redeemable noncontrolling interests”) are reported separately in the consolidated balance sheets at the greater of carrying value or redemption value. For redeemable noncontrolling interests that are not yet exercisable, Linde calculates the redemption value by accreting the carrying value to the redemption value over the period until exercisable. If the redemption value is greater than the carrying value, any increase is adjusted directly to retained earnings and does not impact net income. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance includes an industrial gas business in EMEA where the noncontrolling shareholders have put options.

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NOTE 15. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Share-based compensation expense was $107 million in 2022 ($128 million and $133 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The related income tax benefit recognized was $64 million in 2022 ($64 million and $79 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The expense was primarily recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses and no share-based compensation expense was capitalized.

Summary of Plans

The 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan") was adopted by the Board of Directors and shareholders of Linde plc on July 26, 2021. Upon adoption of the 2021 Plan, any authorized shares that remained available for grant for new awards under the Amended and Restated 2009 Linde Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") were cancelled. The 2021 Plan permits awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance-based stock units and other equity awards to eligible officer and non-officer employees and non-employee directors of the company and its affiliates. As of December 31, 2022, 8,271,252 shares remained available for equity grants under the 2021 Plan, of which 2,726,282 shares may be granted as awards other than options or stock appreciation rights.

Exercise prices for options granted under the 2021 Plan may not be less than the closing market price of the company’s ordinary shares on the date of grant and granted options may not be re-priced or exchanged without shareholder approval. Options granted under the 2021 Plan subject only to time vesting requirements may become partially exercisable after a minimum of one year after the date of grant but may not become fully exercisable until at least three years have elapsed from the date of grant, and all options have a maximum duration of ten years.

In order to satisfy option exercises and other equity grants, the company may issue authorized but previously unissued shares or it may issue treasury shares.

Stock Option Fair Value

The company utilizes the Black-Scholes Options-Pricing Model to determine the fair value of stock options consistent with that used in prior years. Management is required to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs, including anticipated changes in the underlying stock price (i.e., expected volatility) and option exercise activity (i.e., expected life). Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the company’s stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of the company’s stock options and other factors. The expected life of options granted, which represents the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding, is based primarily on historical exercise experience. The expected dividend yield is based on the company’s most recent history and expectation of dividend payouts. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for a period commensurate with the estimated expected life. If factors change and result in different assumptions in future periods, the stock option expense that the company records for future grants may differ significantly from what the company has recorded in the current period.

The weighted-average fair value of options granted during 2022 was $45.07 ($37.80 in 2021 and $17.37 in 2020) based on the Black-Scholes Options-Pricing model. The increase in the grant date fair value year-over-year is primarily attributable to the increase in the stock price.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the grants in 2022, 2021 and 2020:


Year Ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Dividend yield	1.7	%	1.7	%	2.2	%
Volatility	20.6	%	18.4	%	15.8	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.70	%	1.10	%	0.60	%
Expected term years	5		6		6

The following table summarizes option activity under the plans as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (averages are calculated on a weighted basis; life in years; intrinsic value expressed in millions):

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Activity	Number of Options (000’s)	Average Exercise Price		Average Remaining Life	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022	7,166	$	152.56
Granted	476	270.99
Exercised	(880)	125.03
Cancelled or expired	(42)	239.21
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	6,720	$	164.03	5.0	$	1,090
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	5,383	$	145.71	5.0	$	971

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the company’s closing stock price of $326.18 as of December 31, 2022 and the exercise price multiplied by the number of in the money options outstanding as of that date. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2022 was $176 million ($294 million and $264 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively).

Cash received from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements for 2022 was $36 million ($50 million and $36 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The cash tax benefit realized from share-based compensation totaled $61 million for 2022 ($64 million and $70 million cash tax benefit in 2021 and 2020, respectively).

As of December 31, 2022, $15 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1 year.

Performance-Based and Restricted Stock Unit Awards

In 2022, the company granted 368,600 performance-based stock unit awards under the 2021 Plan to senior management that vest, subject to the attainment of pre-established minimum performance criteria, principally on the third anniversary of their date of grant. These awards are tied to either after tax return on capital ("ROC") performance or relative total shareholder return ("TSR") performance versus that of the S&P 500 (weighted 67%) and Eurofirst 300 (weighted 33%). The actual number of shares issued in settlement of a vested award can range from zero to 200 percent of the target number of shares granted based upon the company’s attainment of specified performance targets at the end of a three-year period. Compensation expense related to these awards is recognized over the three-year performance period based on the fair value of the closing market price of the company’s ordinary shares on the date of the grant and the estimated performance that will be achieved. Compensation expense for ROC awards will be adjusted during the three-year performance period based upon the estimated performance levels that will be achieved. TSR awards are measured at their grant date fair value and not subsequently re-measured. The number of performance-based stock unit awards granted in 2022 includes an increase of 226,690 stock units to the target number of performance-based awards originally granted in 2019, as these awards achieved a higher payout factor upon completion of the three-year performance period.

The weighted-average fair value of ROC awards granted in 2022 was $257.63 ($241.10 in 2021 and $161.56 in 2020). These fair values are based on the closing market price of Linde's ordinary shares on the grant date adjusted for dividends that will not be paid during the vesting period.

The weighted-average fair value of TSR awards granted in 2022 was $301.42 ($301.04 in 2021 and $198.61 in 2020) and was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation performed as of the grant date.

There were 139,512 restricted stock units granted to employees by Linde during 2022. The weighted-average fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2022 was $260.27 ($242.60 in 2021 and $174.95 in 2020). These fair values are based on the closing market price of Linde's ordinary shares on the grant date adjusted for dividends that will not be paid during the vesting period. Compensation expense related to the restricted stock units is recognized over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes non-vested performance-based and restricted stock unit award activity as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (shares based on target amounts, averages are calculated on a weighted basis):

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	Performance-Based			Restricted Stock
	Number of Shares (000’s)	Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Shares (000’s)	Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2022	610	$	204.39	636	$	172.90
Granted	369	275.31		140	260.27
Vested	(383)	184.32		(113)	168.33
Cancelled and Forfeited	(13)	250.01		(17)	232.51
Non-vested at December 31, 2022	583	$	226.04	646	$	190.33

There are approximately 12 thousand performance-based stock units and 18 thousand restricted stock units that are non-vested at December 31, 2022 which will be settled in cash due to foreign regulatory limitations. The liability related to these grants reflects the current estimate of performance that will be achieved and the current share price.

As of December 31, 2022, $42 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to performance-based awards and $32 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the restricted stock unit awards is expected to be recognized primarily through the first quarter of 2025.

NOTE 16. RETIREMENT PROGRAMS

Defined Benefit Pension Plans - U.S.

The Linde retirement plans are non-contributory defined benefit plans covering eligible employees and its participating affiliates. Effective July 1, 2002, the Linde U.S. Pension Plan was amended to give participating employees a one-time irrevocable choice between a traditional benefit (the “Traditional Design”) and an account-based benefit (the “Account-Based Design”). The Traditional Design pays a monthly benefit based on years of service and average pay during the last years of the participant’s career with Linde. The Account-Based Design gives participants annual pay credits equal to 4% of eligible compensation, plus interest credits based on long-term treasury rates on the accumulated account balance. This new formula applies to all new employees hired after April 30, 2002 into businesses adopting this plan. The U.S. pension plan assets are comprised of a diversified mix of investments, including corporate equities, government securities and corporate debt securities. Linde has several plans that provide supplementary retirement benefits primarily to higher level employees that are unfunded and are nonqualified for federal tax purposes. Pension coverage for employees of certain of Linde’s non-U.S. subsidiaries generally is provided by those companies through separate plans. Obligations under such plans are primarily provided for through diversified investment portfolios, with some smaller plans provided for under insurance policies or by book reserves.

Defined Benefit Pension Plans - Non-U.S.

Linde has Non-U.S., defined benefit commitments primarily in Germany and the U.K that include pension plan assets comprised of a diversified mix of investments. The defined benefit commitments in Germany relate to old age pensions, invalidity pensions and surviving dependents pensions. These commitments also take into account vested rights for periods of service prior to January 1, 2002 based on earlier final-salary pension plan rules. In addition, there are direct commitments in respect of the salary conversion scheme for the form of cash balance plans. The resulting pension payments are calculated on the basis of an interest guarantee and the performance of the corresponding investment. There are no minimum funding requirements. The pension obligations in Germany are partly funded by a Contractual Trust Agreement (CTA). Defined benefit commitments in the U.K. prior to July 1, 2003 are earnings-related and dependent on the period of service. Such commitments relate to old age pensions, invalidity pensions and surviving dependents pensions. Beginning in April 1, 2011, the amount of future increases in inflation-linked pensions and of increases in pensionable emoluments was restricted.

Multi-employer Pension Plans

In the United States Linde participates in eight multi-employer defined benefit pension plans ("MEPs"), pursuant to the terms of collective bargaining agreements, that cover approximately 200 union-represented employees. The collective bargaining agreements expire on different dates through 2026. In connection with such agreements, the company is required to make periodic contributions to the MEPs in accordance with the terms of the respective collective bargaining agreements. Linde’s participation in these plans is not material either at the plan level or in the aggregate. For all MEPs, Linde’s contributions were significantly less than 1% of the total contributions to each plan for 2021 and 2020. Total 2022 contributions were not yet available from the MEPs.

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Linde has obtained the most recently available Pension Protection Act ("PPA") annual funding notices from the Trustees of the MEPs. As of December 31, 2022, there were three Red Zone plans, deemed to be in "critical" or "critical and declining" status that have implemented financial improvement or rehabilitation plans. Linde does not currently anticipate significant future obligations due to the funding status of these plans and such obligation would be immaterial. If Linde determined it was probable that it would withdraw from an MEP, the company would record a liability for its portion of the MEP’s unfunded pension obligations, as calculated at that time. Historically, such withdrawal payments have not been significant.

Defined Contribution Plans

Linde’s U.S. employees are eligible to participate in defined contribution savings plans offered by their applicable business. Employee contribution percentages vary by plan and are subject to the maximum allowable by IRS regulations.The cost for these defined contribution plans was $56 million in 2022, $51 million in 2021 and $46 million in 2020 (these costs are not included in the tables that follow).

The defined contribution plans include a non-leveraged employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") which covers all employees participating in this plan. The collective number of shares of Linde ordinary shares in the ESOP totaled 1,733,281 at December 31, 2022.

Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries of the company also sponsor defined contribution plans where contributions are determined under various formulas. The expense for these plans was $80 million in 2022, $101 million in 2021 and $106 million in 2020 (these expenses are not included in the tables that follow).

Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions (OPEB)

Linde provides health care and life insurance benefits to certain eligible retired employees. These benefits are provided through various insurance companies and healthcare providers. The company does not currently fund its postretirement benefits obligations. Linde’s retiree plans may be changed or terminated by Linde at any time for any reason with no liability to current or future retirees.

Linde uses a measurement date of December 31 for its pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.

Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs

The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pension ("OPEB") costs for 2022, 2021 and 2020 are shown in the table below:


(Millions of dollars)	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$	127	$	157	$	152
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	201		154		213
Expected return on plan assets	(518)		(521)		(482)
Net amortization and deferral	74		171		86

Settlement charges (a)	6		4		6
	$	(237)	$	(192)	$	(177)

Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(110)	$	(35)	$	(25)

(a) Settlement charges were triggered by lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan.

Funded Status

Changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for Linde’s pension and OPEB programs, including reconciliation of the funded status of the plans to amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown below.

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(Millions of dollars)	Year Ended December 31,
	2022				2021
	U.S.		Non-U.S.		U.S.		Non-U.S.
Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")
Benefit obligation, January 1	$	2,719	$	9,398	$	2,895	$	10,010
Service cost	34		93		39		118
Interest cost	60		141		48		106
Divestitures	—		—		—		(13)
Participant contributions	11		17		11		19
Plan amendment	—		—		—		—
Actuarial loss (gain)	(528)		(2,972)		(101)		(210)
Benefits paid	(158)		(296)		(166)		(333)
Plan settlement	(9)		(8)		(7)		(13)

Foreign currency translation and other changes	—		(787)		—		(286)
Benefit obligation, December 31	$	2,129	$	5,586	$	2,719	$	9,398
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO")	$	1,982	$	5,508	$	2,503	$	9,278
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, January 1	$	2,448	$	7,968	$	2,310	$	7,653
Actual return on plan assets	(421)		(1,302)		281		728
Company contributions	—		51		—		42
Participant contributions	—		17		—		19
Benefits paid from plan assets	(136)		(248)		(143)		(272)
Divestitures	—		—		—		(14)
Foreign currency translation and other changes	—		(692)		—		(188)
Fair value of plan assets, December 31	$	1,891	$	5,794	$	2,448	$	7,968
Funded Status, End of Year	$	(238)	$	208	$	(271)	$	(1,430)
Recorded in the Balance Sheet (Note 7)
Other long-term assets	$	13	$	648	$	15	$	124
Other current liabilities	(38)		(13)		(25)		(13)
Other long-term liabilities	(213)		(427)		(261)		(1,541)
Net amount recognized, December 31	$	(238)	$	208	$	(271)	$	(1,430)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consist of:
Net actuarial loss (gain)	$	357	$	(343)	$	364	$	1,078
Prior service cost (credit)	(12)		4		(13)		6
Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7)	(85)		139		(88)		(217)
Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7)	$	260	$	(200)	$	263	$	867

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Comparative funded status information as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for select non-U.S. pension plans is presented in the table below as the benefit obligations of these plans are considered to be significant relative to the total benefit obligation:


	United Kingdom		Germany		Other Non-U.S.		Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2022		2022		2022
Benefit obligation, December 31	$	3,100	$	1,485	$	1,001	$	5,586
Fair value of plan assets, December 31	3,625		1,285		884		5,794
Funded Status, End of Year	$	525	$	(200)	$	(117)	$	208

	United Kingdom		Germany		Other Non-U.S.		Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars)	2021		2021		2021		2021
Benefit obligation, December 31	$	5,879	$	2,240	$	1,279	$	9,398
Fair value of plan assets, December 31	5,577		1,359		1,032		7,968
Funded Status, End of Year	$	(302)	$	(881)	$	(247)	$	(1,430)

The changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income in 2022 and 2021 are as follows:


	Pensions
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021
Current year net actuarial losses (gains)*	$	(1,259)	$	(787)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses)	(75)		(170)


Amortization of prior service credits (costs)	1		(1)
Pension settlements	(6)		(4)

Foreign currency translation and other changes	(90)		(39)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(1,429)	$	(1,001)

________________________

* Pension net actuarial gains in 2022 are largely driven by the continued increase in the discount rate environment resulting in actuarial gains from a lower PBO, which is partially offset by unfavorable plan asset experience for both non-U.S. and U.S. plans. In 2021, the actuarial gains were attributable to an increase in actual return on assets and favorability generated from a lower PBO due the initial increase in discount rates.

The following table provides information for pension plans where the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	Pensions
	2022				2021
	U.S.		Non-U.S.		U.S.		Non-U.S.
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO")	$	1,895	$	1,848	$	2,387	$	8,404
Fair value of plan assets	$	1,791	$	1,472	$	2,317	$	6,947

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The following table provides information for pension plans where the projected benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:


(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,	Pensions
	2022				2021
	U.S.		Non-U.S.		U.S.		Non-U.S.
Projected benefit obligation ("PBO")	$	1,948	$	1,901	$	2,467	$	8,499
Fair value of plan assets	$	1,791	$	1,478	$	2,317	$	6,964

Assumptions

The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are as of the respective balance sheet dates and the assumptions used to determine net benefit cost are as of the previous year-end, as shown below:


	Pensions
	U.S.				Non-U.S.
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31,
Discount rate	5.35	%	2.78	%	4.58	%	1.82	%
Interest crediting rate	4.02	%	2.06	%	2.13	%	1.03	%
Rate of increase in compensation levels	3.25	%	3.25	%	2.59	%	2.55	%
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31,
Discount rate	2.78	%	2.40	%	1.82	%	1.36	%
Interest crediting rate	2.06	%	1.57	%	1.03	%	1.01	%
Rate of increase in compensation levels	3.25	%	3.25	%	2.55	%	2.55	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets (1)	7.00	%	7.00	%	5.60	%	5.28	%

(1) The expected long term rate of return on the U.S. and non-U.S. plan assets is estimated based on the plans' investment strategy and asset allocation, historical capital market performance and, to a lesser extent, historical plan performance. For the U.S. plans, the expected rate of return of 7.00% was derived based on the target asset allocation of 50%-70% equity securities (approximately 7.70% expected return), 20%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.40% expected return) and 2%-8% alternative investments (approximately 6.30% expected return). For the non-U.S. plans, the expected rate of return was derived based on the weighted average target asset allocation of 15%-25% equity securities (approximately 6.40% expected return), 30%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.30% expected return), and 30%-50% alternative investments (approximately 5.00% expected return). For the U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the most recent 10-year period ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 7.00%. For the non-U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the same period was approximately 5.10%. Changes to plan asset allocations and investment strategy over this time period limit the value of historical plan performance as a factor in estimating the expected long term rate of return. For 2023, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets will be 7.00% for the U.S. plans. For 2023, the expected weighted average long-term rate of return for non-U.S. plans will be 5.60%.

Pension Plan Assets

The investments of the U.S. pension plan are managed to meet the future expected benefit liabilities of the plan over the long term by investing in diversified portfolios consistent with prudent diversification and historical and expected capital market returns. Investment strategies are reviewed by management and investment performance is tracked against appropriate benchmarks. There are no concentrations of risk as it relates to the assets within the plans. The non-U.S. pension plans are managed individually based on diversified investment portfolios, with different target asset allocations that vary for each plan. Weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for Linde’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, as well as respective asset allocation ranges by major asset category, are generally as follows:

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	U.S.						Non-U.S.
Asset Category	Target 2022	Target 2021	2022		2021		Target 2022	Target 2021	2022		2021
Equity securities	50%-70%	40%-60%	60	%	66	%	15%-25%	15%-25%	20	%	27	%
Fixed income securities	20%-50%	30%-50%	29	%	25	%	30%-50%	30%-50%	30	%	35	%
Other	2%-8%	5%-15%	11	%	9	%	30%-50%	30%-50%	50	%	38	%

The following table summarizes pension assets measured at fair value by asset category at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Transfers of assets were not material for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 13 for the definition of levels within the fair value hierarchy:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3 **				Total
(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	313	$	259	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	313	$	259
Equity securities:
Global equities	778		1,633		—		—		—		—		778		1,633

Mutual funds	248		314		—		—		—		—		248		314
Fixed income securities:
Government bonds	—		—		1,317		1,624		—		—		1,317		1,624
Emerging market debt	—		—		245		509		—		—		245		509
Mutual funds	101		121		55		12		—		—		156		133
Corporate bonds	—		—		372		647		—		—		372		647
Bank loans	—		—		18		253		—		—		18		253
Alternative investments:
Real estate funds	—		—		—		—		353		360		353		360
Private debt	—		—		—		—		1,360		1,368		1,360		1,368
Insurance contracts	—		—		—		—		46		12		46		12
Liquid alternative	—		—		982		1,193		—		—		982		1,193
Other investments	1		1		39		58		—		—		40		59
Total plan assets at fair value, December 31,	$	1,441	$	2,328	$	3,028	$	4,296	$	1,759	$	1,740	$	6,228	$	8,364
Pooled funds *													1,457		2,052
Total fair value plan assets December 31,													$	7,685	$	10,416

* Pooled funds are measured using the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient for fair value as permissible under the accounting standard for fair value measurements and have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy.

** The following table summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as level 3 for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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(Millions of dollars)	Insurance Contracts		Real Estate Funds		Private Debt		Total
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	11	$	335	$	1120	$	1466
Gain/(Loss) for the period	1		27		28		56

Purchases	—		13		289		302
Sales	—		(4)		(42)		(46)
Transfer into/ (out of) Level 3	1		(1)		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(1)		(10)		(27)		(38)
Balance, December 31, 2021	12		360		1,368		1,740
Gain/(Loss) for the period	—		5		93		98

Purchases	2		18		63		83
Sales	—		(22)		(34)		(56)
Transfer into / (out of) Level 3	33		—		—		33
Foreign currency translation	(1)		(8)		(130)		(139)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	46	$	353	$	1,360	$	1,759

The descriptions and fair value methodologies for the company's pension plan assets are as follows:

Cash and Cash Equivalents – This category includes cash and short-term interest bearing investments with maturities of three months or less. Investments are valued at cost plus accrued interest. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Equity Securities – This category is comprised of shares of common stock in U.S. and non-U.S. companies from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock is valued at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or non-U.S. exchange where the security is actively traded. Equity securities are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Mutual Funds – These categories consist of publicly and privately managed funds that invest primarily in marketable equity and fixed income securities. The fair value of these investments is determined by reference to the net asset value of the underlying securities of the fund. Shares of publicly traded mutual funds are valued at the net asset value quoted on the exchange where the fund is traded and are primarily classified as level 1 within the valuation hierarchy.

Emerging Market Debt - This category includes fixed income debt issued by countries with developing economies as well as by corporations within those nations. They typically have higher yields but lower credit ratings relative to developed country corporate and government bonds. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.

U.S. and Non-U.S. Government Bonds – This category includes U.S. treasuries, U.S. federal agency obligations and non-U.S. government debt. The majority of these investments do not have quoted market prices available for a specific government security and so the fair value is determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and is classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.

Corporate Bonds – This category is comprised of corporate bonds of U.S. and non-U.S. companies from a diverse set of industries and size. The fair values for U.S. and non-U.S. corporate bonds are determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and observable data or broker or dealer quotations. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.

Pooled Funds - Pooled fund NAVs are provided by the trustee and are determined by reference to the fair value of the underlying securities of the trust, less its liabilities, which are valued primarily through the use of directly or indirectly observable inputs. Depending on the pooled fund, underlying securities may include marketable equity securities or fixed income securities.

Bank Loans - This category is comprised of traded syndicated loans of larger corporate borrowers. Such loans are issued by sub-investment grade rated companies both in the U.S. and internationally and are syndicated by investment banks to institutional investors. They are regularly traded in an active dealer market comprised of large investment banks, which supply bid and offer quotes and are therefore classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Liquid Alternative Investments - This category is comprised of investments in alternative mutual funds whose holdings include liquid securities, cash, and derivatives. Such funds focus on diversification and employ a variety of investing strategies including long/short equity, multi-strategy, and global macro. The fair value of these investments is determined by reference to the net asset value of the underlying holdings of the fund, which can be determined using

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observable data (e.g., indices, yield curves, quoted prices of similar securities), and is classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Insurance Contracts – This category is comprised of purchased annuity insurance contracts (annuity contract buy-ins) and is intended to mitigate the Company's exposure to certain risks, such as longevity risk. The fair value is calculated based on the cash surrender value of the purchased annuity insurance contract, which is determined based on such factors as the fair value of the underlying assets and discounted cash flows. These contracts are with highly rated insurance companies. Insurance contracts are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Real Estate Funds – This category includes real estate properties, partnership equities and investments in operating companies. The fair value of the assets is determined using discounted cash flows by estimating an income stream for the property plus a reversion into a present value at a risk adjusted rate. Yield rates and growth assumptions utilized are derived from market transactions as well as other financial and industry data. The fair value for these investments are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Private Debt - This category includes non-traded, privately-arranged loans between one or a small group of private debt investment managers and corporate borrowers, which are typically too small to access the syndicated market and have no credit rating. This category also includes similar loans to real estate companies or individual properties. Loans included in this category are valued at par value, are held to maturity or to call, and are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

Contributions

At a minimum, Linde contributes to its pension plans to comply with local regulatory requirements (e.g., ERISA in the United States). Discretionary contributions in excess of the local minimum requirements are made based on many factors, including long-term projections of the plans' funded status, the economic environment, potential risk of overfunding, pension insurance costs and alternative uses of the cash. Changes to these factors can impact the timing of discretionary contributions from year to year. Pension contributions were $51 million in 2022, $42 million in 2021 and $91 million in 2020. Estimated required contributions for 2023 are currently expected to be in the range of $40 million to $50 million.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments

The following table presents estimated future benefit payments, net of participant contributions:


(Millions of dollars)	Pensions
Year Ended December 31,	U.S.		Non-U.S.
2023	$	216	$	320
2024	158		319
2025	161		327
2026	160		346
2027	163		345
2028-2032	813		1,788

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NOTE 17. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The company accrues non income-tax liabilities for contingencies when management believes that a loss is probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated, while contingent gains are recognized only when realized. In the event any losses are sustained in excess of accruals, they will be charged against income at that time. Attorney fees are recorded as incurred. Commitments represent obligations, such as those for future purchases of goods or services, that are not yet recorded on the company’s balance sheet as liabilities. The company records liabilities for commitments when incurred (i.e., when the goods or services are received).

Contingent Liabilities

Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate individually or in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period.

Significant matters are:

•During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil.

•At December 31, 2022 the most significant non-income and income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters and a federal income tax matter where the taxing authorities are challenging the tax rate that should be applied to income generated by a subsidiary company that previously received favorable rulings. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $240 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgments, after considering judgments and opinions of outside counsel. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. On February 8, 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. The timing of when this decision will be final and the potential impact on the company’s tax liability remain uncertain at this time.

•On September 1, 2010, CADE (Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense) announced alleged anticompetitive activity on the part of five industrial gas companies in Brazil and imposed fines. Originally, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$2.2 billion Brazilian reais ($417 million) on White Martins, the Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde Inc. The fine was reduced to R$1.7 billion Brazilian reais ($322 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against White Martins was overturned by the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE has filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice and a decision is pending.

Similarly, on September 1, 2010, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$237 million Brazilian reais ($45 million) on Linde Gases Ltda., the former Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde AG, which was divested to MG Industries GmbH on March 1, 2019 and with respect to which Linde provided a contractual indemnity. The fine was reduced to R$188 million Brazilian reais ($36 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against Linde Gases Ltda. was overturned by the Seventh Federal Court in Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Seventh

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Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice, and a final decision is pending.

Linde has strong defenses and is confident that it will prevail on appeal and have the fines overturned. Linde strongly believes that the allegations of anticompetitive activity against our current and former Brazilian subsidiaries are not supported by valid and sufficient evidence. Linde believes that this decision will not stand up to judicial review and deems the possibility of cash outflows to be extremely unlikely. As a result, no reserves have been recorded as management does not believe that a loss from this case is probable.

•On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims lack merit, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution.

•On December 30, 2022, the Russian Arbitration Court of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction is not expected to have any impact on the operations of Linde’s Russian businesses. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) as a preliminary measure to secure payment of an eventual award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intends to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Ust Luga, Russia entered into between a consortium of Linde Engineering and Renaissance Heavy Industries LLC, and RCA on July 7, 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions and in accordance with a decision by the sanctions authority in Germany.

As of December 31, 2022, Linde had approximately $1.2 billion of advance payments recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects with RCA which are subject to sanctions and have been suspended accordingly as of May 27, 2022. Contract liabilities are typically recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022 (see Note 3), and the remaining investment value of its Russia subsidiaries is immaterial. As such, the obligation to satisfy any residual contract liabilities is not expected to have an adverse impact on earnings, but may result in net cash outflows.

It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of this matter. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the injunction and arbitration proceedings.

Commitments

At December 31, 2022, Linde had undrawn outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds valued at approximately $3,578 million from financial institutions. These relate primarily to customer contract performance guarantees (including plant construction in connection with certain on-site contracts), self-insurance claims and other commercial and governmental requirements, including non-U.S. litigation matters.

Other commitments related to leases, tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions, long-term debt, other post retirement and pension obligations are summarized elsewhere in the financial statements (see Notes 4, 5, 11, and 16).

NOTE 18. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Linde’s operations consist of two major product lines: industrial gases and engineering. As further described in the following paragraph, Linde’s industrial gases operations are managed on a geographic basis, which represent three of the company's reportable segments - Americas, EMEA (Europe/Middle East/Africa), and APAC (Asia/South Pacific); a fourth reportable segment, which represents the company's Engineering business, designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications specifically for end customers and is managed on a worldwide basis operating in all three geographic segments. Other consists of corporate costs and a few smaller businesses which individually do not meet the quantitative thresholds for separate presentation.

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The company’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting is segment operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as operating profit excluding purchase accounting impacts of the Linde AG merger, intercompany royalties, and items not indicative of ongoing business trends. This is the manner in which the company’s CODM assesses performance and allocates resources. Similarly, total assets have not been included as this is not provided to the CODM for their assessment.

The table below presents information about reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.


(Millions of dollars)	2022		2021		2020
Sales (a)
Americas	$	13,874	$	12,103	$	10,459
EMEA	8,443		7,643		6,449
APAC	6,480		6,133		5,687
Engineering	2,762		2,867		2,851
Other	1,805		2,047		1,797
Total Sales	$	33,364	$	30,793	$	27,243


	2022		2021		2020
Segment Operating Profit
Americas	$	3,732	$	3,368	$	2,773
EMEA	2,013		1,889		1,465
APAC	1,670		1,502		1,277
Engineering	555		473		435
Other	(66)		(56)		(153)

Reported Segment operating profit	7,904		7,176		5,797
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (Note 3)	(1,029)		(273)		(506)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(1,506)		(1,919)		(1,969)
Total operating profit	$	5,369	$	4,984	$	3,322


	2022		2021		2020
Depreciation and Amortization
Americas	$	1,320	$	1,243	$	1,196
EMEA	661		752		723
APAC	593		611		619
Engineering	33		39		36
Other	116		127		132

Segment depreciation and amortization	2,723		2,772		2,706
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	1,481		1,863		1,920
Total depreciation and amortization	$	4,204	$	4,635	$	4,626

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	2022		2021		2020
Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions
Americas	$	1,698	$	1,354	$	1,425
EMEA	550		669		670
APAC	889		995		1,214
Engineering	28		25		13
Other	118		131		146

Total Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions	$	3,283	$	3,174	$	3,468


	2022		2021		2020
Sales by Major Country
United States	$	10,553	$	9,123	$	8,475
Germany (c)	3,662		3,601		3,740
China	2,643		2,562		2,061
United Kingdom	1,954		2,060		1,595
Australia	1,372		1,307		1,071
Brazil	1,158		1,065		822
Other – non-U.S.	12,022		11,075		9,479
Total sales	$	33,364	$	30,793	$	27,243


	2022		2021		2020
Long-lived Assets by Major Country (b)
United States	$	7,663	$	7,659	$	7,777
Germany	1,678		2,003		2,394
China	2,176		2,385		2,413
United Kingdom	704		1,078		1,313
Australia	688		872		1,105
Brazil	720		705		734
Other – non-U.S.	9,919		11,301		12,976
Total long-lived assets	$	23,548	$	26,003	$	28,711

________________________

(a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $1,035 million, $896 million and $786 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(b)Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment - net.

(c)Sales in Germany include Engineering sales to third parties, locally and internationally, and represents 44% , 53% and 62% of Germany sales in 2022 , 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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19. REVENUE RECOGNITION

Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.

Contracts with Customers

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Industrial Gases

Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods.

Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:

On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.

The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained.

Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three to seven year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable components of consideration within merchant contracts are constrained however this consideration is not significant.

Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

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The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store, and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable consideration is constrained and will be recognized when the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved.

Engineering

The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as a cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of $124 million at December 31, 2022 and $134 million at December 31, 2021. Total contract liabilities are $3,986 million at December 31, 2022 (current of $3,073 million and $913 million within deferred credits in the consolidated balance sheets). As of December 31, 2022 Linde has approximately $1.7 billion recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $3,699 million at December 31, 2021 (current contract liabilities of $2,940 million and $759 million within deferred credits in the consolidated balance sheets). Revenue recognized for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2021 was $1,305 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Linde Engineering business.

Payment Terms and Other

Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant.

Disaggregated Revenue Information

As described above and in Note 18, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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(Millions of dollars)	Year Ended December 31, 2022
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	3,786	$	2,509	$	2,220	$	—	$	176	$	8,691	26	%
On-Site	4,048		2,415		2,471		—		—		8,934		27	%
Packaged Gas	5,831		3,466		1,523		—		51		10,871		33	%
Other	209		53		266		2,762		1,578		4,868		14	%
	$	13,874	$	8,443	$	6,480	$	2,762	$	1,805	$	33,364	100	%

(Millions of dollars)	Year Ended December 31, 2021
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	3,279	$	2,227	$	2,181	$	—	$	173	$	7,860	26	%
On-Site	3,225		1,824		2,296		—		—		7,345		24	%
Packaged Gas	5,456		3,539		1,532		—		24		10,551		34	%
Other	143		53		124		2,867		1,850		5,037		16	%
	$	12,103	$	7,643	$	6,133	$	2,867	$	2,047	$	30,793	100	%

(Millions of dollars)	Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,839	$	1,870	$	2,005	$	—	$	145	$	6,859	25	%
On-Site	2,513		1,354		2,049		—		—		5,916		22	%
Packaged Gas	5,034		3,175		1,559		—		22		9,790		36	%
Other	73		50		74		2,851		1,630		4,678		17	%
	$	10,459	$	6,449	$	5,687	$	2,851	$	1,797	$	27,243	100	%

Remaining Performance Obligations

As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $51 billion (excludes Russian projects which are impacted by sanctions, refer to Note 3). This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

20. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On January 6, 2023, Linde purchased the remaining 77.2% ownership interest in nexAir, LLC. nexAir, LLC is one of the largest independent packaged gas distributors in the United States with annual sales of approximately $400 million in 2022.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on an evaluation of the effectiveness of Linde’s disclosure controls and procedures, which was made under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Linde’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have each concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, such disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by Linde in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to management including Linde’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Refer to Item 8 for Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting as of December 31, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in Linde’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Linde’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Certain information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Corporate Governance and Board Matters - Director Nominees" and “Corporate Governance And Board Matters - "Delinquent Section 16 (a) Reports" in Linde’s Proxy Statement to be filed by April 30, 2023 for the Annual General Meeting.

Identification of the Audit Committee

Linde has a separately-designated standing Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The members of that audit committee are Prof. Dr. Martin H. Richenhagen (chairman), Dr. Thomas Enders, Dr. Victoria Ossadnik and Alberto Weisser and each member is independent within the meaning of the independence standards adopted by the Board of Directors and those of the New York Stock Exchange.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

The Linde Board of Directors has determined that Alberto Weisser satisfy the criteria adopted by the SEC to serve as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by Item 407(d)(5)(ii) of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act and is independent within the meaning of the independence standards adopted by the Board of Directors and those of the New York Stock Exchange.

Code of Ethics

Linde has adopted a code of ethics that applies to the company’s directors and all employees, including its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer. This code of ethics, including specific standards for implementing certain provisions of the code, has been approved by the Linde Board of Directors and is named the “Code of Business Integrity”. This document is posted on the company’s public website, www.linde.com but is not incorporated herein.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Executive Compensation Matters” and “Corporate Governance and Board Matters - Director Compensation” in Linde’s Proxy Statement to be filed by April 30, 2023 for the Annual General Meeting.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Equity Compensation Plans Information - The table below provides information as of December 31, 2022 about company shares that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights granted to employees or members of Linde’s Board of Directors under equity compensation plans with awards outstanding as of December 31, 2022.

EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS TABLE


Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)		Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders	7,961,753	(1)	$	164.11	8,271,252	(2)
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders	—		—		—
Total	7,961,753		$	164.11	8,271,252

________________________

(1)This amount includes 649,987 restricted shares and 585,550 performance shares.

(2)This amount reflects shares available for future issuances pursuant to the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan that was approved by shareholders on July 26, 2021.

Certain information required by this item regarding the beneficial ownership of the company’s ordinary shares is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Information on Share Ownership” in Linde’s Proxy Statement to be filed by April 30, 2023 for the Annual General Meeting.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections captioned “Corporate Governance And Board Matters – Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons,” “Corporate Governance And Board Matters – Certain Relationships and Transactions,” and “Corporate Governance And Board Matters – Director Independence” in Linde’s Proxy Statement to be filed by April 30, 2023 for the Annual General Meeting.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the section captioned “Audit Matters” in Linde’s Proxy Statement to be filed by April 30, 2023 for the Annual General Meeting.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)The following documents are filed as part of this report:

(i)The company’s 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements and the Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm are included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(ii)Financial Statement Schedules – All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(iii)Exhibits – The exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed in the accompanying index.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Linde plc and Subsidiaries


Exhibit No.						Description

2.1						Business Combination Agreement by and among Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Praxair, Inc., Zamalight PLC, Zamalight Holdco LLC and Zamalight Subco, Inc. dated as of June 1, 2017 (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Praxair, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated June 1, 2017, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference.)

2.1a						Amendment No. 1, dated August 10, 2017, to the Business Combination Agreement, by and among Praxair, Inc., Linde Aktiengesellschaft, Linde plc, Zamalight Holdco LLC and Zamalight Subco, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to Praxair, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 10, 2017, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated hereby by reference.)

**2.2						Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated July 5, 2018, by and among Praxair, Inc., Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation (“Taiyo”), and Linde plc with respect to the sale of a majority of Praxair’s businesses in Europe to Taiyo in connection with the Business Combination Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, File No. 1-38730, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

**2.3						Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated July 16, 2018, by and among Linde AG, Praxair, Inc., MG Industries GmbH, Messer Canada Inc., MG Industries USA, Inc. (the MG entities and Messer Canada, Inc. being collectively referred to as “Messer”), and Linde plc with respect to the sale of certain assets of Linde AG in the Americas and certain assets of Praxair, Inc. to Messer in connection with the Business Combination Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, File No. 1-38730, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

**2.3a						First Amendment dated September 21, 2018 to the Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated July 16, 2018, by and among Linde AG, Praxair, Inc., Messer, and Linde plc with respect to the sale of certain additional assets of Linde AG in the Americas to Messer in connection with the Business Combination Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 2.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, File No. 1-38730, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

**2.3b						Second Amendment dated October 19, 2018 to the Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated July 16, 2018, as amended by the First Amendment thereto, by and among Linde AG, Praxair, Inc., Messer, and Linde plc, with respect to the sale of certain additional assets of Linde AG in the Americas to Messer in connection with the Business Combination Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 2.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2018, File No. 1-11037, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

**2.3c						Third Amendment dated February 20, 2019 to the Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated July 16, 2018, as amended by the First and Second Amendment thereto, by and among Linde AG, Praxair, Inc., Messer, and Linde plc, with respect to the sale of certain additional assets of Linde AG in the Americas to Messer in connection with the Business Combination Agreement dated as of June 1, 2017, as amended, to effect a combination of the businesses of Linde AG and Praxair, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 2.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 7, 2019, File No. 1-11037, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

3.01						Amended and Restated Public Limited Company Constitution of Linde plc (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 31, 2018, File No. 333-218485, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.01						Description of Linde plc Ordinary Shares (Filed as Exhibit 4.01 to Linde plc's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.02						Indenture, dated as of July 15, 1992, between Praxair, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as the ultimate successor trustee to Bank of America, Illinois, formerly Continental Bank, National Association (Filed as Exhibit 4 to Praxair, Inc.'s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 19, 2007, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.03						Form of Subordinated Indenture for Praxair, Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Praxair, Inc.'s Form S-3, filed on May 12, 2015, File No. 333-204093, and is incorporated herein by reference.)

4.04						Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 3, 2019, among Linde plc, Praxair, Inc., Linde AG and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated September 6, 2019, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.05						Guarantee and Negative Pledge of Linde plc dated May 11, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated May 26, 2020, Filing No.1-38730, and is incorporated herein by reference).

4.06						Upstream Guarantee to Linde plc provided by Linde GmbH dated May 11, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 4.4 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated May 26, 2020, Filing No.1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.07						Upstream Guarantee to Linde plc provided by Praxair, Inc. dated May 11, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated May 26, 2020, Filing No.1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

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4.08						Fiscal Agency Agreement, dated May 11, 2020, among Linde plc, as Issuer and as Guarantor, Linde Finance B.V., as Issuer, and Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft, as Fiscal Agent and Paying Agent (Filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated May 26. 2020, Filing No 1-37830, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.09						Indenture, dated as of August 10, 2020, among Praxair, Inc., Linde plc and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Linde plc Form 8-K dated August 10, 2020, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

4.10						Amended and Restated Fiscal Agency Agreement, dated August 3, 2021, among Linde plc, as Issuer and as Guarantor, Linde Finance B.V., as Issuer, and Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft, as Fiscal Agent and Paying Agent (Filed as Exhibit 4.6 to Linde plc 's current report on Form 8-K, dated September 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).
4.11						Copies of the agreements related to long-term debt which are not required to be filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K will be furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

*10						Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Award Under the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.0e to Linde plc's 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and is incorporated herein by reference).

10.01						Amended and Restated Five Year Credit Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2022, among Linde plc, certain of its subsidiaries parties thereto as borrowers, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent.(Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Linde plc's current report on Form 8-K, dated December 8, 2022, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference)

10.02						364-Day Credit Agreement, dated as of December 7, 2022, among Linde plc, certain of its subsidiaries parties thereto as borrowers, the lenders party thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent.(Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Linde plc's current report on Form 8-K, dated December 8, 2022, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference)

*10.03						2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan, Effective as of July 26, 2021 (Filed as Exhibit 10.01 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.03a						Form of Transferable Stock Option Award Under the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.01 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.03b						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Under the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.02 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.03c						Form of Performance Share Unit Award Under the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan with Return on Capital performance metrics (Filed as Exhibit 10.03 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.03d						Form of Performance Share Unit Award Under the 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan with Total Shareholder Return performance metrics (Filed as Exhibit 10.04 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2021, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).


*10.04						Linde plc Annual Variable Compensation Plan effective January 1, 2019 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 25, 2019, File No. 1-38730, and is incorporated hereby by reference).

*10.05						Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan A effective January 1, 2008 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05a to Praxair, Inc.'s 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.05a						First amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan A effective January 1, 2010 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05b to Praxair, Inc.'s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.05b						Second Amendment to Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan A effective February 28, 2017, (Filed as Exhibit 10.05c to Praxair, Inc.'s 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated hereby by reference).
*10.05c						Third Amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan A effective December 1, 2017 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05m to Praxair, Inc.'s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).
*10.05d						Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B amended and restated effective December 31, 2007 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05b to Praxair, Inc.'s 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

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*10.05e						First amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B effective January 1, 2010 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05d to Praxair, Inc.'s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.05f						Second Amendment to Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B effective July 1, 2012 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05e to Praxair Inc.’s 2012 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.05g						Third Amendment to Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B effective February 28, 2017, (Filed as Exhibit 10.05g to Praxair, Inc.’s 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).

*10.05h						Fourth Amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B effective December 1, 2017 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05l to Praxair, Inc.’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06						Praxair, Inc. Equalization Benefit Plan amended and restated effective December 31, 2007 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05c to Praxair, Inc.’s 2008 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06a						First amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Equalization Benefit Plan effective January 1, 2010 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05f to Praxair Inc.’s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06b						Second Amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Equalization Benefit Plan effective February 28, 2017,(Filed as Exhibit 10.05j to Praxair, Inc.'s 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06c						Third Amendment to the Praxair, Inc. Equalization Benefit Plan effective December 1, 2017 (Filed as Exhibit 10.05k to Praxair, Inc.’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06d						Linde Inc. 2018 Equalization Benefit Plan, Amended and Restated effective September 1, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Linde plc's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06e						Linde Inc. 2018 Supplemental Retirement Income Plan A, Amended and Restated effective September 1, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.06f						Linde Inc. 2018 Supplemental Retirement Income Plan B, Amended and Restated effective September 1, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to Linde plc's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.07						Praxair, Inc. Director’s Fees Deferral Plan amended and restated effective January 26, 2010 (Filed as Exhibit 10.06 to Praxair Inc.’s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.08						Linde Compensation Deferral Program Amended and Restated effective September 1, 2020 (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Linde plc's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020. Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.09						First Amendment to the Linde Compensation Deferral Program effective April 1, 2021. (Filed as Exhibit 10.01 to Linde plc’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021. Filing No. 1-38730 and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10						Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 4.03 to Praxair, Inc.'s Form S-8, filed on October 31, 2018, File No. 333-228084, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10a						First Amendment, dated as of April 25, 2017, to the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.01 to Praxair, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017, Filing No. 1-11037, and is incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10b						Second Amendment dated September 8, 2020 to the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Linde plc's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10c						Form of Standard Option Award under the 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.22 to Praxair, Inc.'s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

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*10.10d						Form of Transferable Option Award under the 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan (Filed as Exhibit 10.23 to Praxair, Inc.'s 2009 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10e						Form of Transferable Option Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants made in 2015-2017 (Filed as Exhibit 10.26 to Praxair, Inc.'s 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10f						Form of Transferable Option Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants made in 2018 (Filed as Exhibit 10.26a to Praxair, Inc.’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10g						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants made in 2018 (Filed as Exhibit 10.27a to Praxair, Inc.’s 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, File No. 1-11037, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10h						Form of Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants made in 2019 and thereafter (Filed as Exhibit 10.10i to Linde plc's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10i						Form of Transferable Option Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants beginning in 2019 (Filed as Exhibit 10.11L to Linde plc’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10j						Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants beginning in 2019 (Filed as Exhibit 10.11M to Linde plc’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10k						Form of Performance Share Unit Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants beginning in 2019 with Return on Capital performance metrics (Filed as Exhibit 10.11N to Linde plc’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.10l						Form of Performance Share Unit Award under the Amended and Restated 2009 Praxair, Inc. Long Term Incentive Plan for grants beginning in 2019 with Total Shareholder Return performance metrics (Filed as Exhibit 10.11O to Linde plc’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.11						Pension Agreement among Linde AG, Linde Holding GmbH and Mr. Sanjiv Lamba, dated December 20, 2019 (Filed as Exhibit 10.13a to Linde plc's 2019 Annual Report on Form 10-K, Filing No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.12						Offer Letter between Linde plc and Sanjiv Lamba dated November 12, 2021 (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Linde plc’s current report on Form 8-K dated November 18, 2021, File No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

10.13						Nondisclosure, Nonsolicitation and Noncompetition Agreement between Linde Inc. and Sanjiv Lamba dated as of November 7, 2021 (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Linde plc’s current report on Form 8-K dated November 18, 2021, File No. 1-38730, and incorporated herein by reference).

*10.14						Form of Linde plc Director Indemnification Agreement (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on October 31, 2018, File No. 333-218485, and incorporated herein by reference).

21.01						Subsidiaries of Linde plc

23.01						Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

31.01						Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

31.02						Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

32.01						Section 1350 Certification (such certifications are furnished for the information of the Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act).

32.02						Section 1350 Certification (such certifications are furnished for the information of the Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act).

101.INS						XBRL Instance Document: The XBRL Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

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101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

Copies of exhibits incorporated by reference can be obtained from the SEC and are located in SEC File No. 1-11037.


*			Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
**			Certain schedules or similar attachments have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplemental copies of any of the omitted schedules or attachments upon request by the SEC.

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ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

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SIGNATURES

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Linde plc

(Registrant)

Date: February 28, 2023

By:

/s/ KELCEY E. HOYT

Kelcey E. Hoyt

Chief Accounting Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on February 28, 2023.

/s/ Stephen F. Angel

/s/ Sanjiv Lamba

/s/ MATTHEW J. WHITE

Stephen F. Angel

Chairman

Sanjiv Lamba

Chief Executive Officer and Director

Matthew J. White

Chief Financial Officer

/s/ PROF. DDR. ANN-KRISTIN ACHLIETNER

/s/ ROBERT L. WOOD

/s/ DR. THOMAS ENDERS

Ann-Kristin Achleitner

Director

Robert L. Wood

Director

Thomas Enders

Director

/s/ JOSEF KAESER

/s/ DR. VICTORIA OSSADNIK

/s/ EDWARD G. GALANTE

Josef Kaeser

Director

Victoria Ossadnik

Director

Edward G. Galante

Director

/s/ ALBERTO WEISSER

/s/ PROF. DR. MARTIN H. RICHENHAGEN

/s/ HUGH GRANT

Alberto Weisser

Director

Martin Richenhagen

Director

Hugh Grant

Director

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SUBSIDIARIES OF LINDE PLC

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 21.01

The following is a list of the Linde plc's subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022.


Linde plc Subsidiaries			Place of Incorporation
10 Riverview Drive LLC			Delaware
AB Held			Sweden
African Oxygen (PTY) LTD			South Africa
AFRICAN WELDING COMPANY (Pty) Ltd			South Africa
AFROX - África Oxigénio, Limitada			Angola
AFROX (LESOTHO) (PTY) LTD			Lesotho
AFROX (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED			South Africa
AFROX AFRICAN INVESTMENTS (PTY) LIMITED			South Africa
AFROX ESWATINI (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED			Eswatini
AFROX GAS & ENGINEERING SUPPLIES (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
AFROX INTERNATIONAL LIMITED			Mauritius
Afrox Malawi Limited			Malawi
Afrox Moçambique, Limitada			Mozambique
AFROX PROPERTIES (PTY) LIMITED			South Africa
AFROX ZAMBIA LIMITED			Zambia
AGA Fastighet Göteborg AB			Sweden
AGA International Investment Aktiebolag			Sweden
Agatronic AB			Sweden
Agua y Gas de Sillunchi S.A.			Ecuador
AHP Alliance of Columbia			South Carolina
AHP Delmarva, LLP			Maryland
AHP Home Care Alliance of Gainesville			Florida
AHP Home Care Alliance of Tennessee			Tennessee
AHP Home Care Alliance of Virginia			Virginia
AHP Home Medical Equipment Partnership of Texas			Texas
AHP Knoxville Partnership			Tennessee
AHP-MHR Home Care, LLP			Nebraska
AIRCO PROPERTIES INC			Delaware
ALBOC (JERSEY) LIMITED			Jersey
ALLWELD INDUSTRIAL AND WELDING SUPPLIES LIMITED			United Kingdom
ALPHA RESPIRATORY INC.			Delaware
AMALGAMATED GAS AND WELDING (PTY) LIMITED			South Africa
AMALGAMATED WELDING AND CUTTING HOLDINGS (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED			South Africa
American HomePatient Arkansas Ventures, Inc.			Delaware
American HomePatient of Kingstree, LLC			South Carolina
American HomePatient of New York, Inc.			New York
American HomePatient of Sanford, LLC			North Carolina
American HomePatient of Texas, LLC			Texas
American HomePatient of Unifour, LLC			North Carolina
American HomePatient Tennessee Ventures, Inc.			Delaware
American HomePatient Ventures, Inc.			Tennessee
AMERICAN HOMEPATIENT, INC.			Delaware


American HomePatient, Inc.			Tennessee
American HomePatient, Inc. (f/k/a AHP NV Corp.)			Nevada
Anhui JuLan Industrial Gases Co., Ltd.			China
AS Linde Gas			Estonia
ASIA UNION ELECTRONIC CHEMICALS - RENO, INC.			Nevada
AUECC Shanghai (Baoshan) Co. Ltd.			China
AUECC Shanghai (Fengxian) Co. Ltd.			China
Augusta Company Limited			Thailand
AUSCOM HOLDINGS PTY LIMITED			Australia
AWCE (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED			South Africa
B.V. Nederlandse Pijpleidingmaatschappij			Netherlands
Baptist Ventures - AHP Homecare Alliance of Montgomery			Alabama
Beijing Praxair Huashi Carbon Dioxide Co., Ltd.			China
Beijing Praxair, Inc.			China
Blue Ridge Home Care			North Carolina
BOC (PHILS.) HOLDINGS, INC.			Philippines
BOC (TRADING) LIMITED			Ireland
BOC AIP Limited Partnership			Australia
BOC Australia Pty Limited			Australia
BOC AUSTRALIAN FINANCE LIMITED			Jersey
BOC CHILE HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC CUSTOMER ENGINEERING PTY LTD			Australia
BOC de Chile S.A.			Chile
BOC DISTRIBUTION SERVICES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC Europe Holdings B.V.			Netherlands
BOC Gases (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.			China
BOC GASES ARUBA N.V.			Aruba
BOC GASES FINANCE LIMITED			Australia
BOC GASES IRELAND HOLDINGS LIMITED			Ireland
BOC Gases Ireland Limited			Ireland
BOC GASES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC GASES MOZAMBIQUE LIMITED			Mozambique
BOC GASES SOLOMON ISLANDS LIMITED			Solomon Islands
BOC GIST INC			Philippines
BOC GROUP PTY LIMITED			Australia
BOC HEALTHCARE LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC HELEX			United Kingdom
BOC HOLDINGS			United Kingdom
BOC Intressenter AB			Sweden
BOC INVESTMENT HOLDING COMPANY (IRELAND) LIMITED			Ireland
BOC INVESTMENT HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC Investments Ireland Unlimited Company			Ireland
BOC INVESTMENTS NO.1 LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC INVESTMENTS NO.5			United Kingdom
BOC INVESTMENTS NO.7			United Kingdom
BOC JAPAN			United Kingdom
BOC Kenya plc			Kenya
BOC KOREA HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC LIENHWA (BVI) HOLDING Co., Ltd.			British Virgin Islands


BOC LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC Limited (Australia)			Australia
BOC LIMITED (New Zealand)			New Zealand
BOC NETHERLANDS HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC NEW ZEALAND HOLDINGS LIMITED			New Zealand
BOC NOMINEES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC Papua New Guinea Limited			Papua New Guinea
BOC PENSION SCHEME TRUSTEES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC PENSIONS LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC PREFERENCE LIMITED			Jersey
BOC RSP TRUSTEES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC SEPS TRUSTEES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BOC Tanzania Limited			Tanzania
BOC Uganda Limited			Uganda
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Chengdu) Co., Ltd			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (DaLian) Co., Ltd.			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Songjiang) Co., Ltd.			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Waigaoqiao) Co., Ltd. (aka CONFEDERATE TRADING (SHANGHAI) COMPANY LIMITED)			China
BOCLH Industrial Gases (Xiamen) Co., Ltd.			China
BOGGY CREEK PTY LIMITED			Australia
BOTSWANA OXYGEN COMPANY (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
BOTSWANA STEEL ENGINEERING (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
BRITISH INDUSTRIAL GASES LIMITED			United Kingdom
BRITISH OXYGEN (HONG KONG) LIMITED			Hong Kong
CARING RESPONDERS LLC			Delaware
Catholic Health Home Respiratory, LLC			New York
Ceylon Oxygen Ltd.			Sri Lanka
CIGC CORPORATION			Philippines
Coastal Home Care			South Carolina
Coatec Gesellschaft fϋr Oberflächenveredelung mbH			Germany
Commercium Immobilien- und Beteiligungs-GmbH			Germany
Compañía de Nitrógeno de Cantarell, S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
Comprehensive Sleep Solutions, LLC			Arizona
CONVACARE SERVICES, INC.			Indiana
COOPER CRYOSERVICE LIMITED			Ireland
CPAP SUPPLY USA LLC			Delaware
CRYO INDUSTRIAL GASES, INC.			Philippines
Cryostar Cryogenic Equipments (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd.			China
Cryostar do Brasil Equipamentos Rotativos & Criogenicos Ltda.			Brazil
CRYOSTAR LIMITED			United Kingdom
CRYOSTAR SAS			France
Cryostar Singapore Pte Ltd			Singapore
Cryostar USA LLC			Delaware
Dablioeme Participacoes Societarias Ltda.			Brazil
DAVAO OXYGEN CORPORATION			Philippines
Designated Companies, Inc.			New York


Distribuciones Invegas S.C.A.			Venezuela
DME Supply USA, LLC			Delaware
EFFECTECH LIMITED			United Kingdom
EHVIL DISSENTIENTS LIMITED			United Kingdom
ELGAS AUTOGAS PTY LIMITED			Australia
ELGAS LIMITED			Australia
ELGAS LIMITED			New Zealand
ELGAS RETICULATION PTY LIMITED			Australia
Eurogaz-Gdynia Sp. z o.o.			Poland
EXPRESS INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LIMITED			United Kingdom
Famex Comercio Atacadista de Gas Carbonico Ltda.			Brazil
FLUOROGAS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Food Service Logistics Limited			United Kingdom
FOOD SERVICE LOGISTICS LLC			Delaware
Founders Healthcare L.L.C.			Arizona
FUTURE INDUSTRIAL AND WELDING SUPPLIES LTD.			United Kingdom
Fuzhou Linde Lienhwa Gases Co., Ltd			China
G.L BAKER (TRANSPORT) LIMITED			United Kingdom
GAFFNEY INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LTD			United Kingdom
Gama Gases Especiais Ltda.			Brazil
GAS & GEAR LIMITED			United Kingdom
Gas & More GmbH			Germany
Gases de Ensenada S.A.			Argentina
Gases Tachira S.A. (In Liquidation)			Venezuela
GI/LINDE ALGERIE SPA			Algeria
GIST FRANCE S.A.R.L.			France
Gist Holding B.V.			Netherlands
Gist Nederland B.V.			Netherlands
GNC Matão - Compressão de Gás Natural Ltda			Brazil
GNL Gemini Comercializacao e Logistica de Gas Ltda.			Brazil
GRANDPLAINS PROPERTIES, INC.			Philippines
Great Lakes Street, Inc.			Delaware
HANDIGAS (BOTSWANA) (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
HANDIGAS LIMITED			United Kingdom
HANDIGAS SWAZILAND (PTY) LIMITED			Eswatini
HEALTH CARE SOLUTIONS AT HOME INC.			Delaware
HEAT GAS (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
Helium Centre Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
HICK, HARGREAVES AND COMPANY LIMITED			United Kingdom
HKO DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LIMITED			Hong Kong
Holox Inc.			Georgia
HOME-CARE EQUIPMENT NETWORK INC.			Delaware
Homelink Home Health Care			Arkansas
Hydromotive GmbH & Co. KG			Germany
Hydromotive Verwaltungs-GmbH			Germany
IGL (PTY) LIMITED			Namibia
IGL PROPERTIES (PTY) LIMITED			Namibia
INDONESIA POWER HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Industria Paraguaya de Gases S.R.L.			Paraguay


Industria Venezolana de Gas INVEGAS, S.C.A.			Venezuela
INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES (NORTH WEST) LTD			United Kingdom
INDUSTRIAL AND WELDING MANAGEMENT LIMITED			United Kingdom
INDUSTRIAL SUPPLIES & SERVICES LIMITED			United Kingdom
INVERTONE LIMITED			United Kingdom
Ipes Industria de Produtos e Equipamentos de Solda Ltda.			Brazil
ISAS TRUST			South Africa
IWS (INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES) LIMITED			United Kingdom
Jianyang Linde Medical Gases Company Limited			China
Kelvin Finance Company Limited			Ireland
KEY PROOF INVESTMENTS LIMITED			British Virgin Islands
KIDDO INVESTMENTS (PTY) LIMITED			Botswana
Kiinteistö Oy Karakaasu			Finland
Kiinteistö Oy Karaportti			Finland
Kosmoid Finance Unlimited Company			Ireland
KTPV (THAILAND) LIMITED			Thailand
LANSING GROUP LIMITED			United Kingdom
LEEN GATE INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES (SCOTLAND) LIMITED			United Kingdom
LEENGATE INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES (NORTH EAST) LTD			United Kingdom
LEENGATE INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES (NOTTINGHAM) LTD			United Kingdom
LEENGATE INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LTD			United Kingdom
LESOTHO OXYGEN COMPANY (PTY) LIMITED			Lesotho
Lien Hwa Industrial HK Limited			Hong Kong
LifeCare Solutions, Inc.			Delaware
LINCARE HOLDINGS INC.			Delaware
LINCARE INC.			Delaware
LINCARE LEASING LLC			Delaware
LINCARE LICENSING INC.			Delaware
LINCARE OF CANADA ACQUISITIONS INC.			Delaware
LINCARE OF CANADA INC.			Ontario
LINCARE PHARMACY SERVICES INC.			Delaware
LINCARE PROCUREMENT INC.			Delaware
LINCARE PULMONARY REHAB MANAGEMENT, LLC			Delaware
Lincare Pulmonary Rehab Services of Missouri, LLC			Missouri
LINCARE PULMONARY REHAB SERVICES OF OHIO, LLC			Ohio
Linde (Australia) Pty. Ltd.			Australia
Linde (China) Investment Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Hefei) Industrial Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Huizhou) Industrial Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Quanzhou) Carbon Dioxide Co. Ltd.			China
Linde (Shanghai) Electronic Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Shanghai) Industrial Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Shanghai) Semiconductor Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Shanghai) Specialty Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde (Thailand) Public Company Limited			Thailand
Linde Air Chemicals Limited			Thailand
Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd.			Saudi Arabia
Linde Arooxy (Xi'an) Life Science Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Bangladesh Limited			Bangladesh


LINDE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS CENTER PHILIPPINES, INC.			Philippines
LINDE CANADA HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Linde Canada Inc.			Canada
Linde Carbon Dioxide (Nanjing) Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Carbonic Company Ltd., Shanghai			China
LINDE CRYOGENICS LIMITED			United Kingdom
LINDE CRYOPLANTS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Linde Ecuador S.A.			Ecuador
Linde Electronics & Specialty Gases (Suzhou) Co Ltd.			China
Linde Electronics B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Electronics GmbH			Austria
Linde Electronics GmbH & Co. KG			Germany
LINDE ELECTRONICS SAS			France
Linde Electronics Verwaltungs GmbH			Germany
LINDE ELECTRONICS, S.L.			Spain
Linde Engineering (Dalian) Co. Ltd.			China
Linde Engineering (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.			Malaysia
Linde Engineering APAC Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Engineering India Private Limited			India
Linde Engineering Korea Ltd.			Korea (the Republic of)
Linde Engineering Middle East LLC			United Arab Emirates
Linde Engineering North America LLC			Delaware
Linde Engineering South Africa (Pty) Ltd.			South Africa
Linde Engineering US LLC			Delaware
Linde EOX Sdn. Bhd.			Malaysia
LINDE FINANCE			United Kingdom
Linde Finance B.V.			Netherlands
Linde France			France
LINDE GAS & EQUIPMENT INC.			Delaware
Linde Gas (Guangxi) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (H.K.) Limited			Hong Kong
Linde Gas (Hainan) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Jiangxi) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Jiaxing) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Jining) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Kunshan) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Qingdao) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Tongling) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Wuhan) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Yangzhou) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas (Zhenjiang) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gas a.s.			Czech Republic
Linde Gas A/S			Denmark
Linde Gas AB			Sweden
Linde Gas Algerie S.p.A.			Algeria
LINDE GAS AS			Norway
Linde Gas Asia Pte Ltd			Singapore


Linde Gas Belgium NV			Belgium
Linde Gas Benelux B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Gas Bulgaria EOOD			Bulgaria
Linde Gas Chile S.A.			Chile
Linde Gas Cryoservices B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Gas Curaçao N.V.			Curaçao
LINDE GAS DOMINICANA, S.R.L.			Dominican Republic
Linde Gas ehf.			Iceland
LINDE GAS ESPAÑA SOCIEDAD ANONIMA			Spain
Linde Gas GmbH			Austria
LINDE GAS HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Linde Gas Italia S.r.l.			Italy
LINDE GAS MIDDLE EAST LLC			United Arab Emirates
Linde Gas Ningbo Ltd.			China
Linde Gas Products Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.			Malaysia
Linde Gas Produktionsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG			Germany
Linde Gas s. r. o.			Slovakia
Linde Gas SIA			Latvia
Linde Gas Singapore Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
Linde Gas Southeast (Xiamen) Ltd.			China
LINDE GAS SRBIJA Industrija gasova a.d. Bečej			Serbia
Linde Gas Therapeutics Benelux B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Gas Therapeutics GmbH			Germany
Linde Gas Tunisie S.A.			Tunisia
Linde Gas UAB			Lithuania
Linde Gas Verwaltungs GmbH			Germany
Linde Gas Vietnam Limited			Vietnam
Linde Gas Xiamen Ltd.			China
Linde Gas Zhenhai Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Changzhou) Company Limited			China
Linde Gases (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Hefei) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Langfang) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Meishan) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Nanjing) Company Limited			China
Linde Gases (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Suzhou) Company Limited			China
Linde Gases (Taixing) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Xuzhou) Company Limited			China
Linde Gases (Yantai) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases (Zhangzhou) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Gases Daxie Company Limited			China
Linde Gases Moçambique, Limitada			Mozambique
Linde Gaz Anonim Şirketi			Turkey
Linde Gáz Magyarország Zrt.			Hungary
LINDE GAZ POLSKA Spółka z o.o.			Poland
LINDE GAZ ROMANIA S.R.L.			Romania
Linde Global IT Services s. r. o.			Slovakia
LINDE GLOBAL SERVICES PHILIPPINES, INC.			Philippines


LINDE GLOBAL SERVICES PORTUGAL, UNIPESSOAL LDA			Portugal
LINDE GLOBAL SERVICES ROMANIA S.R.L.			Romania
Linde Global Support Services Private Limited			India
Linde GmbH			Germany
Linde Gulf Industrial Gases LLC			Oman
Linde H2 Energy Co., Ltd.			Korea (the Republic of)
LINDE HADJIKYRIAKOS GAS LIMITED			Cyprus
Linde Healthcare AB			Sweden
Linde Healthcare España, S.L. Unipersonal			Spain
LINDE HELIUM HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
LINDE HELIUM M E FZCO			United Arab Emirates
Linde Hellas Monoprosopi E.P.E.			Greece
Linde Hidrógeno, S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
Linde HKO Limited			Hong Kong
Linde Holding GmbH			Germany
Linde Holdings Netherlands B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Holdings Netherlands No.3 B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Holdings New Zealand Limited			New Zealand
Linde Holdings SAS			France
Linde Holdings, LLC			Delaware
Linde Homecare Belgium SPRL			Belgium
Linde Homecare Benelux B.V.			Netherlands
LINDE HOMECARE FRANCE			France
Linde Huachang (Zhangjiagang) Gas Co. Ltd.			China
Linde HyCO Limited			Thailand
LINDE HYDROGEN FUELTECH (DALIAN) CO.,LTD.			China
Linde Hydrogen FuelTech GmbH			Austria
Linde Inc.			Delaware
LINDE INDIA LIMITED			India
LINDE INDUSTRIAL GASES (MALAYSIA) SDN. BHD.			Malaysia
Linde Inversiones S.R.L.			Peru
LINDE INVESTMENTS FINLAND OY			Finland
LINDE INVESTMENTS LLC			Delaware
LINDE INVESTMENTS No.1 LIMITED			United Kingdom
Linde Jubail Industrial Gases Factory LLC			Saudi Arabia
Linde Korea Co., Ltd.			Korea, Republic of
Linde Kryotechnik AG			Switzerland
Linde Lienhwa China Holding Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Lienhwa Gases (BeiJing) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Lienhwa Gases (Chengdu) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Lienhwa Gases (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Lienhwa Gases (Wuhan) Co., Ltd			China
Linde Lienhwa Industrial Gases (Beijing) Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Lienhwa Industrial Gases (Xianyang) Co., Ltd.			China
LINDE MALAYSIA HOLDINGS BERHAD			Malaysia
LINDE MALAYSIA SDN. BHD.			Malaysia
Linde Médica, S.L.			Spain
LINDE MEDICAL SERVICES MIDDLE EAST LLC			United Arab Emirates
LINDE MEDICALE Srl			Italy


LINDE MEDICINAL, S.L.			Spain
Linde Meishan (Nanjing) Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Linde Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park Gases Co., Ltd.			China
LINDE NORTH AMERICA HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
LINDE O&M ISRAEL LTD			Israel
Linde Österreich Holding GmbH			Austria
LINDE PERU S.R.L.			Peru
LINDE PHILIPPINES (SOUTH), INC.			Philippines
LINDE PHILIPPINES, INC.			Philippines
LINDE PORTUGAL, LDA			Portugal
Linde Process Plants Canada Inc.			Canada
Linde Puerto Rico B.V.			Netherlands
Linde Qiangsheng Gases (Nanjing) Co., Ltd.			China
LINDE ROC SDN. BHD.			Malaysia
Linde RSS LLC			Delaware
Linde Russia UK Limited			United Kingdom
LINDE SAÚDE, LDA			Portugal
Linde Schweißtechnik GmbH			Germany
Linde Services Canada Inc.			Canada
Linde Services Inc.			Texas
LINDE SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD			South Africa
LINDE SPECIAL PROJECTS LLC			Delaware
LINDE SSC S. DE R.L. DE C.V.			Mexico
Linde Sverige AB			Sweden
LINDE UK HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
LINDE UK PRIVATE MEDICAL TRUSTEES LIMITED			United Kingdom
Linde Uruguay Limitada			Uruguay
Linde Vietnam Limited Company			Vietnam
LINDE WELDING PRODUCTS SDN. BHD.			Malaysia
LindeGas Holding Sweden AB			Sweden
LINDE-NIPIGAS Engineering GmbH			Germany
LINDE-SINOCHEM (QUANZHOU) GASES CO., LTD			China
Liquid Carbonic Corporation			Delaware
Liquid Carbonic del Paraguay S.A.			Paraguay
Liquido Carbonico Colombiana S.A.			Colombia
LPM, S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
LSAS SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED			India
LUCK STREAM Co., Ltd.			Taiwan
Madison Gas LLC			Delaware
Mastercrio Transportes Ltda.			Brazil
Maverick Healthcare Group L.L.C.			Arizona
Maverick Healthcare Holdings II, Inc.			Delaware
mdINR, LLC			Delaware
Medical Gases S. R. L.			Argentina
MEDIMATICS LLC			Delaware
MEDISHIELD			United Kingdom
MEDISPEED			United Kingdom
Michigan Industrial Gases Inc.			Michigan
MidSouth Distribution, Inc.			Texas


MIG Production Company Limited			Thailand
MRB ACQUISITION CORP.			Florida
MTA GmbH Medizin-Technischer-Anlagenbau			Germany
Murray Hill LLC			Delaware
Naamloze Vennootschap Linde Gas Benelux			Netherlands
NAMOX Namibia (PTY) LIMITED			Namibia
Nanjing Linde Nanlian Industrial Gas Co., Ltd.			China
NASIONALE SWEISWARE (PTY) LTD			South Africa
NEW SINO GASES COMPANY LIMITED			Hong Kong
nexAir, LLC			Tennessee
NICOWELD (PTY) LIMITED			South Africa
Nitropet, S.A. de C.V.			Mexico
NORLIC AB			Sweden
Northeast Pennsylvania Alliance, LLC			Pennsylvania
NoxBox Ltd			United Kingdom
NuCO2 Inc.			Delaware
NuCO2 LLC			Delaware
NuCO2 Management LLC			Delaware
NuCO2 Supply LLC			Delaware
OCAP CO2 B.V.			Netherlands
OPTIGEN, INC.			Florida
Option One Home Medical Equipment, Inc.			California
Oxigenos de Colombia Ltda.			Colombia
Oy Linde Gas Ab			Finland
P.T. Gresik Gases Indonesia			Indonesia
P.T. Gresik Power Indonesia			Indonesia
PACIFIC ENGINEERING SUPPLIES PTY LIMITED			Australia
PanGas AG			Switzerland
Park Infusion Care GP, LLC			Delaware
Park Infusion Care, LP			Texas
Patient Support Services, Inc.			Texas
PENNINE INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LTD			United Kingdom
PG Technologies Pte Ltd.			Singapore
PG Technologies, LLC			Delaware
Piedmont Medical Equipment			South Carolina
Praxair (Anhui) Industrial Gases Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair (Beijing) Industrial Gases Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair (Beijing) Semiconductor Gases Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair (China) Investment Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair (Taiwan) Co., Ltd.			Taiwan
Praxair (Thailand) Company Limited			Thailand
Praxair Argentina S.R.L.			Argentina
Praxair Asia, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair Bahrain BSC C			Bahrain
Praxair Belgium BVBA			Belgium
Praxair Bolivia Srl			Bolivia
Praxair Chemax Semiconductor Materials Co. Ltd.			Taiwan
Praxair Chile Ltda.			Chile
Praxair Colonia Limitada			Uruguay


Praxair Costa Rica, S.A.			Costa Rica
Praxair do Brasil Ltda.			Brazil
Praxair Euroholding B.V.			Netherlands
Praxair Fray Bentos S.C.A.			Uruguay
Praxair Gases Industriales Ltda.			Colombia
Praxair Holding Latinoamerica SARL			Luxembourg
Praxair Holdings International, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair Huayi (Chongqing) Industrial Gases Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair Hydrogen Supply, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair India Private Limited			India
Praxair International Finance Unlimited Company			Ireland
Praxair Investments B.V.			Netherlands
Praxair Latin America Holdings LLC			Delaware
Praxair Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V.			Mexico
Praxair MRC S.A.S.			France
Praxair Offshore Services Limited			United Kingdom
Praxair Pacific Ltd.			Mauritius
Praxair Panama S.A.			Panama
Praxair Partnership			Delaware
Praxair PHP S.A.S.			France
Praxair Plainfield, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair Puerto Rico LLC			Delaware
Praxair Republica Dominicana, SRL			Dominican Republic
Praxair S. T. Technology, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair S.r.l.			Italy
Praxair Services (UK) Limited			United Kingdom
Praxair Shaogang Co., Ltd.			China
Praxair Ship II AS			Norway
Praxair Surface Technologies Arabia for Coating LLC			Saudi Arabia
Praxair Surface Technologies Co., Ltd.			Korea, Republic of
Praxair Surface Technologies GmbH			Germany
Praxair Surface Technologies K.K.			Japan
Praxair Surface Technologies Limited			United Kingdom
Praxair Surface Technologies Montreal L.P.			New Brunswick
Praxair Surface Technologies Pte. Ltd.			Singapore
Praxair Surface Technologies S.A.S.			France
Praxair Surface Technologies, Inc.			Delaware
Praxair Switzerland GmbH			Switzerland
Praxair Technology, Inc.			Delaware
Preferred Homecare Infusion, L.L.C.			Arizona
PREMIER MEDICAL CORPORATION			Colorado
PRIESTLEY COMPANY LIMITED			Bermuda
Private Joint Stock Company "Linde Gas Ukraine"			Ukraine
Production Praxair Canada Inc.			Canada
PS Chem Co., Ltd.			Korea, Republic of
PSG Co., Ltd.			Korea, Republic of
PT. LINDE INDONESIA			Indonesia
PULMOREHAB LLC			Delaware
RAYONG ACETYLENE LIMITED			Thailand


Raytel Cardiac Services, Inc.			Delaware
RCS MANAGEMENT CORPORATION			Delaware
RCS MANAGEMENT HOLDING COMPANY			Delaware
RDC GASES & WELDING (DRL) LIMITED			Congo, The Democratic Republic of the
REPTILE INVESTMENT NINE (PTY) LIMITED			Namibia
REPTILE INVESTMENT TEN (PTY) LIMITED			Namibia
ROCK INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LIMITED			United Kingdom
ROYAL SOUTHMEADOWS, INC.			Philippines
RRS (FEBRUARY 2004) LIMITED			United Kingdom
Ruppco, Inc.			Delaware
RYVAL GAS LIMITED			United Kingdom
Saudi Industrial Gas Company			Saudi Arabia
Selas-Linde GmbH			Germany
SELOX, INC			Tennessee
SERMATEC VIETNAM COMPANY LIMITED			Vietnam
Sermatech International Canada Corp.			Delaware
Sermatech International Canada GP LLC			Delaware
SERVICIOS DE OPERACIONES DE NITRÓGENO, S.A. DE C.V.			Mexico
Shanghai Baoshan Linde Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Shanghai BOC Gases Co., Ltd.			China
Shanghai Linde Yidian Gas Co., Ltd.			China
Shared Care of West Branch, LLC			Michigan
SKTY (Thailand) Limited			Thailand
Sleepcair, Inc.			Kansas
SMS HOLDINGS (DELAWARE), INC.			Delaware
SMS HOLDINGS, INC.			Delaware
Solucoes em Gases Industriais Ltda.			Brazil
SOUTH PACIFIC WELDING GROUP PTY LIMITED			Australia
South Park Welding Supplies, L.L.C.			Michigan
SPALDING HAULAGE LIMITED			United Kingdom
SPECIALIZED MEDICAL SERVICES, INC.			Wisconsin
Spectra Gases (Shanghai) Trading Co., LTD.			China
Spectra Gases Limited			United Kingdom
STORESHIELD LIMITED			United Kingdom
Sure/Arc Welding Supply (1977) Ltd.			Canada
Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator			Sweden
Svets Gas Aktiebolag			Sweden
T.I.G. TRADING LIMITED			Thailand
Technical Gas S.A. (In Liquidation)			Venezuela
Thai Carbonic Company, Ltd.			Thailand
The BOC Group B.V.			Netherlands
THE BOC GROUP LIMITED			United Kingdom
The Boc Group S.A.S.			France
THE BRITISH OXYGEN COMPANY LIMITED			United Kingdom
The National Medical Rentals, Inc.			Arkansas
TIAMONT PTY LIMITED			Australia
TK-Teollisuuskaasut Oy			Finland
TOO Linde Gaz Kazakhstan			Kazakhstan


TRANSHIELD			United Kingdom
UNIGAS JOINT VENTURE PARTNERSHIP			Australia
UNIGAS TRANSPORT FUELS PTY LTD			Australia
Vision Energy Group LLC			Oklahoma
WELDER EQUIPMENT SERVICES LIMITED			United Kingdom
WELDING PRODUCTS HOLDINGS LIMITED			United Kingdom
WESSEX INDUSTRIAL & WELDING SUPPLIES LTD			United Kingdom
Westair Cryogenics Company			Delaware
Westair Gas and Equipment, L.P.			Texas
White Martins & White Martins - Comércio e Serviços S.à.r.l.			Luxembourg
White Martins Gases Industriais do Nordeste Limitada			Brazil
White Martins Gases Industriais do Norte Limitada			Brazil
White Martins Gases Industriais Ltda.			Brazil
White Martins Pecem Gases Industriais Ltda.			Brazil
White Martins Steel Gases Industriais Ltda.			Brazil
WM Transporte de Gases Ltda.			Brazil
Yateem Oxygen W.L.L.			Bahrain
Zamalight Holdco LLC			Delaware
ZHENJIANG XINHUA INDUSTRIAL GASES CO., LTD.			China

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 23.01

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (No. 333-238875) and S-8 (Nos. 333-228083, 333-228084, 333-269809) of Linde plc of our report dated February 28, 2023 relating to the financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in this Form 10-K.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Stamford, Connecticut

February 28, 2023

RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) CERTIFICATIONS

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 31.01

I, Sanjiv Lamba, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Linde plc;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


February 28, 2023						By:/s/ Sanjiv Lamba

						Sanjiv Lamba
						Chief Executive Officer

RULE 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) CERTIFICATIONS

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 31.02

I, Matthew J. White, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Linde plc;

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


February 28, 2023						By: /s/ Matthew J. White

						Matthew J. White
						Chief Financial Officer

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 32.01

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of Linde plc (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


February 28, 2023						By:/s/ Sanjiv Lamba

						Sanjiv Lamba
						Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required by 18 U.S.C. § 1350 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 32.02


February 28, 2023						By: /s/ Matthew J. White

						Matthew J. White
						Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

v3.22.4

Cover - USD ($)
$ in Billions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Jan. 31, 2023

Jun. 30, 2022

Entity Addresses [Line Items]

Document Type 10-K

Document Annual Report true

Document Period End Date Dec. 31, 2022

Current Fiscal Year End Date --12-31

Document Transition Report false

Entity File Number 001-38730

Entity Registrant Name LINDE PLC

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code L2

Entity Tax Identification Number 98-1448883

Entity Address, Address Line One Forge

Entity Address, Address Line Two 43 Church Street West

Entity Address, City or Town Woking

Entity Address, Country GB

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code GU21 6HT

Country Region 44

City Area Code 14

Local Phone Number 83 242200

Title of 12(b) Security Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)

Trading Symbol LIN

Security Exchange Name NYSE

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer Yes

Entity Voluntary Filers No

Entity Current Reporting Status Yes

Entity Interactive Data Current Yes

Entity Filer Category Large Accelerated Filer

Entity Small Business false

Entity Emerging Growth Company false

ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag true

Entity Shell Company false

Entity Public Float $ 143

Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding 492,160,806

Documents Incorporated by Reference Portions of the Proxy Statement of Linde plc for its 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated in Part III of this report.

Amendment Flag false

Document Fiscal Year Focus 2022

Document Fiscal Period Focus FY

Entity Central Index Key 0001707925

Other Address

Entity Addresses [Line Items]

Entity Address, Address Line One 10 Riverview Drive,

Entity Address, City or Town Danbury

Entity Address, State or Province CT

Entity Address, Country US

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code 06810

v3.22.4

Audit Information
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Audit Information [Abstract]

Auditor Firm ID 238

Auditor Name PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Auditor Location Stamford, Connecticut

v3.22.4

Consolidated Statements of Income - USD ($)
shares in Thousands, $ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Income Statement [Abstract]

Sales $ 33,364 $ 30,793 $ 27,243

Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization 19,450 17,543 15,383

Selling, general and administrative 3,107 3,189 3,193

Depreciation and amortization 4,204 4,635 4,626

Research and development 143 143 152

Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges 1,029 273 506

Other income (expenses) – net (62) (26) (61)

Operating Profit 5,369 4,984 3,322

Interest expense – net 63 77 115

Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost (237) (192) (177)

Income From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments 5,543 5,099 3,384

Income taxes on continuing operations 1,434 1,262 847

Income From Continuing Operations Before Equity Investments 4,109 3,837 2,537

Income from equity investments 172 119 85

Income From Continuing Operations (Including Noncontrolling Interests) 4,281 3,956 2,622

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 0 5 4

Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests) 4,281 3,961 2,626

Less: noncontrolling interests from continuing operations (134) (135) (125)

Net Income – Linde plc 4,147 3,826 2,501

Net Income – Linde plc

Income from continuing operations 4,147 3,821 2,497

Income from discontinued operations $ 0 $ 5 $ 4

Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders

Basic earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share) $ 8.30 $ 7.39 $ 4.74

Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share) 0 0.01 0.01

Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share) 8.30 7.40 4.75

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share) 8.23 7.32 4.70

Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share) 0 0.01 0.01

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share) $ 8.23 $ 7.33 $ 4.71

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):

Basic shares outstanding (in shares) 499,736 516,896 526,736

Diluted shares outstanding (in shares) 504,038 521,875 531,157

v3.22.4

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]

NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS) $ 4,281 $ 3,961 $ 2,626

Translation adjustments:

Foreign currency translation adjustments (1,725) (1,116) 565

Reclassifications to net income (110) (52) 0

Income taxes 0 (7) 30

Translation adjustments (1,835) (1,175) 595

Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 16):

Retirement program remeasurements 1,349 826 (675)

Reclassifications to net income 80 175 92

Income taxes (359) (255) 114

Funded status - retirement obligations 1,070 746 (469)

Derivative instruments (Note 12):

Current year unrealized gain (loss) 107 140 (3)

Reclassifications to net income (129) (49) 42

Income taxes 9 (20) (8)

Derivative instruments (13) 71 31

TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (778) (358) 157

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS) 3,503 3,603 2,783

Less: noncontrolling interests (90) (135) (158)

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - LINDE PLC $ 3,413 $ 3,468 $ 2,625

v3.22.4

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 5,436 $ 2,823

Accounts receivable – net 4,559 4,499

Contract assets 124 134

Inventories 1,978 1,733

Prepaid and other current assets 950 970

Total Current Assets 13,047 10,159

Property, plant and equipment – net 23,548 26,003

Equity investments 2,350 2,619

Goodwill 25,817 27,038

Other intangible assets – net 12,420 13,802

Other long-term assets 2,476 1,984

Total Assets 79,658 81,605

Liabilities and Equity

Accounts payable 2,995 3,503

Short-term debt 4,117 1,163

Current portion of long-term debt 1,599 1,709

Contract liabilities 3,073 2,940

Accrued taxes 613 429

Other current liabilities 4,082 3,899

Total Current Liabilities 16,479 13,643

Long-term debt 12,198 11,335

Other long-term liabilities 2,795 4,188

Deferred credits 6,799 6,998

Total Liabilities 38,271 36,164

Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)

Redeemable noncontrolling interests 13 13

Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity:

Ordinary shares (€0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2022 and 2021 issued: 552,012,862 ordinary shares) 1 1

Additional paid-in capital 40,005 40,180

Retained earnings 20,541 18,710

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (5,782) (5,048)

Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2022 – 59,555,235 shares and 2021 – 43,331,983 shares) (14,737) (9,808)

Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity 40,028 44,035

Noncontrolling interests 1,346 1,393

Total Equity 41,374 45,428

Total Liabilities and Equity $ 79,658 $ 81,605

v3.22.4

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - € / shares

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]

Ordinary shares, par value (euro per share) € 0.001 € 0.001

Ordinary shares, authorized (in shares) 1,750,000,000 1,750,000,000

Ordinary shares, issued (in shares) 552,012,862 552,012,862

Treasury stock (in shares) 59,555,235 43,331,983

v3.22.4

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Operations

Net Income – Linde plc $ 4,147 $ 3,826 $ 2,501

Less: income from discontinued operations, net of tax and noncontrolling interests 0 (5) (4)

Add: Noncontrolling interests from continuing operations 134 135 125

Income from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests) 4,281 3,956 2,622

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, net of payments 902 98 258

Depreciation and amortization 4,204 4,635 4,626

Deferred income taxes (383) (254) (369)

Share-based compensation 107 128 133

Non-cash charges and other (49) (19) 152

Working capital

Accounts receivable (423) (553) 19

Contract assets and liabilities, net 310 1,307 90

Inventory (347) (129) 18

Prepaid and other current assets (157) 76 128

Payables and accruals 307 447 109

Pension contributions (51) (42) (91)

Long-term assets, liabilities and other 163 75 (266)

Net cash provided by operating activities 8,864 9,725 7,429

Investing

Capital expenditures (3,173) (3,086) (3,400)

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired (110) (88) (68)

Divestitures and asset sales, net of cash divested 195 167 482

Net cash used for investing activities (3,088) (3,007) (2,986)

Financing

Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) – net 3,050 (1,329) 1,198

Long-term debt borrowings 3,210 2,283 2,796

Long-term debt repayments (1,785) (1,468) (2,681)

Issuances of ordinary shares 36 50 47

Purchases of ordinary shares (5,168) (4,612) (2,457)

Cash dividends – Linde plc shareholders (2,344) (2,189) (2,028)

Noncontrolling interest transactions and other (88) (323) (220)

Net cash used for financing activities (3,089) (7,588) (3,345)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (74) (61) (44)

Change in cash and cash equivalents 2,613 (931) 1,054

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period 2,823 3,754 2,700

Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period 5,436 2,823 3,754

Supplemental Data

Income taxes paid 1,735 1,710 1,066

Interest paid, net of capitalized interest (Note 7) $ 170 $ 233 $ 322

v3.22.4

Consolidated Statements of Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]

Dividends per ordinary share (in dollars per share) $ 4.68 $ 4.24 $ 3.852

v3.22.4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, United States 06810. Linde trades on the New York Stock Exchange and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol LIN.
On January 18, 2023, shareholders approved the company’s proposal for an intercompany reorganization that will result in the delisting of its ordinary shares from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Following the completion of legal and regulatory approvals, Linde anticipates that the intercompany reorganization and delisting process will be completed, and its ordinary shares will be delisted from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, on or about March 1, 2023.

In connection with the closing of the intercompany reorganization, Linde shareholders will automatically receive one share of the new holding company, to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in exchange for each share of Linde plc they own. The new holding company will also be named “Linde plc” and will trade under the existing ticker LIN.

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (" U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of all significant subsidiaries where control exists and, in limited situations, variable-interest entities where the company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation and any significant related-party transactions have been disclosed.
Equity investments generally consist of 20% to 50% owned operations where the company exercises significant influence, but does not have control. Income from equity investments in corporations is reported on an after-tax basis. Pre-tax income from equity investments that are partnerships or limited-liability corporations is included in other income (expenses) – net with related taxes included in Income taxes. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances reflect that an impairment loss may have been incurred.
Changes in ownership interest that result either in consolidation or deconsolidation of an investment are recorded at fair value through earnings, including the retained ownership interest, while changes that do not result in either consolidation or deconsolidation of a subsidiary are treated as equity transactions.
Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While actual results could differ, management believes such estimates to be reasonable.
Operations – Linde is the largest industrial gases company globally. The company produces, sells and distributes atmospheric, process and specialty gases to a diverse group of industries including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage, electronics, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, and metals. Linde’s Engineering business offers its customers an extensive range of gas production and processing services including supplying plant components and services directly to customers.
Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. See Note 19 for additional details regarding Linde's revenue recognition policies.
Cash Equivalents – Cash equivalents are considered to be highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less.
Inventories – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average-cost method.
Property, Plant and Equipment – Net – Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. The company capitalizes labor, applicable overhead and interest as part of the cost of constructing major facilities. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are also capitalized. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, which
range from 3 years to 40 years (see Note 8). Linde uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate. Maintenance of property, plant and equipment is generally expensed as incurred.
The company performs a test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an individual asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Should projected undiscounted future cash flows be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment charge reducing the carrying amount to fair value may be required. Fair value is determined based on the most appropriate valuation technique, including discounted cash flows.
Asset-Retirement Obligations – An asset-retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which sufficient information exists to determine the fair value of the liability with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the related property, plant and equipment which is then depreciated over its useful life. The liability is initially measured at fair value and then accretion expense is recorded in each subsequent period. The company’s asset-retirement obligations are primarily associated with its on-site long-term supply arrangements where the company has built a facility on land leased from the customer and is obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. The company's asset-retirement obligations are not material to its consolidated financial statements.
Foreign Currency Translation – For most foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency and translation gains and losses are reported as part of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of equity as a cumulative translation adjustment (see Note 7).
Financial Instruments – Linde enters into various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuating interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity pricing and energy costs. Such instruments primarily include interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements; currency-swap agreements; forward contracts; currency options; and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes. Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.
There are three types of derivatives the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.
When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes unless they are related to forecasted transactions. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair-value hedges are recognized in earnings as an offset to the change in the fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged. The changes in fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash-flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Provided the hedge remains highly effective, any ineffectiveness is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries are recognized in the cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets to offset translation gains and losses associated with the hedged net investment. Derivatives that are entered into for risk-management purposes and are not designated as hedges (primarily related to currency derivatives other than for firm commitments) are recorded at their fair market values and recognized in current earnings.
See Note 12 for additional information relating to financial instruments.
Goodwill – Acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method which requires allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is recorded as goodwill. Allocations of the purchase price are based on preliminary estimates and assumptions at the date of acquisition and are subject to revision based on final information received, including appraisals and other analyses which support underlying estimates.
The company performs a goodwill impairment test annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. The impairment test allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value then the company will estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying value, including goodwill. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level. The qualitative analysis of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2022 showed the fair value of the reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value, as such further analysis was not performed.
See Note 9 for additional information relating to goodwill.
Other Intangible Assets – Other intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, are amortized over the estimated period of benefit. The determination of the estimated period of benefit will be dependent upon the use and underlying characteristics of the intangible asset. Linde evaluates the recoverability of its intangible assets subject to amortization when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is generally estimated based on either appraised value or other valuation techniques. Indefinite lived intangible assets related to the Linde brand are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate an impairment loss may have occurred.
See Note 10 for additional information relating to other intangible assets.
Income Taxes – Deferred income taxes are recorded for the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets whenever circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized in future periods.
Under the guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the company can recognize the benefit of an income tax position only if it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. Otherwise, no benefit can be recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, the company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. Interest and penalties are classified as income tax expense in the financial statements.
See Note 5 for additional information relating to income taxes.
Retirement Benefits – Most Linde employees participate in a form of defined benefit or contribution retirement plan, and additionally certain employees are eligible to participate in various post-employment health care and life insurance benefit plans. The cost of contribution plans is recognized in the year earned while the cost of other plans is recognized over the employees’ expected service period to the company, all in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. The funded status of the plans is recorded as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Funding of retirement benefits varies and is in accordance with local laws and practices.
See Note 16 for additional information relating to retirement programs.
Share-based Compensation– The company has historically granted share-based awards which consist of stock options, restricted stock and performance-based stock. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period. For stock awards granted to full-retirement-eligible employees, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved. For performance-based awards, compensation expense is recognized only if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.
See Note 15 for additional disclosures relating to share-based compensation.
Reclassifications – Certain prior years’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Implemented in 2022
There were no new accounting pronouncements that would materially impact the 2022 financial statements.

v3.22.4

Acquisitions and Divestitures
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisitions and Divestitures Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
Acquisitions were $110 million, $88 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Acquisitions in 2022 and 2021 primarily related to the Americas and EMEA. Acquisitions in 2020 primarily related to the Americas.

Divestitures

Sale of GIST business

In the third quarter of 2022, the company completed the sale of its GIST business. Proceeds from the sale were $184 million, net of cash divested of $75 million, for net proceeds of $109 million. The sale resulted in a loss of $21 million (benefit of $3 million, after tax), recorded within the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges in the consolidated statement of income (see Note 3).

Deconsolidation of Joint Venture in APAC
Effective January 1, 2021, Linde deconsolidated a joint venture with operations in APAC, due to the expiration of certain contractual rights that the parties mutually agreed not to renew. From the effective date, the joint venture is reflected as an equity investment on Linde's consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding results reflected in income from equity investments on the consolidated statement of income.
The fair value of the joint venture at January 1, 2021 was determined using a discounted cash flow model and approximated the carrying amount of its net assets. The net carrying value of $852 million was mainly comprised of assets of approximately $1.9 billion (primarily Other intangibles and Property plant and equipment - net), net of liabilities of approximately $1.0 billion. Upon deconsolidation an equity investment was recorded representing Linde's share of the joint venture's net assets. The deconsolidation resulted in a gain of $52 million recorded within 2021 charges (see Note 3) related to the release of the CTA balance recorded within AOCI. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation.
The joint venture contributed sales of approximately $600 million in 2020.

v3.22.4

Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges
2022 Charges
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges were $1 billion ($896 million, after tax and noncontrolling interests) for the year ended December 31, 2022, largely attributable to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Russia-Ukraine Conflict
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, multiple jurisdictions, including Europe and the U.S., have imposed several tranches of economic sanctions on Russia. As a result, Linde reassessed its ability to control its Russian subsidiaries and determined that as of June 30, 2022 it can no longer exercise control over these entities. As such, Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022. The deconsolidation of the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities resulted in a loss of $787 million ($730 million after tax) during the second quarter.

The fair value of Linde’s Russian subsidiaries was determined using a probability weighted discounted cash flow model, which resulted in the recognition of a $407 million loss on deconsolidation when compared to the carrying value of the entities. This loss is recorded within Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges in the consolidated statements of income.

Upon deconsolidation an investment was recorded, which represents the fair value of net assets. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation. Linde will maintain its interest in its Russian subsidiaries and will continue to comply with sanctions and government restrictions as it continues to develop divestiture options. The investment will be monitored for impairment in future periods.

Receivables, primarily loans receivable, with newly deconsolidated entities were reassessed for collectability resulting in a write-off of approximately $380 million.

Other Russia related charges

Other charges related specifically to the Russia-Ukraine conflict were $103 million ($73 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2022, and are primarily comprised of impairments of assets which are maintained by international entities in support of the Russian business.

Merger-Related Costs and Other Charges
Merger-related costs and other charges were $139 million ($93 million, after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to severance actions within the Engineering segment recorded during the fourth quarter, the impairment of an equity method investment in the EMEA segment, and the sale of the GIST business completed on September 30, 2022 (see Note 2).
The following table provides a summary of the pre-tax charges by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 :
Year Ended December 31, 2022
(millions of dollars) Russia deconsolidation charges Other Russia related charges Total Russia charges Merger-related costs and other charges Total
Americas $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ 4
EMEA 733 (7) 726 25 751
APAC — — — 28 28
Engineering 54 110 164 41 205
Other — — — 41 41
Total $ 787 $ 103 $ 890 $ 139 $ 1,029

2021 Charges

Cost reduction programs and other charges were $273 million ($279 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Total cost reduction program related charges were $338 million ($253 million after tax), for the year ended December 31, 2021. These expenses consisted primarily of severance charges of $259 million and other charges of $79 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Other charges related primarily to the execution of the company's synergistic actions including location consolidations and business rationalization projects, process harmonization, and associated non-recurring costs.

Merger-related and other charges were benefits of $65 million (benefit of $26 million, after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2021. The 2021 pre-tax benefit was primarily due to a $52 million gain triggered by a joint venture deconsolidation in the APAC segment.

Year Ended December 31, 2021
(millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Americas $ 4 $ 2 $ 6 $ (6) $ —
EMEA 204 33 237 1 238
APAC 16 12 28 (50) (22)
Engineering 20 6 26 — 26
Other 15 26 41 (10) 31
Total $ 259 $ 79 $ 338 $ (65) $ 273

2020 Charges
Cost reduction programs and other charges were $506 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, ($372 million after tax).

Total cost reduction program related charges were $391 million ($277 million after tax) for the year ended December 31, 2020. These expenses consisted primarily of severance costs of $298 million and other charges of $93 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Other charges related to the execution of the company's synergistic actions including location consolidations and business rationalization projects, process harmonization, and associated non-recurring costs.

Merger-related and other charges were $115 million ($95 million, after tax). for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Year Ended December 31, 2020
(millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Americas $ 35 $ 24 $ 59 $ 13 $ 72
EMEA 131 21 152 3 155
APAC 7 2 9 3 12
Engineering 38 28 66 4 70
Other 87 18 105 92 197
Total $ 298 $ 93 $ 391 $ 115 $ 506

Cash Requirements
The total cash requirements of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges incurred for the year ended December 31, 2022 are expected to be immaterial. Remaining cash requirements are expected to be paid through 2023. Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges, net of payments in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 also reflect the impact of cash payments of liabilities, including merger-related tax liabilities, accrued as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The following table summarizes the activities related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the company's cost reduction programs and other charges during 2021 and 2022:
(millions of dollars) Total Russia charges Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ — $ 283 $ 22 $ 305 $ 64 $ 369
2021 Cost Reduction Programs and Other Charges — 259 79 338 (65) 273
Less: Cash payments — (138) (15) (153) (22) (175)
Less: Non-cash charges — — (41) (41) 54 13
Foreign currency translation and other — (20) (7) (27) — (27)
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ — $ 384 $ 38 $ 422 $ 31 $ 453
2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges 890 41 24 65 74 1,029
Less: Cash payments — (122) (24) (146) 19 (127)
Less: Non-cash charges (890) — (7) (7) (109) (1,006)
Foreign currency translation and other — (22) (4) (26) (3) (29)
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ — $ 281 $ 27 $ 308 $ 12 $ 320

Classification in the consolidated financial statements
The pre-tax charges for each year are shown within operating profit in a separate line item on the consolidated statements of income. In the consolidated balance sheets, reductions in assets are recorded against the carrying value of the related assets and unpaid amounts are recorded as other current or long-term liabilities (see Note 7). On the consolidated statements of cash flows, the pre-tax impact of these charges, net of cash payments, is shown as an adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities. In Note 18 Segment Information, Linde excluded these charges from its management definition of segment operating profit; a reconciliation of segment operating profit to consolidated operating profit is shown within the segment operating profit table.

v3.22.4

Leases
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases LEASES
In the normal course of its business, Linde enters into various leases as the lessee, primarily involving manufacturing and distribution equipment and office space. Linde determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. Total lease and rental expenses related to operating lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $284 million and $317 million, respectively. Operating leases costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. The related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Total lease and rental expenses related to finance lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $57 million and $51 million, respectively, and the costs are included in depreciation and amortization and interest. Related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Linde includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised as part of the lease term. Operating and financing lease expenses above include short term and variable lease costs which are immaterial.

As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, Linde uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to measure lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. Linde determines incremental borrowing rates through market sources.

The company has elected to apply the short-term lease exception for all underlying asset classes. Short-term leases are leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include a purchase option that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. Leases that meet the short-term lease definition are not recognized on the balance sheet, but rather expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance. The company does not have material variable lease payments.

Gains and losses on sale and leaseback transactions were immaterial. Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $254 million and $290 million, respectively. Cash flows used for finance leases for the same period were immaterial.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 726 $ 853
Other current liabilities 181 215
Other long-term liabilities 540 618
Total operating lease liabilities 721 833
Finance Leases
Finance lease right-of-use assets 146 163
Other current liabilities 42 47
Other long-term liabilities 114 129
Total finance lease liabilities $ 156 $ 176

Supplemental operating lease information:
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Weighted average lease term (years) 8 9
Weighted average discount rate 3.26 % 2.91 %
Future operating and finance lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (millions of dollars):
Period Operating Leases Financing Leases
2023 $ 196 $ 48
2024 140 37
2025 106 29
2026 79 19
2027 58 12
Thereafter 258 57
Total future undiscounted lease payments 837 202
Less imputed interest (116) (46)
Total reported lease liability $ 721 $ 156

Leases LEASES
In the normal course of its business, Linde enters into various leases as the lessee, primarily involving manufacturing and distribution equipment and office space. Linde determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at contract inception. Total lease and rental expenses related to operating lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $284 million and $317 million, respectively. Operating leases costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses and cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization. The related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Total lease and rental expenses related to finance lease right of use assets for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $57 million and $51 million, respectively, and the costs are included in depreciation and amortization and interest. Related assets and obligations are included in other long term assets and other current liabilities and other long term liabilities, respectively. Linde includes renewal options that are reasonably certain to be exercised as part of the lease term. Operating and financing lease expenses above include short term and variable lease costs which are immaterial.

As most leases do not provide an implicit rate, Linde uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to measure lease liabilities and right-of-use assets. Linde determines incremental borrowing rates through market sources.

The company has elected to apply the short-term lease exception for all underlying asset classes. Short-term leases are leases that, at the commencement date, have a lease term of twelve months or less and do not include a purchase option that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise. Leases that meet the short-term lease definition are not recognized on the balance sheet, but rather expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent on usage, output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance. The company does not have material variable lease payments.

Gains and losses on sale and leaseback transactions were immaterial. Operating cash flows used for operating leases for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $254 million and $290 million, respectively. Cash flows used for finance leases for the same period were immaterial.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 726 $ 853
Other current liabilities 181 215
Other long-term liabilities 540 618
Total operating lease liabilities 721 833
Finance Leases
Finance lease right-of-use assets 146 163
Other current liabilities 42 47
Other long-term liabilities 114 129
Total finance lease liabilities $ 156 $ 176

Supplemental operating lease information:
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Weighted average lease term (years) 8 9
Weighted average discount rate 3.26 % 2.91 %
Future operating and finance lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (millions of dollars):
Period Operating Leases Financing Leases
2023 $ 196 $ 48
2024 140 37
2025 106 29
2026 79 19
2027 58 12
Thereafter 258 57
Total future undiscounted lease payments 837 202
Less imputed interest (116) (46)
Total reported lease liability $ 721 $ 156

v3.22.4

Income Taxes
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes INCOME TAXES
Pre-tax income applicable to U.S. and non-U.S. operations is as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
United States $ 2,502 $ 2,020 $ 1,253
Non-U.S. 3,041 3,079 2,131
Total income before income taxes $ 5,543 $ 5,099 $ 3,384

Provision for Income Taxes
The following is an analysis of the provision for income taxes:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Current tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal $ 486 $ 287 $ 185
State and local 92 87 17
Non-U.S. 1,239 1,142 1,013
1,817 1,516 1,215
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal (12) 63 20
State and local 7 8 7
Non-U.S. (378) (325) (395)
(383) (254) (368)
Total income taxes $ 1,434 $ 1,262 $ 847

U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) 2018
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the tax payable related to the deemed repatriation tax is $178 million and $178 million, respectively, of which $139 million and $178 million is classified as other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet (See Note 7), respectively. The company is required to fund the balance in annual installments through 2025.
Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation
For purposes of the effective tax rate reconciliation, the company utilizes the U.S. statutory income tax rate of 21%. An analysis of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income follows:
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
U.S. statutory income tax $ 1,164 21.0 % $ 1,071 21.0 % $ 711 21.0 %
State and local taxes – net of federal benefit 84 1.5 % 83 1.6 % 21 0.6 %
U.S. tax credits and deductions (a) (16) (0.3) % (23) (0.5) % (8) (0.2) %
Non-U.S. tax differentials (b) 176 3.2 % 219 4.3 % 167 4.9 %
Share-Based compensation (41) (0.7) % (56) (1.1) % (53) (1.6) %
Russia/Ukraine Charges 108 1.9 % — — % — — %
Other – net (c) (41) (0.7) % (32) (0.6) % 9 0.3 %
Provision for income taxes $ 1,434 25.9 % $ 1,262 24.7 % $ 847 25.0 %

________________________
(a)U.S. tax credits and deductions relate to non-U.S. derived intangible income and the research and experimentation tax credit in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(b)Primarily related to differences between the U.S. tax rate and the statutory tax rate in the countries where the company operates. Excluding 2021, which included an $83 million deferred income tax charge related to a tax rate increase in the U.K, other permanent items and tax rate changes were not significant.
(c)Other - net includes net tax benefits related to the settlement of tax audits of $71 million in 2022 , and $47 million in 2021.

Net Deferred Tax Liabilities
Net deferred tax liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of the following:
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
2022 2021
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets (a) $ 2,775 $ 3,177
Goodwill 173 166
Other intangible assets 2,939 3,263
Subsidiary/equity investments 545 586
Other (b) 471 634
$ 6,903 $ 7,826
Deferred tax assets
Carryforwards $ 289 $ 358
Benefit plans and related (c)(d) 165 607
Inventory 68 57
Accruals and other (e) 1,001 1,042
$ 1,523 $ 2,064
Less: Valuation allowances (f) (276) (235)
$ 1,247 $ 1,829
Net deferred tax liabilities $ 5,656 $ 5,997
Recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as (Note 7):
Other long-term assets 230 242
Deferred credits 5,886 6,239
$ 5,656 $ 5,997
________________________
(a)Excludes $39 million and $19 million of fixed assets in 2022 related to the deconsolidation of Russia and the sale of GIST, respectively (see Notes 3 and 2).
(b)Includes $206 million in 2022 and $236 million in 2021 related to right-of-use lease assets.
(c)Includes deferred tax liabilities of $54 million and deferred tax assets of $305 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to pension / OPEB funded status (see Notes 7 and 16).
(d)The amounts are net of non-US deferred tax liabilities of $315 million in 2022 and $71 million in 2021.
(e)Includes $212 million in 2022 and $246 million in 2021 related to lease liabilities and $25 million and $42 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to research and development costs.
(f)Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
2022 2021 2020
Balance, January 1, $ (235) $ (243) $ (222)
Income tax (charge) benefit (44) 8 (21)
Other, including write-offs — — 2
Translation adjustments 3 — (2)
Balance, December 31, $ (276) $ (235) $ (243)
The company evaluates deferred tax assets quarterly to ensure that estimated future taxable income will be sufficient in character (e.g., capital gain versus ordinary income treatment), amount and timing to result in their recovery. After considering the positive and negative evidence, a valuation allowance is established to reduce the assets to their realizable value when management determines that it is more likely than not (i.e., greater than 50% likelihood) that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Considerable judgment is required in establishing deferred tax valuation allowances.
As of December 31, 2022, the company had $289 million of deferred tax assets relating to net operating losses (“NOLs”) and tax credits and $276 million of valuation allowances. These deferred tax assets include $215 million relating to NOLs of which $90 million expire within 5 years, $42 million expire after 5 years and $83 million have no expiration. The
deferred tax assets also include $74 million related to credits of which $5 million expire within 5 years, $66 million expire after 5 years, and $3 million have no expiration. The valuation allowances of $276 million primarily relate to NOLs and foreign currency loss related to the revaluation of deferred tax liabilities associated with future repatriations. Management has determined, based on financial projections and available tax strategies, that it is unlikely that the benefit of these losses will be realized. If events or circumstances change, valuation allowances are adjusted at that time resulting in an income tax benefit or charge.
The company has $545 million of non-U.S. income taxes accrued related to its investments in subsidiaries and equity investments as of December 31, 2022. A provision has not been made for any additional non-U.S. income tax at December 31, 2022 on approximately $33 billion related to its investments in subsidiaries because the company intends to remain indefinitely reinvested. While the $33 billion could become subject to additional non-U.S. income tax if there is a sale of a subsidiary, or earnings are remitted as dividends, it is not practicable to estimate the unrecognized deferred tax liability.
Uncertain Tax Positions
Unrecognized income tax benefits represent income tax positions taken on income tax returns but not yet recognized in the consolidated financial statements. The company has unrecognized income tax benefits totaling $325 million, $387 million and $452 million as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. If recognized, essentially all of the unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties would be recorded as a benefit to income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2020
Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1 $ 387 $ 452 $ 472
Additions for tax positions of prior years 26 11 35
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (a) (45) (11) (34)
Additions for current year tax positions — 19 11
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (a)(b) (23) (60) (39)
Foreign currency translation and other (20) (24) 7
Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31 $ 325 $ 387 $ 452

________________________
(a)2022 amounts are primarily related to the settlement of tax audits.
(b)Settlements are uncertain tax positions that were effectively settled with the taxing authorities, including positions where the company has agreed to amend its tax returns to eliminate the uncertainty.
The company classifies interest income and expense related to income taxes as tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. The company recognized net interest benefit of $3 million and $15 million and expense of $29 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The company had $35 million and $40 million of accrued interest and penalties as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which were recorded in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets (See Note 7).
As of December 31, 2022, the company remained subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the tax years as indicated below:
Major tax jurisdictions Open Years
North and South America
United States 2017 through 2022
Canada 2014 through 2022
Mexico 2014 through 2022
Brazil 2003 through 2022
Europe and Africa
France 2019 through 2022
Germany 2018 through 2022
Spain 2010 through 2022
United Kingdom 2020 through 2022
Asia and Australia
Australia 2018 through 2022
China 2017 through 2022
India 2006 through 2022
South Korea 2020 through 2022
The company is currently under audit in a number of jurisdictions. As a result, it is reasonably possible that some of these matters will conclude or reach the stage where a change in unrecognized income tax benefits may occur within the next twelve months. At the time new information becomes available, the company will record any adjustment to income tax expense as required. Final determinations, if any, are not expected to be material to the consolidated financial statements. The company is also subject to income taxes in many hundreds of state and local taxing jurisdictions that are open to tax examinations.

v3.22.4

Earnings Per Share - Linde PLC Shareholders
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share - Linde PLC Shareholders EARNINGS PER SHARE – LINDE PLC SHAREHOLDERS
Basic and Diluted earnings per share - Linde plc shareholders is computed by dividing Income from continuing operations, Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, and Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:
2022 2021 2020
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Income from continuing operations $ 4,147 $ 3,821 $ 2,497
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax — 5 4
Net Income – Linde plc $ 4,147 $ 3,826 $ 2,501
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding 499,254 516,507 526,404
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 482 389 332
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 499,736 516,896 526,736
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards 4,302 4,979 4,421
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 504,038 521,875 531,157
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations $ 8.30 $ 7.39 $ 4.74
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations — 0.01 0.01
Basic Earnings Per Share $ 8.30 $ 7.40 $ 4.75
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations $ 8.23 $ 7.32 $ 4.70
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations — 0.01 0.01
Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 8.23 $ 7.33 $ 4.71

There were no antidilutive shares for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

v3.22.4

Supplemental Information
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Supplemental Information [Abstract]

Supplemental Information SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Income Statement
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling $ 1,295 $ 1,342 $ 1,303
General and administrative 1,812 1,847 1,890
$ 3,107 $ 3,189 $ 3,193
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Depreciation and Amortization (a)
Depreciation $ 3,633 $ 3,912 $ 3,861
Amortization of intangibles (Note 10) 571 723 765
Depreciation and Amortization $ 4,204 $ 4,635 $ 4,626
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Other Income (Expenses) – Net
Currency related net gains (losses) $ (18) $ (29) $ (28)
Partnership income 18 13 10
Severance expense (13) (5) (5)
Asset divestiture gains (losses) – net (9) (31) (78)
Other – net (40) 26 40
$ (62) $ (26) $ (61)

Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Interest Expense – Net
Interest incurred on debt and other $ 277 $ 227 $ 277
Interest income (117) (40) (55)
Amortization on acquired debt (35) (53) (85)
Interest capitalized (62) (57) (38)
Bond redemption (b) — — 16
$ 63 $ 77 $ 115

Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests' operations (c) $ 134 $ 135 $ 125
Balance Sheet
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
2022 2021
Accounts Receivable
Trade and Other receivables $ 4,964 $ 4,904
Less: allowance for expected credit losses (405) (405)
$ 4,559 $ 4,499
Receivables
Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,498 million and $4,425 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $321 million and $329 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Gross other receivables were $145 million and $150 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments.
Provisions for expected credit losses were $163 million, $129 million and $182 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The allowance activity in the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material.

December 31,
2022 2021
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies $ 567 $ 399
Work in process 368 334
Finished goods 1,043 1,000
$ 1,978 $ 1,733
December 31, 2022 2021
Prepaid and Other Current Assets
Prepaid and other deferred charges (d) $ 597 $ 527
VAT recoverable 225 196
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 24 101
Other 104 146
$ 950 $ 970
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Long-term Assets
Pension assets (Note 16) $ 661 $ 139
Insurance contracts (e) 39 46
Long-term receivables, net (f) 164 105
Lease assets (Note 4) 872 1,016
Deposits 52 43
Investments carried at cost (h) 184 18
Deferred charges 66 62
Deferred income taxes (Note 5) 230 242
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 4 35
Other 204 278
$ 2,476 $ 1,984
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses $ 1,533 $ 1,248
Payroll 614 710
VAT payable 259 295
Pension and postretirement (Note 16) 51 38
Interest payable 118 102
Lease liability (Note 4) 223 262
Insurance reserves 19 19
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 23 27
Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 187 200
Other 1,055 998
$ 4,082 $ 3,899
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Long-term Liabilities
Pension and postretirement (Note 16) $ 640 $ 1,802
Tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 248 302
Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5) 139 178
Lease liability (Note 4) 654 747
Interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 35 40
Insurance reserves 52 56
Asset retirement obligation 305 305
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 73 8
Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 133 253
Other 516 497
$ 2,795 $ 4,188

December 31, 2022 2021
Deferred Credits
Deferred income taxes (Note 5) $ 5,886 $ 6,239
Other 913 759
$ 6,799 $ 6,998
December 31, 2022 2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas (g) $ (3,942) $ (3,985)
EMEA (g) (1,249) 94
APAC (g) (835) 154
Engineering (241) 24
Other 483 (280)
(5,784) (3,993)
Derivatives – net of taxes 62 75
Pension/OPEB funded status obligation (net of $54 million tax obligation in 2022 and $305 million tax benefit in 2021) (Note 16)
(60) (1,130)
$ (5,782) $ (5,048)
(a)Depreciation and amortization expense in 2022 include $1,006 million and $474 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. In 2021, depreciation and amortization expense include $1,245 million and $618 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts.
(b)In December 2020, the company repaid $500 million of 4.05% notes and $500 million of 3.00% notes that were due in 2021 resulting in a $16 million interest charge.
(c)In 2022, 2021 and 2020 noncontrolling interests from continuing operations includes $22 million, $15 million and $57 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. The decrease in 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see Note 2) and the buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa (see Note 14).
(d)    Includes estimated income tax payments of $164 million in 2022 and $122 million in 2021.
(e)    Consists primarily of insurance contracts and other investments to be utilized for non-qualified pension and OPEB obligations.
(f)    The balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are net of reserves of $36 million and $33 million, respectively. The amounts in both years relate primarily to long-term notes receivable from customers in APAC and government receivables in Brazil. The amount in 2022 also includes receivables from the sale of GIST.
(g)    Americas consists of currency translation adjustments primarily in Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. EMEA relates primarily to Germany, the U.K. and Sweden. APAC relates primarily to China, South Korea, India and Australia.
(h)    In 2022 includes investments from the deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries.

v3.22.4

Property, Plant & Equipment - Net
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant & Equipment - Net PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT – NET
Significant classes of property, plant and equipment are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
Depreciable Lives (Yrs) 2022 2021
Production plants (primarily 15-year life) (a)
10-20
$ 30,554 $ 29,120
Storage tanks
15-20
4,807 4,441
Transportation equipment and other
3-15
3,434 2,973
Cylinders
10-30
4,604 4,474
Buildings
25-40
3,002 3,265
Land and improvements (b)
0-20
1,047 1,121
Construction in progress 3,239 3,062
50,687 48,456
Less: accumulated depreciation (27,139) (22,453)
$ 23,548 $ 26,003
(a) - Depreciable lives of production plants related to long-term customer supply contracts are generally consistent with the contract lives.
(b) - Land is not depreciated.

v3.22.4

Goodwill
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill GOODWILL
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 9,083 $ 10,844 $ 5,262 $ 2,682 $ 330 $ 28,201
Acquisitions 45 1 — — — 46
Foreign currency translation and other (41) (559) (173) (186) (7) (966)
Disposals (Note 2) — (8) (235) — — (243)
Balance, December 31, 2021 9,087 10,278 4,854 2,496 323 27,038
Acquisitions 44 28 — — — 72
Foreign currency translation and other 5 (773) (304) (146) (13) (1,231)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3) — (41) — (1) (20) (62)
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 9,136 $ 9,492 $ 4,550 $ 2,349 $ 290 $ 25,817
Linde performs its goodwill impairment tests annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. For the fourth quarter 2022 test, the company applied the FASB's accounting guidance which allows the company to first assess qualitative factors to determine the extent of additional quantitative analysis, if any, that may be required to test goodwill for impairment. Based on the qualitative assessments performed, the company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit substantially exceeded its carrying value and therefore, further quantitative analysis was not required. As a result, no impairment was recorded. There were no indicators of impairment since the annual goodwill impairment test was performed through December 31, 2022.

v3.22.4

Other Intangible Assets
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Other Intangible Assets OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following is a summary of Linde’s other intangible assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2022 Customer Relationships Brands/Tradenames Other Intangible Assets Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 11,859 $ 2,685 $ 1,629 $ 16,173
Additions 19 — 53 72
Foreign currency translation (660) (120) (56) (836)
Disposals (Note 2) (140) — (45) (185)
Other * (16) — 116 100
Balance, December 31, 2022 11,062 2,565 1,697 15,324
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2021 (1,541) (159) (671) (2,371)
Amortization expense (Note 7) (419) (42) (110) (571)
Foreign currency translation 80 5 13 98
Disposals (Note 2) 34 — 16 50
Other * 5 — (115) (110)
Balance, December 31, 2022 (1,841) (196) (867) (2,904)
Net intangible asset balance at December 31, 2022 $ 9,221 $ 2,369 $ 830 $ 12,420
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2021 Customer Relationships Brands/Tradenames Other Intangible Assets Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 13,776 $ 2,895 $ 1,697 $ 18,368
Additions 12 — 61 73
Foreign currency translation (490) (113) (69) (672)
Disposals (1,085) (94) (46) (1,225)
Other * (354) (3) (14) (371)
Balance, December 31, 2021 11,859 2,685 1,629 16,173
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2020 (1,470) (118) (596) (2,184)
Amortization expense (Note 7) (553) (45) (125) (723)
Foreign currency translation 64 3 22 89
Disposals (Note 2) 66 1 13 80
Other * 352 — 15 367
Balance, December 31, 2021 (1,541) (159) (671) (2,371)
Net balance at December 31, 2021 $ 10,318 $ 2,526 $ 958 $ 13,802

*Other primarily relates to the write-off of fully amortized assets and reclassifications. 2021 Other is primarily due to merger related customer lists in the Americas.
There are no expected residual values related to these intangible assets. Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $571 million, $723 million and $765 million, respectively. The remaining weighted-average amortization period for intangible assets is approximately 24 years.
Total estimated annual amortization expense related to finite-lived intangibles is as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
2023 $ 565
2024 537
2025 519
2026 468
2027 460
Thereafter 8,165
Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets 10,714
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2022
1,706
Net intangible assets at December 31, 2022
$ 12,420

v3.22.4

Debt
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt DEBT
The following is a summary of Linde’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper $ 3,926 $ 278
Other borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 191 885
Total short-term debt 4,117 1,163
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2022 (b) (c)
— 1,137
2.20% Notes due 2022 (e)
— 500
2.70% Notes due 2023
501 500
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b)
699 759
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b)
367 432
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
588 625
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b)
324 356
4.800% Notes due 2024 (f)
299 —
4.700% Notes due 2025 (f)
598 —
2.65% Notes due 2025
400 399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
533 565
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
751 799
3.20% Notes due 2026
724 725
3.434% Notes due 2026
198 197
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
88 94
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2027
802 850
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 (d)
536 —
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)
749 879
1.10% Notes due 2030
696 696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
111 118
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)
803 —
0.550% Euro denominated notes due 2032
798 847
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
529 565
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 (d)
849 —
3.55% Notes due 2042
665 664
2.00% Notes due 2050
296 296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
731 788
Non U.S. borrowings 152 243
Other 10 10
13,797 13,044
Less: current portion of long-term debt (1,599) (1,709)
Total long-term debt 12,198 11,335
Total debt 17,914 14,207
________________________
(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.
(b)December 31, 2022 and 2021 included a cumulative $56 million and $42 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps.
(c)In January 2022, Linde repaid €1.0 billion of 0.250% note that became due.
(d)In March, 2022, Linde issued €500 million of 1.000% notes due 2027, €750 million of 1.375% notes due 2031, and €800 million of 1.625% notes due 2035.
(e)In May 2022, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.20% notes that were due in August 2022. There was no impact to interest within the consolidated statements of income.
(f)In November 2022, Linde issued $300 million of 4.800% notes due in 2024 and $600 million of 4.700% notes due in 2025.

Credit Facilities
On December 7, 2022, the company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an amended and restated unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Five Year Credit Agreement”) with a syndicate of banking institutions. The Five Year Credit Agreement provides for total commitments of $5.0 billion, which may be increased up to $6.5 billion, subject to receipt of additional commitments and satisfaction of customary conditions. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility expires on December 7, 2027 with the option to request two one-year extensions of the expiration date.
In addition, on December 7, 2022, the company and certain of its subsidiaries entered into an unsecured 364-day revolving credit agreement (the “364-Day Credit Agreement” and, together with the Five Year Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”) with a syndicate of banking institutions. The 364-Day Credit Agreement provides for total commitments of $1.5 billion. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the Credit Agreement. The revolving credit facility expires on December 7, 2023 with the option to elect to have the entire principal balance outstanding under the Credit Agreement converted into non-revolving term loans, which will be due and payable one year after the commitment termination date.
No borrowings were outstanding under the Credit Agreements as of December 31, 2022.

Other Debt Information
The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 3.2% and 0.0% as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Expected maturities of long-term debt are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
2023 $ 1,599
2024 1,219
2025 1,548
2026 1,686
2027 1,442
Thereafter 6,303
$ 13,797
As of December 31, 2022, the amount of Linde's assets pledged as collateral was immaterial.
See Note 13 for the fair value information related to debt.

v3.22.4

Financial Instruments
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Financial Instruments FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.
There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.
When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.
Counterparties to Linde’s derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of December 31, 2022, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial.
The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for consolidated subsidiaries:
Fair Value
(Millions of dollars) Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a)
December 31, 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items $ 3,056 $ 4,427 $ 13 $ 22 $ 7 $ 17
       Forecasted transactions
449 537 9 6 9 11
       Cross-currency swaps
42 148 — 21 1 4
Commodity contracts N/A N/A — — — —
Total $ 3,547 $ 5,112 $ 22 $ 49 $ 17 $ 32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Forecasted transactions 323 758 6 14 5 3
Commodity contracts N/A N/A — 49 4 —
Interest rate swaps 856 1,251 — 24 70 —
Total Hedges $ 1,179 $ 2,009 $ 6 $ 87 $ 79 $ 3
Total Derivatives $ 4,726 $ 7,121 $ 28 $ 136 $ 96 $ 35
(a) Amounts at December 31, 2022 and 2021 included current assets of $24 million and $101 million, which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $4 million and $35 million, which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $23 million and $27 million, which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $73 million and $8 million, which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.
Balance Sheet Items
Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities.
Forecasted Transactions
Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings.
Cross-Currency Swaps
Cross-currency interest rate swaps are entered into to limit the foreign currency risk of future principal and interest cash flows associated with intercompany loans, and to a more limited extent bonds, denominated in non-functional currencies. The fair value adjustments on the cross-currency swaps are recorded to earnings, where they are offset by fair value adjustments on the underlying intercompany loan or bond.
Commodity Contracts
Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase.
Net Investment Hedges
As of December 31, 2022, Linde has €8.0 billion ($8.5 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥3.2 billion ($0.5 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet and the consolidated statement of comprehensive income is $473 million (deferred gain of $333 million for the year ended December 31, 2022).
As of December 31, 2022, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a loss of $42 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income.
Interest Rate Swaps
Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 11).
Derivatives Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income
The following table summarizes the impact of the company's derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:
(Millions of dollars)     Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Earnings *
December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items:
Debt-related $ 12 $ 42 $ (125)
Other balance sheet items 8 (5) (40)
Total $ 20 $ 38 $ (165)
* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.
The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

v3.22.4

Fair Value Disclosures
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:
Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable
Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Fair Value Measurements Using
(Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Assets
Derivative assets $ — $ — $ 28 $ 136 $ — $ —
Investments and securities * 20 42 — — 13 20
Total $ 20 $ 42 $ 28 $ 136 $ 13 $ 20
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities $ — $ — $ 96 $ 35 $ — $ —
*Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's consolidated balance sheets.
Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts these by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.
The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.
The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within either Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy depending on the trading volume of the issues and whether or not they are actively quoted in the market as opposed to traded through over-the-counter transactions. At December 31, 2022, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $11,994 million versus a carrying value of $13,797 million. At December 31, 2021 the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $13,219 million versus a carrying value of $13,044 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

v3.22.4

Equity and Noncontrolling Interests
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Equity and Noncontrolling Interests EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity
At December 31, 2022 and 2021, Linde has total authorized share capital of €1,825,000 divided into 1,750,000,000 ordinary shares of €0.001 each, 25,000 A ordinary shares of €1.00 each, 25,000 deferred shares of €1.00 each and 25,000,000 preferred shares of €0.001 each.
At December 31, 2022 there were 552,012,862 and 492,457,627 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2022 there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding.
At December 31, 2021 there were 552,012,862 and 508,680,879 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2021, there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding.
Linde’s Board of Directors may from time to time authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock and, in connection with the creation of such series, determine the characteristics of each such series including, without limitation, the preference and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the series.
Other Linde plc Ordinary Share and Treasury Share Transactions
Linde may issue new ordinary shares for dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans and employee savings and incentive plans. No new ordinary shares were issued in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
On January 22, 2019 the company’s board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $6.0 billion of its ordinary shares under which Linde had repurchased 24,847,354 shares through December 31, 2021. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2021.
On January 25, 2021 the company's board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $5.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2021 program") under which Linde had repurchased 16,662,678 shares through December 31, 2022. This program is set to expire on July 31, 2023. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2022.
On February 28, 2022, the company's board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2022 program") under which Linde had repurchased 15,474,759 shares through December 31, 2022. This program expires on July 31, 2024.
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interest ownership changes are presented within the consolidated statements of equity. 2022 includes the impact of deconsolidating the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities (see to Note 3).

The decrease during 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see to Note 2).

The decrease during 2020 primarily relates to the initiated buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa. As of December 31, 2020, the conditions of the buyout were met obligating the company to execute in January 2021. Therefore, the company reclassified $196 million from non-controlling interest to other current liabilities reflecting the transaction price. An additional $35 million of dividends declared to the minority owners, reflected on the Dividends and other capital reductions line, was also reclassified to other current liabilities at December 31, 2020 and was paid in 2021.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests with redemption features, such as put/sell options, that are not solely within the company’s control (“redeemable noncontrolling interests”) are reported separately in the consolidated balance sheets at the greater of carrying value or redemption value. For redeemable noncontrolling interests that are not yet exercisable, Linde calculates the redemption value by accreting the carrying value to the redemption value over the period until exercisable. If the redemption value is greater than the carrying value, any increase is adjusted directly to retained earnings and does not impact net income. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance includes an industrial gas business in EMEA where the noncontrolling shareholders have put options.

v3.22.4

Share-Based Compensation
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Share-based compensation expense was $107 million in 2022 ($128 million and $133 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The related income tax benefit recognized was $64 million in 2022 ($64 million and $79 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The expense was primarily recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses and no share-based compensation expense was capitalized.
Summary of Plans
The 2021 Linde plc Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan") was adopted by the Board of Directors and shareholders of Linde plc on July 26, 2021. Upon adoption of the 2021 Plan, any authorized shares that remained available for grant for new awards under the Amended and Restated 2009 Linde Long Term Incentive Plan (the "2009 Plan") were cancelled. The 2021 Plan permits awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units, performance-based stock units and other equity awards to eligible officer and non-officer employees and non-employee directors of the company and its affiliates. As of December 31, 2022, 8,271,252 shares remained available for equity grants under the 2021 Plan, of which 2,726,282 shares may be granted as awards other than options or stock appreciation rights.
Exercise prices for options granted under the 2021 Plan may not be less than the closing market price of the company’s ordinary shares on the date of grant and granted options may not be re-priced or exchanged without shareholder approval. Options granted under the 2021 Plan subject only to time vesting requirements may become partially exercisable after a minimum of one year after the date of grant but may not become fully exercisable until at least three years have elapsed from the date of grant, and all options have a maximum duration of ten years.
In order to satisfy option exercises and other equity grants, the company may issue authorized but previously unissued shares or it may issue treasury shares.
Stock Option Fair Value
The company utilizes the Black-Scholes Options-Pricing Model to determine the fair value of stock options consistent with that used in prior years. Management is required to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs, including anticipated changes in the underlying stock price (i.e., expected volatility) and option exercise activity (i.e., expected life). Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the company’s stock over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected life of the company’s stock options and other factors. The expected life of options granted, which represents the period of time that the options are expected to be outstanding, is based primarily on historical exercise experience. The expected dividend yield is based on the company’s most recent history and expectation of dividend payouts. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for a period commensurate with the estimated expected life. If factors change and result in different assumptions in future periods, the stock option expense that the company records for future grants may differ significantly from what the company has recorded in the current period.
The weighted-average fair value of options granted during 2022 was $45.07 ($37.80 in 2021 and $17.37 in 2020) based on the Black-Scholes Options-Pricing model. The increase in the grant date fair value year-over-year is primarily attributable to the increase in the stock price.
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the grants in 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Dividend yield 1.7 % 1.7 % 2.2 %
Volatility 20.6 % 18.4 % 15.8 %
Risk-free interest rate 1.70 % 1.10 % 0.60 %
Expected term years 5 6 6
The following table summarizes option activity under the plans as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (averages are calculated on a weighted basis; life in years; intrinsic value expressed in millions):
Activity Number of
Options
(000’s) Average
Exercise
Price Average
Remaining
Life Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 7,166 $ 152.56
Granted 476 270.99
Exercised (880) 125.03
Cancelled or expired (42) 239.21
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 6,720 $ 164.03 5.0 $ 1,090
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 5,383 $ 145.71 5.0 $ 971
The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the company’s closing stock price of $326.18 as of December 31, 2022 and the exercise price multiplied by the number of in the money options outstanding as of that date. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during 2022 was $176 million ($294 million and $264 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively).
Cash received from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements for 2022 was $36 million ($50 million and $36 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively). The cash tax benefit realized from share-based compensation totaled $61 million for 2022 ($64 million and $70 million cash tax benefit in 2021 and 2020, respectively).
As of December 31, 2022, $15 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1 year.
Performance-Based and Restricted Stock Unit Awards
In 2022, the company granted 368,600 performance-based stock unit awards under the 2021 Plan to senior management that vest, subject to the attainment of pre-established minimum performance criteria, principally on the third anniversary of their date of grant. These awards are tied to either after tax return on capital ("ROC") performance or relative total shareholder return ("TSR") performance versus that of the S&P 500 (weighted 67%) and Eurofirst 300 (weighted 33%). The actual number of shares issued in settlement of a vested award can range from zero to 200 percent of the target number of shares granted based upon the company’s attainment of specified performance targets at the end of a three-year period. Compensation expense related to these awards is recognized over the three-year performance period based on the fair value of the closing market price of the company’s ordinary shares on the date of the grant and the estimated performance that will be achieved. Compensation expense for ROC awards will be adjusted during the three-year performance period based upon the estimated performance levels that will be achieved. TSR awards are measured at their grant date fair value and not subsequently re-measured. The number of performance-based stock unit awards granted in 2022 includes an increase of 226,690 stock units to the target number of performance-based awards originally granted in 2019, as these awards achieved a higher payout factor upon completion of the three-year performance period.
The weighted-average fair value of ROC awards granted in 2022 was $257.63 ($241.10 in 2021 and $161.56 in 2020). These fair values are based on the closing market price of Linde's ordinary shares on the grant date adjusted for dividends that will not be paid during the vesting period.
The weighted-average fair value of TSR awards granted in 2022 was $301.42 ($301.04 in 2021 and $198.61 in 2020) and was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation performed as of the grant date.
There were 139,512 restricted stock units granted to employees by Linde during 2022. The weighted-average fair value of restricted stock units granted during 2022 was $260.27 ($242.60 in 2021 and $174.95 in 2020). These fair values are based on the closing market price of Linde's ordinary shares on the grant date adjusted for dividends that will not be paid during the vesting period. Compensation expense related to the restricted stock units is recognized over the vesting period.
The following table summarizes non-vested performance-based and restricted stock unit award activity as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (shares based on target amounts, averages are calculated on a weighted basis):

Performance-Based Restricted Stock
Number of
Shares
(000’s) Average
Grant Date
Fair Value Number of
Shares
(000’s) Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2022 610 $ 204.39 636 $ 172.90
Granted 369 275.31 140 260.27
Vested (383) 184.32 (113) 168.33
Cancelled and Forfeited (13) 250.01 (17) 232.51
Non-vested at December 31, 2022 583 $ 226.04 646 $ 190.33

There are approximately 12 thousand performance-based stock units and 18 thousand restricted stock units that are non-vested at December 31, 2022 which will be settled in cash due to foreign regulatory limitations. The liability related to these grants reflects the current estimate of performance that will be achieved and the current share price.
As of December 31, 2022, $42 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to performance-based awards and $32 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to the restricted stock unit awards is expected to be recognized primarily through the first quarter of 2025.

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement Programs RETIREMENT PROGRAMS
Defined Benefit Pension Plans - U.S.
The Linde retirement plans are non-contributory defined benefit plans covering eligible employees and its participating affiliates. Effective July 1, 2002, the Linde U.S. Pension Plan was amended to give participating employees a one-time irrevocable choice between a traditional benefit (the “Traditional Design”) and an account-based benefit (the “Account-Based Design”). The Traditional Design pays a monthly benefit based on years of service and average pay during the last years of the participant’s career with Linde. The Account-Based Design gives participants annual pay credits equal to 4% of eligible compensation, plus interest credits based on long-term treasury rates on the accumulated account balance. This new formula applies to all new employees hired after April 30, 2002 into businesses adopting this plan. The U.S. pension plan assets are comprised of a diversified mix of investments, including corporate equities, government securities and corporate debt securities. Linde has several plans that provide supplementary retirement benefits primarily to higher level employees that are unfunded and are nonqualified for federal tax purposes. Pension coverage for employees of certain of Linde’s non-U.S. subsidiaries generally is provided by those companies through separate plans. Obligations under such plans are primarily provided for through diversified investment portfolios, with some smaller plans provided for under insurance policies or by book reserves.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans - Non-U.S.
Linde has Non-U.S., defined benefit commitments primarily in Germany and the U.K that include pension plan assets comprised of a diversified mix of investments. The defined benefit commitments in Germany relate to old age pensions, invalidity pensions and surviving dependents pensions. These commitments also take into account vested rights for periods of service prior to January 1, 2002 based on earlier final-salary pension plan rules. In addition, there are direct commitments in respect of the salary conversion scheme for the form of cash balance plans. The resulting pension payments are calculated on the basis of an interest guarantee and the performance of the corresponding investment. There are no minimum funding requirements. The pension obligations in Germany are partly funded by a Contractual Trust Agreement (CTA). Defined benefit commitments in the U.K. prior to July 1, 2003 are earnings-related and dependent on the period of service. Such commitments relate to old age pensions, invalidity pensions and surviving dependents pensions. Beginning in April 1, 2011, the amount of future increases in inflation-linked pensions and of increases in pensionable emoluments was restricted.
Multi-employer Pension Plans
In the United States Linde participates in eight multi-employer defined benefit pension plans ("MEPs"), pursuant to the terms of collective bargaining agreements, that cover approximately 200 union-represented employees. The collective bargaining agreements expire on different dates through 2026. In connection with such agreements, the company is required to make periodic contributions to the MEPs in accordance with the terms of the respective collective bargaining agreements. Linde’s participation in these plans is not material either at the plan level or in the aggregate. For all MEPs, Linde’s contributions were significantly less than 1% of the total contributions to each plan for 2021 and 2020. Total 2022 contributions were not yet available from the MEPs.
Linde has obtained the most recently available Pension Protection Act ("PPA") annual funding notices from the Trustees of the MEPs. As of December 31, 2022, there were three Red Zone plans, deemed to be in "critical" or "critical and declining" status that have implemented financial improvement or rehabilitation plans. Linde does not currently anticipate significant future obligations due to the funding status of these plans and such obligation would be immaterial. If Linde determined it was probable that it would withdraw from an MEP, the company would record a liability for its portion of the MEP’s unfunded pension obligations, as calculated at that time. Historically, such withdrawal payments have not been significant.
Defined Contribution Plans
Linde’s U.S. employees are eligible to participate in defined contribution savings plans offered by their applicable business. Employee contribution percentages vary by plan and are subject to the maximum allowable by IRS regulations.The cost for these defined contribution plans was $56 million in 2022, $51 million in 2021 and $46 million in 2020 (these costs are not included in the tables that follow).

The defined contribution plans include a non-leveraged employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") which covers all employees participating in this plan. The collective number of shares of Linde ordinary shares in the ESOP totaled 1,733,281 at December 31, 2022.
Certain non-U.S. subsidiaries of the company also sponsor defined contribution plans where contributions are determined under various formulas. The expense for these plans was $80 million in 2022, $101 million in 2021 and $106 million in 2020 (these expenses are not included in the tables that follow).
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions (OPEB)
Linde provides health care and life insurance benefits to certain eligible retired employees. These benefits are provided through various insurance companies and healthcare providers. The company does not currently fund its postretirement benefits obligations. Linde’s retiree plans may be changed or terminated by Linde at any time for any reason with no liability to current or future retirees.
Linde uses a measurement date of December 31 for its pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs
The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pension ("OPEB") costs for 2022, 2021 and 2020 are shown in the table below:
(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
     Service cost $ 127 $ 157 $ 152
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
     Interest cost 201 154 213
     Expected return on plan assets (518) (521) (482)
     Net amortization and deferral 74 171 86
     Settlement charges (a) 6 4 6
$ (237) $ (192) $ (177)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (110) $ (35) $ (25)
(a) Settlement charges were triggered by lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan.
Funded Status
Changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for Linde’s pension and OPEB programs, including reconciliation of the funded status of the plans to amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown below.

(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")
Benefit obligation, January 1 $ 2,719 $ 9,398 $ 2,895 $ 10,010
Service cost 34 93 39 118
Interest cost 60 141 48 106
Divestitures — — — (13)
Participant contributions 11 17 11 19
Plan amendment — — — —
Actuarial loss (gain) (528) (2,972) (101) (210)
Benefits paid (158) (296) (166) (333)
Plan settlement (9) (8) (7) (13)
Foreign currency translation and other changes — (787) — (286)
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 2,129 $ 5,586 $ 2,719 $ 9,398
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") $ 1,982 $ 5,508 $ 2,503 $ 9,278
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 $ 2,448 $ 7,968 $ 2,310 $ 7,653
Actual return on plan assets (421) (1,302) 281 728
Company contributions — 51 — 42
Participant contributions — 17 — 19
Benefits paid from plan assets (136) (248) (143) (272)
Divestitures — — — (14)
Foreign currency translation and other changes — (692) — (188)
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 $ 1,891 $ 5,794 $ 2,448 $ 7,968
Funded Status, End of Year $ (238) $ 208 $ (271) $ (1,430)
Recorded in the Balance Sheet (Note 7)
Other long-term assets $ 13 $ 648 $ 15 $ 124
Other current liabilities (38) (13) (25) (13)
Other long-term liabilities (213) (427) (261) (1,541)
Net amount recognized, December 31 $ (238) $ 208 $ (271) $ (1,430)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consist of:
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 357 $ (343) $ 364 $ 1,078
Prior service cost (credit) (12) 4 (13) 6
Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7) (85) 139 (88) (217)
Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7) $ 260 $ (200) $ 263 $ 867
Comparative funded status information as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for select non-U.S. pension plans is presented in the table below as the benefit obligations of these plans are considered to be significant relative to the total benefit obligation:
United Kingdom Germany Other Non-U.S. Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2022 2022 2022
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 3,100 $ 1,485 $ 1,001 $ 5,586
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 3,625 1,285 884 5,794
Funded Status, End of Year $ 525 $ (200) $ (117) $ 208
United Kingdom Germany Other Non-U.S. Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars) 2021 2021 2021 2021
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 5,879 $ 2,240 $ 1,279 $ 9,398
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 5,577 1,359 1,032 7,968
Funded Status, End of Year $ (302) $ (881) $ (247) $ (1,430)
The changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income in 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
Pensions
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021
Current year net actuarial losses (gains)* $ (1,259) $ (787)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (75) (170)
Amortization of prior service credits (costs) 1 (1)
Pension settlements (6) (4)
Foreign currency translation and other changes (90) (39)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income $ (1,429) $ (1,001)
________________________
* Pension net actuarial gains in 2022 are largely driven by the continued increase in the discount rate environment         resulting in actuarial gains from a lower PBO, which is partially offset by unfavorable plan asset experience for both non-U.S. and U.S. plans. In 2021, the actuarial gains were attributable to an increase in actual return on assets and favorability generated from a lower PBO due the initial increase in discount rates.

The following table provides information for pension plans where the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
Pensions
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") $ 1,895 $ 1,848 $ 2,387 $ 8,404
Fair value of plan assets $ 1,791 $ 1,472 $ 2,317 $ 6,947
The following table provides information for pension plans where the projected benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
Pensions
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Projected benefit obligation ("PBO") $ 1,948 $ 1,901 $ 2,467 $ 8,499
Fair value of plan assets $ 1,791 $ 1,478 $ 2,317 $ 6,964

Assumptions
The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are as of the respective balance sheet dates and the assumptions used to determine net benefit cost are as of the previous year-end, as shown below:
Pensions
U.S. Non-U.S.
2022 2021 2022 2021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31,
Discount rate 5.35 % 2.78 % 4.58 % 1.82 %
Interest crediting rate 4.02 % 2.06 % 2.13 % 1.03 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.25 % 3.25 % 2.59 % 2.55 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31,
Discount rate 2.78 % 2.40 % 1.82 % 1.36 %
Interest crediting rate 2.06 % 1.57 % 1.03 % 1.01 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.25 % 3.25 % 2.55 % 2.55 %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets (1) 7.00 % 7.00 % 5.60 % 5.28 %

(1)    The expected long term rate of return on the U.S. and non-U.S. plan assets is estimated based on the plans' investment strategy and asset allocation, historical capital market performance and, to a lesser extent, historical plan performance. For the U.S. plans, the expected rate of return of 7.00% was derived based on the target asset allocation of 50%-70% equity securities (approximately 7.70% expected return), 20%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.40% expected return) and 2%-8% alternative investments (approximately 6.30% expected return). For the non-U.S. plans, the expected rate of return was derived based on the weighted average target asset allocation of 15%-25% equity securities (approximately 6.40% expected return), 30%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.30% expected return), and 30%-50% alternative investments (approximately 5.00% expected return). For the U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the most recent 10-year period ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 7.00%. For the non-U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the same period was approximately 5.10%. Changes to plan asset allocations and investment strategy over this time period limit the value of historical plan performance as a factor in estimating the expected long term rate of return. For 2023, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets will be 7.00% for the U.S. plans. For 2023, the expected weighted average long-term rate of return for non-U.S. plans will be 5.60%.

Pension Plan Assets

The investments of the U.S. pension plan are managed to meet the future expected benefit liabilities of the plan over the long term by investing in diversified portfolios consistent with prudent diversification and historical and expected capital market returns. Investment strategies are reviewed by management and investment performance is tracked against appropriate benchmarks. There are no concentrations of risk as it relates to the assets within the plans. The non-U.S. pension plans are managed individually based on diversified investment portfolios, with different target asset allocations that vary for each plan. Weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for Linde’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, as well as respective asset allocation ranges by major asset category, are generally as follows:
U.S. Non-U.S.
Asset Category Target 2022 Target 2021 2022 2021 Target 2022 Target 2021 2022 2021
Equity securities 50%-70% 40%-60% 60 % 66 % 15%-25% 15%-25% 20 % 27 %
Fixed income securities 20%-50% 30%-50% 29 % 25 % 30%-50% 30%-50% 30 % 35 %
Other 2%-8% 5%-15% 11 % 9 % 30%-50% 30%-50% 50 % 38 %

The following table summarizes pension assets measured at fair value by asset category at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Transfers of assets were not material for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 13 for the definition of levels within the fair value hierarchy:
Fair Value Measurements Using
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ** Total
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Cash and cash equivalents $ 313 $ 259 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 313 $ 259
Equity securities:
Global equities 778 1,633 — — — — 778 1,633
Mutual funds 248 314 — — — — 248 314
Fixed income securities:
Government bonds — — 1,317 1,624 — — 1,317 1,624
Emerging market debt — — 245 509 — — 245 509
Mutual funds 101 121 55 12 — — 156 133
Corporate bonds — — 372 647 — — 372 647
Bank loans — — 18 253 — — 18 253
Alternative investments:
Real estate funds — — — — 353 360 353 360
Private debt — — — — 1,360 1,368 1,360 1,368
Insurance contracts — — — — 46 12 46 12
Liquid alternative — — 982 1,193 — — 982 1,193
Other investments 1 1 39 58 — — 40 59
Total plan assets at fair value,
December 31, $ 1,441 $ 2,328 $ 3,028 $ 4,296 $ 1,759 $ 1,740 $ 6,228 $ 8,364
Pooled funds * 1,457 2,052
Total fair value plan assets
December 31, $ 7,685 $ 10,416
* Pooled funds are measured using the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient for fair value as permissible under the accounting standard for fair value measurements and have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy.
** The following table summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as level 3 for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) Insurance Contracts Real Estate Funds Private Debt Total
Balance, December 31, 2020
$ 11 $ 335 $ 1120 $ 1466
Gain/(Loss) for the period 1 27 28 56
Purchases — 13 289 302
Sales — (4) (42) (46)
Transfer into/ (out of) Level 3 1 (1) — —
Foreign currency translation (1) (10) (27) (38)
Balance, December 31, 2021
12 360 1,368 1,740
Gain/(Loss) for the period — 5 93 98
Purchases 2 18 63 83
Sales — (22) (34) (56)
Transfer into / (out of) Level 3 33 — — 33
Foreign currency translation (1) (8) (130) (139)
Balance, December 31, 2022
$ 46 $ 353 $ 1,360 $ 1,759
The descriptions and fair value methodologies for the company's pension plan assets are as follows:
Cash and Cash Equivalents – This category includes cash and short-term interest bearing investments with maturities of three months or less. Investments are valued at cost plus accrued interest. Cash and cash equivalents are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
Equity Securities – This category is comprised of shares of common stock in U.S. and non-U.S. companies from a diverse set of industries and size. Common stock is valued at the closing market price reported on a U.S. or non-U.S. exchange where the security is actively traded. Equity securities are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
Mutual Funds – These categories consist of publicly and privately managed funds that invest primarily in marketable equity and fixed income securities. The fair value of these investments is determined by reference to the net asset value of the underlying securities of the fund. Shares of publicly traded mutual funds are valued at the net asset value quoted on the exchange where the fund is traded and are primarily classified as level 1 within the valuation hierarchy.
Emerging Market Debt - This category includes fixed income debt issued by countries with developing economies as well as by corporations within those nations. They typically have higher yields but lower credit ratings relative to developed country corporate and government bonds. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
U.S. and Non-U.S. Government Bonds – This category includes U.S. treasuries, U.S. federal agency obligations and non-U.S. government debt. The majority of these investments do not have quoted market prices available for a specific government security and so the fair value is determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and is classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Corporate Bonds – This category is comprised of corporate bonds of U.S. and non-U.S. companies from a diverse set of industries and size. The fair values for U.S. and non-U.S. corporate bonds are determined using quoted prices of similar securities in active markets and observable data or broker or dealer quotations. The fair values for these investments are classified as level 2 within the valuation hierarchy.
Pooled Funds - Pooled fund NAVs are provided by the trustee and are determined by reference to the fair value of the underlying securities of the trust, less its liabilities, which are valued primarily through the use of directly or indirectly observable inputs. Depending on the pooled fund, underlying securities may include marketable equity securities or fixed income securities.
Bank Loans - This category is comprised of traded syndicated loans of larger corporate borrowers. Such loans are issued by sub-investment grade rated companies both in the U.S. and internationally and are syndicated by investment banks to institutional investors. They are regularly traded in an active dealer market comprised of large investment banks, which supply bid and offer quotes and are therefore classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Liquid Alternative Investments - This category is comprised of investments in alternative mutual funds whose holdings include liquid securities, cash, and derivatives. Such funds focus on diversification and employ a variety of investing strategies including long/short equity, multi-strategy, and global macro. The fair value of these investments is determined by reference to the net asset value of the underlying holdings of the fund, which can be determined using
observable data (e.g., indices, yield curves, quoted prices of similar securities), and is classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Insurance Contracts – This category is comprised of purchased annuity insurance contracts (annuity contract buy-ins) and is intended to mitigate the Company's exposure to certain risks, such as longevity risk. The fair value is calculated based on the cash surrender value of the purchased annuity insurance contract, which is determined based on such factors as the fair value of the underlying assets and discounted cash flows. These contracts are with highly rated insurance companies. Insurance contracts are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Real Estate Funds – This category includes real estate properties, partnership equities and investments in operating companies. The fair value of the assets is determined using discounted cash flows by estimating an income stream for the property plus a reversion into a present value at a risk adjusted rate. Yield rates and growth assumptions utilized are derived from market transactions as well as other financial and industry data. The fair value for these investments are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Private Debt - This category includes non-traded, privately-arranged loans between one or a small group of private debt investment managers and corporate borrowers, which are typically too small to access the syndicated market and have no credit rating. This category also includes similar loans to real estate companies or individual properties. Loans included in this category are valued at par value, are held to maturity or to call, and are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.
Contributions
At a minimum, Linde contributes to its pension plans to comply with local regulatory requirements (e.g., ERISA in the United States). Discretionary contributions in excess of the local minimum requirements are made based on many factors, including long-term projections of the plans' funded status, the economic environment, potential risk of overfunding, pension insurance costs and alternative uses of the cash. Changes to these factors can impact the timing of discretionary contributions from year to year. Pension contributions were $51 million in 2022, $42 million in 2021 and $91 million in 2020. Estimated required contributions for 2023 are currently expected to be in the range of $40 million to $50 million.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following table presents estimated future benefit payments, net of participant contributions:
(Millions of dollars) Pensions
Year Ended December 31, U.S.     Non-U.S.
2023 $ 216 $ 320
2024 158 319
2025 161 327
2026 160 346
2027 163 345
2028-2032 813 1,788

v3.22.4

Commitments and Contingencies
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The company accrues non income-tax liabilities for contingencies when management believes that a loss is probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated, while contingent gains are recognized only when realized. In the event any losses are sustained in excess of accruals, they will be charged against income at that time. Attorney fees are recorded as incurred. Commitments represent obligations, such as those for future purchases of goods or services, that are not yet recorded on the company’s balance sheet as liabilities. The company records liabilities for commitments when incurred (i.e., when the goods or services are received).
Contingent Liabilities
Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate individually or in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period.
Significant matters are:
•During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil.
•At December 31, 2022 the most significant non-income and income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters and a federal income tax matter where the taxing authorities are challenging the tax rate that should be applied to income generated by a subsidiary company that previously received favorable rulings. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $240 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgments, after considering judgments and opinions of outside counsel. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. On February 8, 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. The timing of when this decision will be final and the potential impact on the company’s tax liability remain uncertain at this time.
•On September 1, 2010, CADE (Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense) announced alleged anticompetitive activity on the part of five industrial gas companies in Brazil and imposed fines. Originally, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$2.2 billion Brazilian reais ($417 million) on White Martins, the Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde Inc. The fine was reduced to R$1.7 billion Brazilian reais ($322 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against White Martins was overturned by the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE has filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice and a decision is pending.
Similarly, on September 1, 2010, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$237 million Brazilian reais ($45 million) on Linde Gases Ltda., the former Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde AG, which was divested to MG Industries GmbH on March 1, 2019 and with respect to which Linde provided a contractual indemnity. The fine was reduced to R$188 million Brazilian reais ($36 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against Linde Gases Ltda. was overturned by the Seventh Federal Court in Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Seventh
Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice, and a final decision is pending.
Linde has strong defenses and is confident that it will prevail on appeal and have the fines overturned. Linde strongly believes that the allegations of anticompetitive activity against our current and former Brazilian subsidiaries are not supported by valid and sufficient evidence. Linde believes that this decision will not stand up to judicial review and deems the possibility of cash outflows to be extremely unlikely. As a result, no reserves have been recorded as management does not believe that a loss from this case is probable.
•On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims lack merit, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution.
•On December 30, 2022, the Russian Arbitration Court of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction is not expected to have any impact on the operations of Linde’s Russian businesses. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) as a preliminary measure to secure payment of an eventual award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intends to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Ust Luga, Russia entered into between a consortium of Linde Engineering and Renaissance Heavy Industries LLC, and RCA on July 7, 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions and in accordance with a decision by the sanctions authority in Germany.
As of December 31, 2022, Linde had approximately $1.2 billion of advance payments recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects with RCA which are subject to sanctions and have been suspended accordingly as of May 27, 2022. Contract liabilities are typically recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022 (see Note 3), and the remaining investment value of its Russia subsidiaries is immaterial. As such, the obligation to satisfy any residual contract liabilities is not expected to have an adverse impact on earnings, but may result in net cash outflows.
It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of this matter. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the injunction and arbitration proceedings.

Commitments
At December 31, 2022, Linde had undrawn outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds valued at approximately $3,578 million from financial institutions. These relate primarily to customer contract performance guarantees (including plant construction in connection with certain on-site contracts), self-insurance claims and other commercial and governmental requirements, including non-U.S. litigation matters.
Other commitments related to leases, tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions, long-term debt, other post retirement and pension obligations are summarized elsewhere in the financial statements (see Notes 4, 5, 11, and 16).

v3.22.4

Segment Information
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Information SEGMENT INFORMATIONLinde’s operations consist of two major product lines: industrial gases and engineering. As further described in the following paragraph, Linde’s industrial gases operations are managed on a geographic basis, which represent three of the company's reportable segments - Americas, EMEA (Europe/Middle East/Africa), and APAC (Asia/South Pacific); a fourth reportable segment, which represents the company's Engineering business, designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications specifically for end customers and is managed on a worldwide basis operating in all three geographic segments. Other consists of corporate costs and a few smaller businesses which individually do not meet the quantitative thresholds for separate presentation.
The industrial gases product line centers on the manufacturing and distribution of atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). Many of these products are co-products of the same manufacturing process. Linde manufactures and distributes nearly all of its products and manages its customer relationships on a regional basis. Linde’s industrial gases are distributed to various end-markets within a regional segment through one of three basic distribution methods: on-site or tonnage; merchant or bulk; and packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution methods are generally integrated in order to best meet the customer’s needs and very few of its products can be economically transported outside of a region. Therefore, the distribution economics are specific to the various geographies in which the company operates and are consistent with how management assesses performance.
The company’s measure of profit/loss for segment reporting is segment operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as operating profit excluding purchase accounting impacts of the Linde AG merger, intercompany royalties, and items not indicative of ongoing business trends. This is the manner in which the company’s CODM assesses performance and allocates resources. Similarly, total assets have not been included as this is not provided to the CODM for their assessment.

The table below presents information about reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2020
Sales (a)
Americas $ 13,874 $ 12,103 $ 10,459
EMEA 8,443 7,643 6,449
APAC 6,480 6,133 5,687
Engineering 2,762 2,867 2,851
Other 1,805 2,047 1,797
Total Sales $ 33,364 $ 30,793 $ 27,243

2022 2021 2020
Segment Operating Profit
Americas $ 3,732 $ 3,368 $ 2,773
EMEA 2,013 1,889 1,465
APAC 1,670 1,502 1,277
Engineering 555 473 435
Other (66) (56) (153)
Reported Segment operating profit 7,904 7,176 5,797
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (Note 3) (1,029) (273) (506)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (1,506) (1,919) (1,969)
Total operating profit $ 5,369 $ 4,984 $ 3,322
2022 2021 2020
Depreciation and Amortization
Americas $ 1,320 $ 1,243 $ 1,196
EMEA 661 752 723
APAC 593 611 619
Engineering 33 39 36
Other 116 127 132
Segment depreciation and amortization 2,723 2,772 2,706
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG 1,481 1,863 1,920
Total depreciation and amortization $ 4,204 $ 4,635 $ 4,626
2022 2021 2020
Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions
Americas $ 1,698 $ 1,354 $ 1,425
EMEA 550 669 670
APAC 889 995 1,214
Engineering 28 25 13
Other 118 131 146
Total Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions $ 3,283 $ 3,174 $ 3,468
2022 2021 2020
Sales by Major Country
United States $ 10,553 $ 9,123 $ 8,475
Germany (c) 3,662 3,601 3,740
China 2,643 2,562 2,061
United Kingdom 1,954 2,060 1,595
Australia 1,372 1,307 1,071
Brazil 1,158 1,065 822
Other – non-U.S. 12,022 11,075 9,479
Total sales $ 33,364 $ 30,793 $ 27,243
2022 2021 2020
Long-lived Assets by Major Country (b)
United States $ 7,663 $ 7,659 $ 7,777
Germany 1,678 2,003 2,394
China 2,176 2,385 2,413
United Kingdom 704 1,078 1,313
Australia 688 872 1,105
Brazil 720 705 734
Other – non-U.S. 9,919 11,301 12,976
Total long-lived assets $ 23,548 $ 26,003 $ 28,711
________________________
(a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $1,035 million, $896 million and $786 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(b)Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment - net.
(c)Sales in Germany include Engineering sales to third parties, locally and internationally, and represents 44% , 53% and 62% of Germany sales in 2022 , 2021 and 2020, respectively.

v3.22.4

Revenue Recognition
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.
Contracts with Customers
Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.
Industrial Gases
Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods.
Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:
On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.
The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained.
Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three to seven year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.
The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable components of consideration within merchant contracts are constrained however this consideration is not significant.
Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.
The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store, and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Any variable consideration is constrained and will be recognized when the uncertainty related to the consideration is resolved.
Engineering
The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as a cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of $124 million at December 31, 2022 and $134 million at December 31, 2021. Total contract liabilities are $3,986 million at December 31, 2022 (current of $3,073 million and $913 million within deferred credits in the consolidated balance sheets). As of December 31, 2022 Linde has approximately $1.7 billion recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $3,699 million at December 31, 2021 (current contract liabilities of $2,940 million and $759 million within deferred credits in the consolidated balance sheets). Revenue recognized for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2021 was $1,305 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Linde Engineering business.
Payment Terms and Other
Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant.
Disaggregated Revenue Information
As described above and in Note 18, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.
The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 3,786 $ 2,509 $ 2,220 $ — $ 176 $ 8,691 26 %
On-Site 4,048 2,415 2,471 — — 8,934 27 %
Packaged Gas 5,831 3,466 1,523 — 51 10,871 33 %
Other 209 53 266 2,762 1,578 4,868 14 %
$ 13,874 $ 8,443 $ 6,480 $ 2,762 $ 1,805 $ 33,364 100 %
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 3,279 $ 2,227 $ 2,181 $ — $ 173 $ 7,860 26 %
On-Site 3,225 1,824 2,296 — — 7,345 24 %
Packaged Gas 5,456 3,539 1,532 — 24 10,551 34 %
Other 143 53 124 2,867 1,850 5,037 16 %
$ 12,103 $ 7,643 $ 6,133 $ 2,867 $ 2,047 $ 30,793 100 %
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 2,839 $ 1,870 $ 2,005 $ — $ 145 $ 6,859 25 %
On-Site 2,513 1,354 2,049 — — 5,916 22 %
Packaged Gas 5,034 3,175 1,559 — 22 9,790 36 %
Other 73 50 74 2,851 1,630 4,678 17 %
$ 10,459 $ 6,449 $ 5,687 $ 2,851 $ 1,797 $ 27,243 100 %

Remaining Performance Obligations
As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $51 billion (excludes Russian projects which are impacted by sanctions, refer to Note 3). This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

v3.22.4

Subsequent Events
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events SUBSEQUENT EVENTSOn January 6, 2023, Linde purchased the remaining 77.2% ownership interest in nexAir, LLC. nexAir, LLC is one of the largest independent packaged gas distributors in the United States with annual sales of approximately $400 million in 2022.

v3.22.4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (" U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of all significant subsidiaries where control exists and, in limited situations, variable-interest entities where the company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation and any significant related-party transactions have been disclosed.Changes in ownership interest that result either in consolidation or deconsolidation of an investment are recorded at fair value through earnings, including the retained ownership interest, while changes that do not result in either consolidation or deconsolidation of a subsidiary are treated as equity transactions.

Equity Investments Equity investments generally consist of 20% to 50% owned operations where the company exercises significant influence, but does not have control. Income from equity investments in corporations is reported on an after-tax basis. Pre-tax income from equity investments that are partnerships or limited-liability corporations is included in other income (expenses) – net with related taxes included in Income taxes. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances reflect that an impairment loss may have been incurred.

Use of Estimates Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While actual results could differ, management believes such estimates to be reasonable.

Revenue Recognition Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.

Cash Equivalents Cash Equivalents – Cash equivalents are considered to be highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less.

Inventories Inventories – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average-cost method.

Property, Plant and Equipment - Net Property, Plant and Equipment – Net – Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. The company capitalizes labor, applicable overhead and interest as part of the cost of constructing major facilities. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are also capitalized. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, which
range from 3 years to 40 years (see Note 8). Linde uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate. Maintenance of property, plant and equipment is generally expensed as incurred.
The company performs a test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an individual asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Should projected undiscounted future cash flows be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment charge reducing the carrying amount to fair value may be required. Fair value is determined based on the most appropriate valuation technique, including discounted cash flows.

Asset - Retirement Obligations Asset-Retirement Obligations – An asset-retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which sufficient information exists to determine the fair value of the liability with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the related property, plant and equipment which is then depreciated over its useful life. The liability is initially measured at fair value and then accretion expense is recorded in each subsequent period. The company’s asset-retirement obligations are primarily associated with its on-site long-term supply arrangements where the company has built a facility on land leased from the customer and is obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. The company's asset-retirement obligations are not material to its consolidated financial statements.

Foreign Currency Translation Foreign Currency Translation – For most foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency and translation gains and losses are reported as part of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of equity as a cumulative translation adjustment (see Note 7).

Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments – Linde enters into various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuating interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity pricing and energy costs. Such instruments primarily include interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements; currency-swap agreements; forward contracts; currency options; and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes. Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.
There are three types of derivatives the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.
When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes unless they are related to forecasted transactions. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.
Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair-value hedges are recognized in earnings as an offset to the change in the fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged. The changes in fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash-flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Provided the hedge remains highly effective, any ineffectiveness is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries are recognized in the cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets to offset translation gains and losses associated with the hedged net investment. Derivatives that are entered into for risk-management purposes and are not designated as hedges (primarily related to currency derivatives other than for firm commitments) are recorded at their fair market values and recognized in current earnings.

Goodwill Goodwill – Acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method which requires allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is recorded as goodwill. Allocations of the purchase price are based on preliminary estimates and assumptions at the date of acquisition and are subject to revision based on final information received, including appraisals and other analyses which support underlying estimates.The company performs a goodwill impairment test annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. The impairment test allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value then the company will estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying value, including goodwill. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level. The qualitative analysis of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2022 showed the fair value of the reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value, as such further analysis was not performed.

Other Intangible Assets Other Intangible Assets – Other intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, are amortized over the estimated period of benefit. The determination of the estimated period of benefit will be dependent upon the use and underlying characteristics of the intangible asset. Linde evaluates the recoverability of its intangible assets subject to amortization when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is generally estimated based on either appraised value or other valuation techniques. Indefinite lived intangible assets related to the Linde brand are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate an impairment loss may have occurred.

Income Taxes Income Taxes – Deferred income taxes are recorded for the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets whenever circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized in future periods.Under the guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the company can recognize the benefit of an income tax position only if it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. Otherwise, no benefit can be recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, the company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. Interest and penalties are classified as income tax expense in the financial statements.

Retirement Benefits Retirement Benefits – Most Linde employees participate in a form of defined benefit or contribution retirement plan, and additionally certain employees are eligible to participate in various post-employment health care and life insurance benefit plans. The cost of contribution plans is recognized in the year earned while the cost of other plans is recognized over the employees’ expected service period to the company, all in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. The funded status of the plans is recorded as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Funding of retirement benefits varies and is in accordance with local laws and practices.

Share-based Compensation Share-based Compensation– The company has historically granted share-based awards which consist of stock options, restricted stock and performance-based stock. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period. For stock awards granted to full-retirement-eligible employees, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved. For performance-based awards, compensation expense is recognized only if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.

Reclassifications Reclassifications – Certain prior years’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Implemented in 2022
There were no new accounting pronouncements that would materially impact the 2022 financial statements.

v3.22.4

Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Summary of Cost Reductions
The following table provides a summary of the pre-tax charges by reportable segment for the year ended December 31, 2022 :
Year Ended December 31, 2022
(millions of dollars) Russia deconsolidation charges Other Russia related charges Total Russia charges Merger-related costs and other charges Total
Americas $ — $ — $ — $ 4 $ 4
EMEA 733 (7) 726 25 751
APAC — — — 28 28
Engineering 54 110 164 41 205
Other — — — 41 41
Total $ 787 $ 103 $ 890 $ 139 $ 1,029
Year Ended December 31, 2021
(millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Americas $ 4 $ 2 $ 6 $ (6) $ —
EMEA 204 33 237 1 238
APAC 16 12 28 (50) (22)
Engineering 20 6 26 — 26
Other 15 26 41 (10) 31
Total $ 259 $ 79 $ 338 $ (65) $ 273
Merger-related and other charges were $115 million ($95 million, after tax). for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Year Ended December 31, 2020
(millions of dollars) Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Americas $ 35 $ 24 $ 59 $ 13 $ 72
EMEA 131 21 152 3 155
APAC 7 2 9 3 12
Engineering 38 28 66 4 70
Other 87 18 105 92 197
Total $ 298 $ 93 $ 391 $ 115 $ 506
The following table summarizes the activities related to the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the company's cost reduction programs and other charges during 2021 and 2022:
(millions of dollars) Total Russia charges Severance costs Other cost reduction charges Total cost reduction program related charges Merger related and other charges Total
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ — $ 283 $ 22 $ 305 $ 64 $ 369
2021 Cost Reduction Programs and Other Charges — 259 79 338 (65) 273
Less: Cash payments — (138) (15) (153) (22) (175)
Less: Non-cash charges — — (41) (41) 54 13
Foreign currency translation and other — (20) (7) (27) — (27)
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ — $ 384 $ 38 $ 422 $ 31 $ 453
2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges 890 41 24 65 74 1,029
Less: Cash payments — (122) (24) (146) 19 (127)
Less: Non-cash charges (890) — (7) (7) (109) (1,006)
Foreign currency translation and other — (22) (4) (26) (3) (29)
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ — $ 281 $ 27 $ 308 $ 12 $ 320

v3.22.4

Leases (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 726 $ 853
Other current liabilities 181 215
Other long-term liabilities 540 618
Total operating lease liabilities 721 833
Finance Leases
Finance lease right-of-use assets 146 163
Other current liabilities 42 47
Other long-term liabilities 114 129
Total finance lease liabilities $ 156 $ 176

Schedule of Supplemental Operating Lease Information
Supplemental operating lease information:
December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
Weighted average lease term (years) 8 9
Weighted average discount rate 3.26 % 2.91 %

Schedule of Future Operating Lease Payments
Future operating and finance lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (millions of dollars):
Period Operating Leases Financing Leases
2023 $ 196 $ 48
2024 140 37
2025 106 29
2026 79 19
2027 58 12
Thereafter 258 57
Total future undiscounted lease payments 837 202
Less imputed interest (116) (46)
Total reported lease liability $ 721 $ 156

Schedule of Future Financing Lease Payments
Future operating and finance lease payments as of December 31, 2022 are as follows (millions of dollars):
Period Operating Leases Financing Leases
2023 $ 196 $ 48
2024 140 37
2025 106 29
2026 79 19
2027 58 12
Thereafter 258 57
Total future undiscounted lease payments 837 202
Less imputed interest (116) (46)
Total reported lease liability $ 721 $ 156

v3.22.4

Income Taxes (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of U.S. and Foreign Pre-tax Income Table
Pre-tax income applicable to U.S. and non-U.S. operations is as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
United States $ 2,502 $ 2,020 $ 1,253
Non-U.S. 3,041 3,079 2,131
Total income before income taxes $ 5,543 $ 5,099 $ 3,384

Schedule of the Provision for Income Taxes Table
The following is an analysis of the provision for income taxes:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022
2021
2020
Current tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal $ 486 $ 287 $ 185
State and local 92 87 17
Non-U.S. 1,239 1,142 1,013
1,817 1,516 1,215
Deferred tax expense (benefit)
U.S. federal (12) 63 20
State and local 7 8 7
Non-U.S. (378) (325) (395)
(383) (254) (368)
Total income taxes $ 1,434 $ 1,262 $ 847

Schedule of the Difference Between the Actual Income Tax Provision and the Amount Computed By Applying the US Statutory Income Tax Rate Table An analysis of the difference between the provision for income taxes and the amount computed by applying the U.S. statutory income tax rate to pre-tax income follows:
(Dollar amounts in millions)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
U.S. statutory income tax $ 1,164 21.0 % $ 1,071 21.0 % $ 711 21.0 %
State and local taxes – net of federal benefit 84 1.5 % 83 1.6 % 21 0.6 %
U.S. tax credits and deductions (a) (16) (0.3) % (23) (0.5) % (8) (0.2) %
Non-U.S. tax differentials (b) 176 3.2 % 219 4.3 % 167 4.9 %
Share-Based compensation (41) (0.7) % (56) (1.1) % (53) (1.6) %
Russia/Ukraine Charges 108 1.9 % — — % — — %
Other – net (c) (41) (0.7) % (32) (0.6) % 9 0.3 %
Provision for income taxes $ 1,434 25.9 % $ 1,262 24.7 % $ 847 25.0 %

________________________
(a)U.S. tax credits and deductions relate to non-U.S. derived intangible income and the research and experimentation tax credit in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(b)Primarily related to differences between the U.S. tax rate and the statutory tax rate in the countries where the company operates. Excluding 2021, which included an $83 million deferred income tax charge related to a tax rate increase in the U.K, other permanent items and tax rate changes were not significant.
(c)Other - net includes net tax benefits related to the settlement of tax audits of $71 million in 2022 , and $47 million in 2021.

Schedule of the Composition of the Net Deferred Tax Liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets Table Net deferred tax liabilities included in the consolidated balance sheets are comprised of the following:
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
2022 2021
Deferred tax liabilities
Fixed assets (a) $ 2,775 $ 3,177
Goodwill 173 166
Other intangible assets 2,939 3,263
Subsidiary/equity investments 545 586
Other (b) 471 634
$ 6,903 $ 7,826
Deferred tax assets
Carryforwards $ 289 $ 358
Benefit plans and related (c)(d) 165 607
Inventory 68 57
Accruals and other (e) 1,001 1,042
$ 1,523 $ 2,064
Less: Valuation allowances (f) (276) (235)
$ 1,247 $ 1,829
Net deferred tax liabilities $ 5,656 $ 5,997
Recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as (Note 7):
Other long-term assets 230 242
Deferred credits 5,886 6,239
$ 5,656 $ 5,997
________________________
(a)Excludes $39 million and $19 million of fixed assets in 2022 related to the deconsolidation of Russia and the sale of GIST, respectively (see Notes 3 and 2).
(b)Includes $206 million in 2022 and $236 million in 2021 related to right-of-use lease assets.
(c)Includes deferred tax liabilities of $54 million and deferred tax assets of $305 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to pension / OPEB funded status (see Notes 7 and 16).
(d)The amounts are net of non-US deferred tax liabilities of $315 million in 2022 and $71 million in 2021.
(e)Includes $212 million in 2022 and $246 million in 2021 related to lease liabilities and $25 million and $42 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to research and development costs.
(f)Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
2022 2021 2020
Balance, January 1, $ (235) $ (243) $ (222)
Income tax (charge) benefit (44) 8 (21)
Other, including write-offs — — 2
Translation adjustments 3 — (2)
Balance, December 31, $ (276) $ (235) $ (243)

Schedule of Valuation Allowances Relating To Deferred Tax Assets Table Summary of changes in valuation allowances relating to deferred tax assets follows (millions of dollars):
2022 2021 2020
Balance, January 1, $ (235) $ (243) $ (222)
Income tax (charge) benefit (44) 8 (21)
Other, including write-offs — — 2
Translation adjustments 3 — (2)
Balance, December 31, $ (276) $ (235) $ (243)

Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Table
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2020
Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1 $ 387 $ 452 $ 472
Additions for tax positions of prior years 26 11 35
Reductions for tax positions of prior years (a) (45) (11) (34)
Additions for current year tax positions — 19 11
Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (a)(b) (23) (60) (39)
Foreign currency translation and other (20) (24) 7
Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31 $ 325 $ 387 $ 452

________________________
(a)2022 amounts are primarily related to the settlement of tax audits.
(b)Settlements are uncertain tax positions that were effectively settled with the taxing authorities, including positions where the company has agreed to amend its tax returns to eliminate the uncertainty.

Schedule of Open Tax Years Subject to Examination by Major Jurisdiction Table
As of December 31, 2022, the company remained subject to examination in the following major tax jurisdictions for the tax years as indicated below:
Major tax jurisdictions Open Years
North and South America
United States 2017 through 2022
Canada 2014 through 2022
Mexico 2014 through 2022
Brazil 2003 through 2022
Europe and Africa
France 2019 through 2022
Germany 2018 through 2022
Spain 2010 through 2022
United Kingdom 2020 through 2022
Asia and Australia
Australia 2018 through 2022
China 2017 through 2022
India 2006 through 2022
South Korea 2020 through 2022

v3.22.4

Earnings Per Share - Linde PLC Shareholders (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share Basic and Diluted earnings per share - Linde plc shareholders is computed by dividing Income from continuing operations, Income from discontinued operations, net of tax, and Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:
2022 2021 2020
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Income from continuing operations $ 4,147 $ 3,821 $ 2,497
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax — 5 4
Net Income – Linde plc $ 4,147 $ 3,826 $ 2,501
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding 499,254 516,507 526,404
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans 482 389 332
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share 499,736 516,896 526,736
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards 4,302 4,979 4,421
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share 504,038 521,875 531,157
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations $ 8.30 $ 7.39 $ 4.74
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations — 0.01 0.01
Basic Earnings Per Share $ 8.30 $ 7.40 $ 4.75
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations $ 8.23 $ 7.32 $ 4.70
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations — 0.01 0.01
Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 8.23 $ 7.33 $ 4.71

v3.22.4

Supplemental Information (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Supplemental Information [Abstract]

Schedule of Selling General and Administrative
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Selling, General and Administrative
Selling $ 1,295 $ 1,342 $ 1,303
General and administrative 1,812 1,847 1,890
$ 3,107 $ 3,189 $ 3,193

Schedule of Depreciation and Amortization
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Depreciation and Amortization (a)
Depreciation $ 3,633 $ 3,912 $ 3,861
Amortization of intangibles (Note 10) 571 723 765
Depreciation and Amortization $ 4,204 $ 4,635 $ 4,626
Depreciation and amortization expense in 2022 include $1,006 million and $474 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. In 2021, depreciation and amortization expense include $1,245 million and $618 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts.

Schedule of Other Income (Expense)
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Other Income (Expenses) – Net
Currency related net gains (losses) $ (18) $ (29) $ (28)
Partnership income 18 13 10
Severance expense (13) (5) (5)
Asset divestiture gains (losses) – net (9) (31) (78)
Other – net (40) 26 40
$ (62) $ (26) $ (61)

Schedule of Interest Expense

Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Interest Expense – Net
Interest incurred on debt and other $ 277 $ 227 $ 277
Interest income (117) (40) (55)
Amortization on acquired debt (35) (53) (85)
Interest capitalized (62) (57) (38)
Bond redemption (b) — — 16
$ 63 $ 77 $ 115
In December 2020, the company repaid $500 million of 4.05% notes and $500 million of 3.00% notes that were due in 2021 resulting in a $16 million interest charge.

Schedule of Noncontrolling Interests Income

Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests' operations (c) $ 134 $ 135 $ 125
In 2022, 2021 and 2020 noncontrolling interests from continuing operations includes $22 million, $15 million and $57 million, respectively, of Linde AG purchase accounting impacts. The decrease in 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see Note 2) and the buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa (see Note 14).

Schedule of Accounts Receivable
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
2022 2021
Accounts Receivable
Trade and Other receivables $ 4,964 $ 4,904
Less: allowance for expected credit losses (405) (405)
$ 4,559 $ 4,499

Schedule of Inventories

December 31,
2022 2021
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies $ 567 $ 399
Work in process 368 334
Finished goods 1,043 1,000
$ 1,978 $ 1,733

Schedule of Prepaid and Other Current Assets
December 31, 2022 2021
Prepaid and Other Current Assets
Prepaid and other deferred charges (d) $ 597 $ 527
VAT recoverable 225 196
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 24 101
Other 104 146
$ 950 $ 970
Includes estimated income tax payments of $164 million in 2022 and $122 million in 2021.

Schedule of Other Long-term Assets
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Long-term Assets
Pension assets (Note 16) $ 661 $ 139
Insurance contracts (e) 39 46
Long-term receivables, net (f) 164 105
Lease assets (Note 4) 872 1,016
Deposits 52 43
Investments carried at cost (h) 184 18
Deferred charges 66 62
Deferred income taxes (Note 5) 230 242
Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 4 35
Other 204 278
$ 2,476 $ 1,984
Consists primarily of insurance contracts and other investments to be utilized for non-qualified pension and OPEB obligations.The balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are net of reserves of $36 million and $33 million, respectively. The amounts in both years relate primarily to long-term notes receivable from customers in APAC and government receivables in Brazil. The amount in 2022 also includes receivables from the sale of GIST. In 2022 includes investments from the deconsolidation of Russian subsidiaries.

Schedule of Other Current Liabilities
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses $ 1,533 $ 1,248
Payroll 614 710
VAT payable 259 295
Pension and postretirement (Note 16) 51 38
Interest payable 118 102
Lease liability (Note 4) 223 262
Insurance reserves 19 19
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 23 27
Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 187 200
Other 1,055 998
$ 4,082 $ 3,899

Schedule of Other Long-term Liabilities
December 31, 2022 2021
Other Long-term Liabilities
Pension and postretirement (Note 16) $ 640 $ 1,802
Tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 248 302
Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5) 139 178
Lease liability (Note 4) 654 747
Interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 35 40
Insurance reserves 52 56
Asset retirement obligation 305 305
Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 73 8
Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 133 253
Other 516 497
$ 2,795 $ 4,188

Schedule of Deferred Credits
December 31, 2022 2021
Deferred Credits
Deferred income taxes (Note 5) $ 5,886 $ 6,239
Other 913 759
$ 6,799 $ 6,998

Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
December 31, 2022 2021
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas (g) $ (3,942) $ (3,985)
EMEA (g) (1,249) 94
APAC (g) (835) 154
Engineering (241) 24
Other 483 (280)
(5,784) (3,993)
Derivatives – net of taxes 62 75
Pension/OPEB funded status obligation (net of $54 million tax obligation in 2022 and $305 million tax benefit in 2021) (Note 16)
(60) (1,130)
$ (5,782) $ (5,048)
Americas consists of currency translation adjustments primarily in Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. EMEA relates primarily to Germany, the U.K. and Sweden. APAC relates primarily to China, South Korea, India and Australia.

v3.22.4

Property, Plant & Equipment - Net (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant & Equipment - Net
Significant classes of property, plant and equipment are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
December 31,
Depreciable Lives (Yrs) 2022 2021
Production plants (primarily 15-year life) (a)
10-20
$ 30,554 $ 29,120
Storage tanks
15-20
4,807 4,441
Transportation equipment and other
3-15
3,434 2,973
Cylinders
10-30
4,604 4,474
Buildings
25-40
3,002 3,265
Land and improvements (b)
0-20
1,047 1,121
Construction in progress 3,239 3,062
50,687 48,456
Less: accumulated depreciation (27,139) (22,453)
$ 23,548 $ 26,003
(a) - Depreciable lives of production plants related to long-term customer supply contracts are generally consistent with the contract lives.
(b) - Land is not depreciated.

v3.22.4

Goodwill (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
(Millions of dollars) Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 9,083 $ 10,844 $ 5,262 $ 2,682 $ 330 $ 28,201
Acquisitions 45 1 — — — 46
Foreign currency translation and other (41) (559) (173) (186) (7) (966)
Disposals (Note 2) — (8) (235) — — (243)
Balance, December 31, 2021 9,087 10,278 4,854 2,496 323 27,038
Acquisitions 44 28 — — — 72
Foreign currency translation and other 5 (773) (304) (146) (13) (1,231)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3) — (41) — (1) (20) (62)
Balance, December 31, 2022 $ 9,136 $ 9,492 $ 4,550 $ 2,349 $ 290 $ 25,817

v3.22.4

Other Intangible Assets (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Other Intangible Assets
The following is a summary of Linde’s other intangible assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2022 Customer Relationships Brands/Tradenames Other Intangible Assets Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 11,859 $ 2,685 $ 1,629 $ 16,173
Additions 19 — 53 72
Foreign currency translation (660) (120) (56) (836)
Disposals (Note 2) (140) — (45) (185)
Other * (16) — 116 100
Balance, December 31, 2022 11,062 2,565 1,697 15,324
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2021 (1,541) (159) (671) (2,371)
Amortization expense (Note 7) (419) (42) (110) (571)
Foreign currency translation 80 5 13 98
Disposals (Note 2) 34 — 16 50
Other * 5 — (115) (110)
Balance, December 31, 2022 (1,841) (196) (867) (2,904)
Net intangible asset balance at December 31, 2022 $ 9,221 $ 2,369 $ 830 $ 12,420
(Millions of dollars) For the year ended December 31, 2021 Customer Relationships Brands/Tradenames Other Intangible Assets Total
Cost:
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 13,776 $ 2,895 $ 1,697 $ 18,368
Additions 12 — 61 73
Foreign currency translation (490) (113) (69) (672)
Disposals (1,085) (94) (46) (1,225)
Other * (354) (3) (14) (371)
Balance, December 31, 2021 11,859 2,685 1,629 16,173
Less: accumulated amortization:
Balance, December 31, 2020 (1,470) (118) (596) (2,184)
Amortization expense (Note 7) (553) (45) (125) (723)
Foreign currency translation 64 3 22 89
Disposals (Note 2) 66 1 13 80
Other * 352 — 15 367
Balance, December 31, 2021 (1,541) (159) (671) (2,371)
Net balance at December 31, 2021 $ 10,318 $ 2,526 $ 958 $ 13,802

*Other primarily relates to the write-off of fully amortized assets and reclassifications. 2021 Other is primarily due to merger related customer lists in the Americas.

Schedule of Estimated Future Amortization Expense
Total estimated annual amortization expense related to finite-lived intangibles is as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
2023 $ 565
2024 537
2025 519
2026 468
2027 460
Thereafter 8,165
Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets 10,714
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2022
1,706
Net intangible assets at December 31, 2022
$ 12,420

v3.22.4

Debt (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Outstanding Debt
The following is a summary of Linde’s outstanding debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) December 31, 2022 December 31, 2021
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper $ 3,926 $ 278
Other borrowings (primarily non U.S.) 191 885
Total short-term debt 4,117 1,163
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2022 (b) (c)
— 1,137
2.20% Notes due 2022 (e)
— 500
2.70% Notes due 2023
501 500
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023 (b)
699 759
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023 (b)
367 432
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
588 625
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b)
324 356
4.800% Notes due 2024 (f)
299 —
4.700% Notes due 2025 (f)
598 —
2.65% Notes due 2025
400 399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
533 565
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
751 799
3.20% Notes due 2026
724 725
3.434% Notes due 2026
198 197
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
88 94
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2027
802 850
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027 (d)
536 —
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)
749 879
1.10% Notes due 2030
696 696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
111 118
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)
803 —
0.550% Euro denominated notes due 2032
798 847
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
529 565
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035 (d)
849 —
3.55% Notes due 2042
665 664
2.00% Notes due 2050
296 296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
731 788
Non U.S. borrowings 152 243
Other 10 10
13,797 13,044
Less: current portion of long-term debt (1,599) (1,709)
Total long-term debt 12,198 11,335
Total debt 17,914 14,207
________________________
(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.
(b)December 31, 2022 and 2021 included a cumulative $56 million and $42 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps.
(c)In January 2022, Linde repaid €1.0 billion of 0.250% note that became due.
(d)In March, 2022, Linde issued €500 million of 1.000% notes due 2027, €750 million of 1.375% notes due 2031, and €800 million of 1.625% notes due 2035.
(e)In May 2022, Linde repaid $500 million of 2.20% notes that were due in August 2022. There was no impact to interest within the consolidated statements of income.
(f)In November 2022, Linde issued $300 million of 4.800% notes due in 2024 and $600 million of 4.700% notes due in 2025.

Expected Maturities On Long-term Debt
Expected maturities of long-term debt are as follows:
(Millions of dollars)
2023 $ 1,599
2024 1,219
2025 1,548
2026 1,686
2027 1,442
Thereafter 6,303
$ 13,797

v3.22.4

Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value
The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for consolidated subsidiaries:
Fair Value
(Millions of dollars) Notional Amounts Assets (a) Liabilities (a)
December 31, 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items $ 3,056 $ 4,427 $ 13 $ 22 $ 7 $ 17
       Forecasted transactions
449 537 9 6 9 11
       Cross-currency swaps
42 148 — 21 1 4
Commodity contracts N/A N/A — — — —
Total $ 3,547 $ 5,112 $ 22 $ 49 $ 17 $ 32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —
Forecasted transactions 323 758 6 14 5 3
Commodity contracts N/A N/A — 49 4 —
Interest rate swaps 856 1,251 — 24 70 —
Total Hedges $ 1,179 $ 2,009 $ 6 $ 87 $ 79 $ 3
Total Derivatives $ 4,726 $ 7,121 $ 28 $ 136 $ 96 $ 35
(a) Amounts at December 31, 2022 and 2021 included current assets of $24 million and $101 million, which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $4 million and $35 million, which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $23 million and $27 million, which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $73 million and $8 million, which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.

Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments The following table summarizes the impact of the company's derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:
(Millions of dollars)     Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Earnings *
December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items:
Debt-related $ 12 $ 42 $ (125)
Other balance sheet items 8 (5) (40)
Total $ 20 $ 38 $ (165)
* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

v3.22.4

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Fair Value Measurements Using
(Millions of dollars) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Assets
Derivative assets $ — $ — $ 28 $ 136 $ — $ —
Investments and securities * 20 42 — — 13 20
Total $ 20 $ 42 $ 28 $ 136 $ 13 $ 20
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities $ — $ — $ 96 $ 35 $ — $ —
*Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's consolidated balance sheets.

v3.22.4

Share-Based Compensation (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to value the grants in 2022, 2021 and 2020:
Year Ended December 31, 2022 2021 2020
Dividend yield 1.7 % 1.7 % 2.2 %
Volatility 20.6 % 18.4 % 15.8 %
Risk-free interest rate 1.70 % 1.10 % 0.60 %
Expected term years 5 6 6

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Stock Options, Activity The following table summarizes option activity under the plans as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (averages are calculated on a weighted basis; life in years; intrinsic value expressed in millions):
Activity Number of
Options
(000’s) Average
Exercise
Price Average
Remaining
Life Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2022 7,166 $ 152.56
Granted 476 270.99
Exercised (880) 125.03
Cancelled or expired (42) 239.21
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 6,720 $ 164.03 5.0 $ 1,090
Exercisable at December 31, 2022 5,383 $ 145.71 5.0 $ 971

Performance Based and Restricted Stock Activity The following table summarizes non-vested performance-based and restricted stock unit award activity as of December 31, 2022 and changes during the period then ended (shares based on target amounts, averages are calculated on a weighted basis):

Performance-Based Restricted Stock
Number of
Shares
(000’s) Average
Grant Date
Fair Value Number of
Shares
(000’s) Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2022 610 $ 204.39 636 $ 172.90
Granted 369 275.31 140 260.27
Vested (383) 184.32 (113) 168.33
Cancelled and Forfeited (13) 250.01 (17) 232.51
Non-vested at December 31, 2022 583 $ 226.04 646 $ 190.33

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Schedule of Pension and OPEB Net Periodic Benefit Costs Table
The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pension ("OPEB") costs for 2022, 2021 and 2020 are shown in the table below:
(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021 2020
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
     Service cost $ 127 $ 157 $ 152
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
     Interest cost 201 154 213
     Expected return on plan assets (518) (521) (482)
     Net amortization and deferral 74 171 86
     Settlement charges (a) 6 4 6
$ (237) $ (192) $ (177)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (110) $ (35) $ (25)
(a) Settlement charges were triggered by lump sum benefit payments made from a U.S. non-qualified plan.

Schedule of Pension and OPEB Funded Status Table
Changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for Linde’s pension and OPEB programs, including reconciliation of the funded status of the plans to amounts recorded in the consolidated balance sheet, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown below.

(Millions of dollars) Year Ended December 31,
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")
Benefit obligation, January 1 $ 2,719 $ 9,398 $ 2,895 $ 10,010
Service cost 34 93 39 118
Interest cost 60 141 48 106
Divestitures — — — (13)
Participant contributions 11 17 11 19
Plan amendment — — — —
Actuarial loss (gain) (528) (2,972) (101) (210)
Benefits paid (158) (296) (166) (333)
Plan settlement (9) (8) (7) (13)
Foreign currency translation and other changes — (787) — (286)
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 2,129 $ 5,586 $ 2,719 $ 9,398
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") $ 1,982 $ 5,508 $ 2,503 $ 9,278
Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets, January 1 $ 2,448 $ 7,968 $ 2,310 $ 7,653
Actual return on plan assets (421) (1,302) 281 728
Company contributions — 51 — 42
Participant contributions — 17 — 19
Benefits paid from plan assets (136) (248) (143) (272)
Divestitures — — — (14)
Foreign currency translation and other changes — (692) — (188)
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 $ 1,891 $ 5,794 $ 2,448 $ 7,968
Funded Status, End of Year $ (238) $ 208 $ (271) $ (1,430)
Recorded in the Balance Sheet (Note 7)
Other long-term assets $ 13 $ 648 $ 15 $ 124
Other current liabilities (38) (13) (25) (13)
Other long-term liabilities (213) (427) (261) (1,541)
Net amount recognized, December 31 $ (238) $ 208 $ (271) $ (1,430)
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consist of:
Net actuarial loss (gain) $ 357 $ (343) $ 364 $ 1,078
Prior service cost (credit) (12) 4 (13) 6
Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7) (85) 139 (88) (217)
Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7) $ 260 $ (200) $ 263 $ 867
Comparative funded status information as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 for select non-U.S. pension plans is presented in the table below as the benefit obligations of these plans are considered to be significant relative to the total benefit obligation:
United Kingdom Germany Other Non-U.S. Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2022 2022 2022
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 3,100 $ 1,485 $ 1,001 $ 5,586
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 3,625 1,285 884 5,794
Funded Status, End of Year $ 525 $ (200) $ (117) $ 208
United Kingdom Germany Other Non-U.S. Total Non-U.S.
(Millions of dollars) 2021 2021 2021 2021
Benefit obligation, December 31 $ 5,879 $ 2,240 $ 1,279 $ 9,398
Fair value of plan assets, December 31 5,577 1,359 1,032 7,968
Funded Status, End of Year $ (302) $ (881) $ (247) $ (1,430)

Schedule of Pension and OPEB Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in AOCI Table
The changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income in 2022 and 2021 are as follows:
Pensions
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021
Current year net actuarial losses (gains)* $ (1,259) $ (787)
Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (75) (170)
Amortization of prior service credits (costs) 1 (1)
Pension settlements (6) (4)
Foreign currency translation and other changes (90) (39)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income $ (1,429) $ (1,001)
________________________
* Pension net actuarial gains in 2022 are largely driven by the continued increase in the discount rate environment         resulting in actuarial gains from a lower PBO, which is partially offset by unfavorable plan asset experience for both non-U.S. and U.S. plans. In 2021, the actuarial gains were attributable to an increase in actual return on assets and favorability generated from a lower PBO due the initial increase in discount rates.

Schedule of Pension Plans Where the Accumulated Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following table provides information for pension plans where the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
Pensions
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") $ 1,895 $ 1,848 $ 2,387 $ 8,404
Fair value of plan assets $ 1,791 $ 1,472 $ 2,317 $ 6,947

Schedule of Pension Plans Where the Projected Benefit Obligation Exceeds the Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following table provides information for pension plans where the projected benefit obligation exceeds the fair value of plan assets:
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31,
Pensions
2022 2021
U.S. Non-U.S. U.S. Non-U.S.
Projected benefit obligation ("PBO") $ 1,948 $ 1,901 $ 2,467 $ 8,499
Fair value of plan assets $ 1,791 $ 1,478 $ 2,317 $ 6,964

Schedule of Pension and OPEB Plans Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations and the Net Benefit Cost Table
The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are as of the respective balance sheet dates and the assumptions used to determine net benefit cost are as of the previous year-end, as shown below:
Pensions
U.S. Non-U.S.
2022 2021 2022 2021
Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31,
Discount rate 5.35 % 2.78 % 4.58 % 1.82 %
Interest crediting rate 4.02 % 2.06 % 2.13 % 1.03 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.25 % 3.25 % 2.59 % 2.55 %
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31,
Discount rate 2.78 % 2.40 % 1.82 % 1.36 %
Interest crediting rate 2.06 % 1.57 % 1.03 % 1.01 %
Rate of increase in compensation levels 3.25 % 3.25 % 2.55 % 2.55 %
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets (1) 7.00 % 7.00 % 5.60 % 5.28 %

(1)    The expected long term rate of return on the U.S. and non-U.S. plan assets is estimated based on the plans' investment strategy and asset allocation, historical capital market performance and, to a lesser extent, historical plan performance. For the U.S. plans, the expected rate of return of 7.00% was derived based on the target asset allocation of 50%-70% equity securities (approximately 7.70% expected return), 20%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.40% expected return) and 2%-8% alternative investments (approximately 6.30% expected return). For the non-U.S. plans, the expected rate of return was derived based on the weighted average target asset allocation of 15%-25% equity securities (approximately 6.40% expected return), 30%-50% fixed income securities (approximately 5.30% expected return), and 30%-50% alternative investments (approximately 5.00% expected return). For the U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the most recent 10-year period ended December 31, 2022 was approximately 7.00%. For the non-U.S. plan assets, the actual annualized total return for the same period was approximately 5.10%. Changes to plan asset allocations and investment strategy over this time period limit the value of historical plan performance as a factor in estimating the expected long term rate of return. For 2023, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets will be 7.00% for the U.S. plans. For 2023, the expected weighted average long-term rate of return for non-U.S. plans will be 5.60%.

Schedule of Pension Plans Targeted Asset Allocation Range and Weighted-Average Asset Allocations The non-U.S. pension plans are managed individually based on diversified investment portfolios, with different target asset allocations that vary for each plan. Weighted-average asset allocations at December 31, 2022 and 2021 for Linde’s U.S. and non-U.S. pension plans, as well as respective asset allocation ranges by major asset category, are generally as follows:
U.S. Non-U.S.
Asset Category Target 2022 Target 2021 2022 2021 Target 2022 Target 2021 2022 2021
Equity securities 50%-70% 40%-60% 60 % 66 % 15%-25% 15%-25% 20 % 27 %
Fixed income securities 20%-50% 30%-50% 29 % 25 % 30%-50% 30%-50% 30 % 35 %
Other 2%-8% 5%-15% 11 % 9 % 30%-50% 30%-50% 50 % 38 %

Schedule of Pension Plans Assets Measured at Fair Value by Asset Category Table
The following table summarizes pension assets measured at fair value by asset category at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Transfers of assets were not material for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. See Note 13 for the definition of levels within the fair value hierarchy:
Fair Value Measurements Using
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 ** Total
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021 2022 2021
Cash and cash equivalents $ 313 $ 259 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 313 $ 259
Equity securities:
Global equities 778 1,633 — — — — 778 1,633
Mutual funds 248 314 — — — — 248 314
Fixed income securities:
Government bonds — — 1,317 1,624 — — 1,317 1,624
Emerging market debt — — 245 509 — — 245 509
Mutual funds 101 121 55 12 — — 156 133
Corporate bonds — — 372 647 — — 372 647
Bank loans — — 18 253 — — 18 253
Alternative investments:
Real estate funds — — — — 353 360 353 360
Private debt — — — — 1,360 1,368 1,360 1,368
Insurance contracts — — — — 46 12 46 12
Liquid alternative — — 982 1,193 — — 982 1,193
Other investments 1 1 39 58 — — 40 59
Total plan assets at fair value,
December 31, $ 1,441 $ 2,328 $ 3,028 $ 4,296 $ 1,759 $ 1,740 $ 6,228 $ 8,364
Pooled funds * 1,457 2,052
Total fair value plan assets
December 31, $ 7,685 $ 10,416
* Pooled funds are measured using the net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient for fair value as permissible under the accounting standard for fair value measurements and have not been categorized in the fair value hierarchy.

Schedule of Pension Plans Changes in Fair Value of Assets Classified as Level 3 Table ** The following table summarizes changes in fair value of the pension plan assets classified as level 3 for the periods ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
(Millions of dollars) Insurance Contracts Real Estate Funds Private Debt Total
Balance, December 31, 2020
$ 11 $ 335 $ 1120 $ 1466
Gain/(Loss) for the period 1 27 28 56
Purchases — 13 289 302
Sales — (4) (42) (46)
Transfer into/ (out of) Level 3 1 (1) — —
Foreign currency translation (1) (10) (27) (38)
Balance, December 31, 2021
12 360 1,368 1,740
Gain/(Loss) for the period — 5 93 98
Purchases 2 18 63 83
Sales — (22) (34) (56)
Transfer into / (out of) Level 3 33 — — 33
Foreign currency translation (1) (8) (130) (139)
Balance, December 31, 2022
$ 46 $ 353 $ 1,360 $ 1,759

Schedule of Pension and OPEB Estimated Future Benefit Payments, Net of Participant Contributions Table
The following table presents estimated future benefit payments, net of participant contributions:
(Millions of dollars) Pensions
Year Ended December 31, U.S.     Non-U.S.
2023 $ 216 $ 320
2024 158 319
2025 161 327
2026 160 346
2027 163 345
2028-2032 813 1,788

v3.22.4

Segment Information (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information
The table below presents information about reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(Millions of dollars) 2022 2021 2020
Sales (a)
Americas $ 13,874 $ 12,103 $ 10,459
EMEA 8,443 7,643 6,449
APAC 6,480 6,133 5,687
Engineering 2,762 2,867 2,851
Other 1,805 2,047 1,797
Total Sales $ 33,364 $ 30,793 $ 27,243

2022 2021 2020
Segment Operating Profit
Americas $ 3,732 $ 3,368 $ 2,773
EMEA 2,013 1,889 1,465
APAC 1,670 1,502 1,277
Engineering 555 473 435
Other (66) (56) (153)
Reported Segment operating profit 7,904 7,176 5,797
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges (Note 3) (1,029) (273) (506)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (1,506) (1,919) (1,969)
Total operating profit $ 5,369 $ 4,984 $ 3,322
2022 2021 2020
Depreciation and Amortization
Americas $ 1,320 $ 1,243 $ 1,196
EMEA 661 752 723
APAC 593 611 619
Engineering 33 39 36
Other 116 127 132
Segment depreciation and amortization 2,723 2,772 2,706
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG 1,481 1,863 1,920
Total depreciation and amortization $ 4,204 $ 4,635 $ 4,626
2022 2021 2020
Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions
Americas $ 1,698 $ 1,354 $ 1,425
EMEA 550 669 670
APAC 889 995 1,214
Engineering 28 25 13
Other 118 131 146
Total Capital Expenditures and Acquisitions $ 3,283 $ 3,174 $ 3,468
Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $1,035 million, $896 million and $786 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Schedule of Segment Information, Sales by Major Country Table
2022 2021 2020
Sales by Major Country
United States $ 10,553 $ 9,123 $ 8,475
Germany (c) 3,662 3,601 3,740
China 2,643 2,562 2,061
United Kingdom 1,954 2,060 1,595
Australia 1,372 1,307 1,071
Brazil 1,158 1,065 822
Other – non-U.S. 12,022 11,075 9,479
Total sales $ 33,364 $ 30,793 $ 27,243
Sales in Germany include Engineering sales to third parties, locally and internationally, and represents 44% , 53% and 62% of Germany sales in 2022 , 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Long-lived Assets by Geographic Areas
2022 2021 2020
Long-lived Assets by Major Country (b)
United States $ 7,663 $ 7,659 $ 7,777
Germany 1,678 2,003 2,394
China 2,176 2,385 2,413
United Kingdom 704 1,078 1,313
Australia 688 872 1,105
Brazil 720 705 734
Other – non-U.S. 9,919 11,301 12,976
Total long-lived assets $ 23,548 $ 26,003 $ 28,711
Long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment - net.

v3.22.4

Revenue Recognition (Tables)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 3,786 $ 2,509 $ 2,220 $ — $ 176 $ 8,691 26 %
On-Site 4,048 2,415 2,471 — — 8,934 27 %
Packaged Gas 5,831 3,466 1,523 — 51 10,871 33 %
Other 209 53 266 2,762 1,578 4,868 14 %
$ 13,874 $ 8,443 $ 6,480 $ 2,762 $ 1,805 $ 33,364 100 %
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2021
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 3,279 $ 2,227 $ 2,181 $ — $ 173 $ 7,860 26 %
On-Site 3,225 1,824 2,296 — — 7,345 24 %
Packaged Gas 5,456 3,539 1,532 — 24 10,551 34 %
Other 143 53 124 2,867 1,850 5,037 16 %
$ 12,103 $ 7,643 $ 6,133 $ 2,867 $ 2,047 $ 30,793 100 %
(Millions of dollars)
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sales Americas EMEA APAC Engineering Other Total %
Merchant $ 2,839 $ 1,870 $ 2,005 $ — $ 145 $ 6,859 25 %
On-Site 2,513 1,354 2,049 — — 5,916 22 %
Packaged Gas 5,034 3,175 1,559 — 22 9,790 36 %
Other 73 50 74 2,851 1,630 4,678 17 %
$ 10,459 $ 6,449 $ 5,687 $ 2,851 $ 1,797 $ 27,243 100 %

v3.22.4

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

contract

Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]

Different types of derivative, number 3

Minimum

Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]

Useful life 3 years

Maximum

Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]

Useful life 40 years

v3.22.4

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
3 Months Ended 12 Months Ended

Jan. 01, 2021

Sep. 30, 2022

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Payments to acquire businesses, net of cash acquired $ 110 $ 88 $ 68

Disposal Group, Not Discontinued Operation, Gain (Loss) on Disposal, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration] Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges

Equity investments 2,350 2,619

Assets 79,658 81,605

Liabilities 38,271 36,164

Sales $ 33,364 30,793 27,243

Taiwan Joint Venture

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Equity investments $ 852

Sales $ 600

Taiwan Joint Venture

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Assets 1,900

Liabilities 1,000

Merger related and other charges

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Gain from APAC joint venture deconsolidation $ 52

Merger related and other charges | Taiwan Joint Venture

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Gain from APAC joint venture deconsolidation $ 52

Disposal Group, Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations | GIST

Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]

Consideration for sale of business $ 184

Proceeds from divestiture of businesses 75

Net proceeds 109

Loss on sale of business (21)

After tax benefit from loss on sale of business $ (3)

v3.22.4

Russia-Ukraine Conflict and Other Charges - Summary of Activity (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance $ 453 $ 369

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 1,029 273 $ 506

Less: Cash payments (127) (175)

Less: Non-cash charges (1,006) 13

Foreign currency translation and other (29) (27)

Ending balance 320 453 369

Merger related and other charges

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance 31 64

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 74 (65) 115

Less: Cash payments 19 (22)

Less: Non-cash charges (109) 54

Foreign currency translation and other (3) 0

Ending balance 12 31 64

Total cost reduction program related charges

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance 422 305

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 65 338 391

Less: Cash payments (146) (153)

Less: Non-cash charges (7) (41)

Foreign currency translation and other (26) (27)

Ending balance 308 422 305

Total cost reduction program related charges | Total Russia charges

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance 0 0

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 890 0

Less: Cash payments 0 0

Less: Non-cash charges (890) 0

Foreign currency translation and other 0 0

Ending balance 0 0 0

Total cost reduction program related charges | Severance costs

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance 384 283

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 41 259 298

Less: Cash payments (122) (138)

Less: Non-cash charges 0 0

Foreign currency translation and other (22) (20)

Ending balance 281 384 283

Total cost reduction program related charges | Other cost reduction charges

Restructuring Reserve [Roll Forward]

Beginning balance 38 22

Cost Reduction Programs, Russia-Ukraine Conflict, and Other Charges 24 79 93

Less: Cash payments (24) (15)

Less: Non-cash charges (7) (41)

Foreign currency translation and other (4) (7)

Ending balance $ 27 $ 38 $ 22

v3.22.4

Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Operating lease expense $ 284 $ 317

Finance lease, depreciation, amortization, and interest expense 57 51

Operating lease, payments $ 254 $ 290

v3.22.4

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Operating Leases

Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Other long-term assets Other long-term assets

Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 726 $ 853

Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Other current liabilities Other current liabilities

Other current liabilities $ 181 $ 215

Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Other long-term liabilities Other long-term liabilities

Other long-term liabilities $ 540 $ 618

Total operating lease liabilities $ 721 $ 833

Finance Leases

Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Other long-term assets Other long-term assets

Finance lease right-of-use assets $ 146 $ 163

Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Other current liabilities Other current liabilities

Other current liabilities $ 42 $ 47

Finance Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration] Long-term debt Long-term debt

Other long-term liabilities $ 114 $ 129

Total finance lease liabilities $ 156 $ 176

v3.22.4

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Operating Lease Information (Details)

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Weighted average lease term (years) 8 years 9 years

Weighted average discount rate 3.26% 2.91%

v3.22.4

Leases - Schedule of Future Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Operating Leases

2023 $ 196

2024 140

2025 106

2026 79

2027 58

Thereafter 258

Total future undiscounted lease payments 837

Less imputed interest (116)

Total reported lease liability 721 $ 833

Financing Leases

2023 48

2024 37

2025 29

2026 19

2027 12

Thereafter 57

Total future undiscounted lease payments 202

Less imputed interest (46)

Total reported lease liability $ 156 $ 176

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - Schedule of Pre-tax Income (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

United States $ 2,502 $ 2,020 $ 1,253

Non-U.S. 3,041 3,079 2,131

Income From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments $ 5,543 $ 5,099 $ 3,384

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - Income Tax Provision (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Current tax expense (benefit)

U.S. federal $ 486 $ 287 $ 185

State and local 92 87 17

Non-U.S. 1,239 1,142 1,013

Total current tax expense 1,817 1,516 1,215

Deferred tax expense (benefit)

U.S. federal (12) 63 20

State and local 7 8 7

Non-U.S. (378) (325) (395)

Total deferred income taxes (383) (254) (368)

Provision for income taxes $ 1,434 $ 1,262 $ 847

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Deemed repatriation tax payable $ 178 $ 178

Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5) 139 178

Other Noncurrent Liabilities

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5) $ 139 $ 178

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - Tax Rate Analysis (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Income Taxes [Line Items]

U.S. statutory income tax $ 1,164 $ 1,071 $ 711

U.S. statutory income tax rate percentage 21.00% 21.00% 21.00%

State and local taxes – net of federal benefit $ 84 $ 83 $ 21

State and local taxes - net of federal benefit percentage 1.50% 1.60% 0.60%

U.S. tax credits and deductions $ (16) $ (23) $ (8)

U.S. tax credits and deductions percentage (0.30%) (0.50%) (0.20%)

Foreign tax differentials $ 176 $ 219 $ 167

Foreign tax rate differentials percentage 3.20% 4.30% 4.90%

Share-Based compensation $ (41) $ (56) $ (53)

Share-Based compensation percentage (0.70%) (1.10%) (1.60%)

Russia/Ukraine Charges $ 108 $ 0 $ 0

Russia/Ukraine Charges percentage 1.90% 0.00% 0.00%

Other – net $ (41) $ (32) $ 9

Other - net percentage (0.70%) (0.60%) 0.30%

Provision for income taxes $ 1,434 $ 1,262 $ 847

Provision for income taxes percentage 25.90% 24.70% 25.00%

Settlement of tax audits, amount $ 71 $ 47

United Kingdom | Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC)

Income Taxes [Line Items]

Tax rate increase, amount $ 83

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - Net Deferred Tax Liabilities and Valuation Allowances (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Deferred tax liabilities

Fixed assets $ 2,775 $ 3,177

Goodwill 173 166

Other intangible assets 2,939 3,263

Subsidiary/equity investments 545 586

Other 471 634

Deferred tax liabilities 6,903 7,826

Deferred tax assets

Carryforwards 289 358

Benefit plans and related 165 607

Inventory 68 57

Accruals and other 1,001 1,042

Deferred tax assets 1,523 2,064

Less: Valuation allowances (276) (235) $ (243)

Total net deferred tax assets 1,247 1,829

Other long-term assets 230 242

Deferred credits 5,886 6,239

Net deferred tax liabilities 5,656 5,997

Excluded fixed assets due to restructuring 39

Excluded fixed assets due to sale of business 19

Deferred tax liability, right-of-use lease assets 206 236

Deferred tax asset (liability), defined benefit plans (54) 305

Non-US deferred tax liabilities 5,656 5,997

Deferred tax asset, lease liabilities 212 246

Deferred tax asset - research and development 25 42

Valuation Allowance [Roll Forward]

Valuation allowances, beginning of period (235) (243) (222)

Income tax (charge) benefit (44) 8 (21)

Other, including write-offs 0 0 2

Translation adjustments 3 0 (2)

Valuation allowances, end of period (276) (235) $ (243)

Foreign Tax Authority

Deferred tax assets

Net deferred tax liabilities 315 71

Non-US deferred tax liabilities $ 315 $ 71

v3.22.4

Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Positions (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]

Unrecognized income tax benefits, January 1 $ 387 $ 452 $ 472

Additions for tax positions of prior years 26 11 35

Reductions for tax positions of prior years (45) (11) (34)

Additions for current year tax positions 0 19 11

Reductions for settlements with taxing authorities (23) (60) (39)

Foreign currency translation and other (20) (24)

Foreign currency translation and other 7

Unrecognized income tax benefits, December 31 325 387 452

Expenses (Income) for interest and penalties on tax reserves (3) (15) $ 29

Accrued interest and penalties $ 35 $ 40

v3.22.4

Earnings Per Share - Linde PLC Shareholders (Details) - USD ($)
$ / shares in Units, $ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Numerator (Millions of dollars)

Income from continuing operations $ 4,147 $ 3,821 $ 2,497

Income from discontinued operations, net of tax 0 5 4

Net Income – Linde plc $ 4,147 $ 3,826 $ 2,501

Denominator (Thousands of shares)

Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares) 499,254,000 516,507,000 526,404,000

Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans (in shares) 482,000 389,000 332,000

Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share (in shares) 499,736,000 516,896,000 526,736,000

Effect of dilutive securities

Stock options and awards (in shares) 4,302,000 4,979,000 4,421,000

Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share (in shares) 504,038,000 521,875,000 531,157,000

Basic earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share) $ 8.30 $ 7.39 $ 4.74

Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share) 0 0.01 0.01

Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share) 8.30 7.40 4.75

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share) 8.23 7.32 4.70

Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share) 0 0.01 0.01

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share) $ 8.23 $ 7.33 $ 4.71

Antidilutive excluded from the computation of earnings per share (in shares) 0 0 0

v3.22.4

Supplemental Information - Supplemental Info (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
1 Months Ended 12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling $ 1,295 $ 1,342 $ 1,303

General and administrative 1,812 1,847 1,890

Selling, General and Administrative 3,107 3,189 3,193

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation 3,633 3,912 3,861

Amortization of intangibles (Note 10) 571 723 765

Depreciation and Amortization 4,204 4,635 4,626

Other Income (Expenses) – Net

Currency related net gains (losses) (18) (29) (28)

Partnership income 18 13 10

Severance expense (13) (5) (5)

Asset divestiture gains (losses) – net (9) (31) (78)

Other – net (40) 26 40

Other Income (Expenses) – Net (62) (26) (61)

Interest Expense – Net

Interest incurred on debt and other 277 227 277

Interest income (117) (40) (55)

Amortization on acquired debt (35) (53) (85)

Interest capitalized (62) (57) (38)

Bond redemption $ 16 0 0 16

Interest Expense – Net 63 77 115

Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests' operations 134 135 $ 125

Accounts Receivable

Trade and Other receivables 4,964 4,904

Less: allowance for expected credit losses (405) (405)

Accounts Receivable 4,559 4,499

Inventories

Raw materials and supplies 567 399

Work in process 368 334

Finished goods 1,043 1,000

Inventories 1,978 1,733

Prepaid and Other Current Assets

Prepaid and other deferred charges 597 527

VAT recoverable 225 196

Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 24 101

Other 104 146

Prepaid and Other Current Assets 950 970

Other Long-term Assets

Pension assets (Note 16) 661 139

Insurance contracts 39 46

Long-term receivables, net 164 105

Lease assets (Note 4) 872 1,016

Deposits 52 43

Investments carried at cost 184 18

Deferred charges 66 62

Deferred income taxes (Note 5) 230 242

Unrealized gains on derivatives (Note 12) 4 35

Other 204 278

Other Long-term Assets 2,476 1,984

Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses 1,533 1,248

Payroll 614 710

VAT payable 259 295

Pension and postretirement (Note 16) 51 38

Interest payable 118 102

Lease liability (Note 4) 223 262

Insurance reserves 19 19

Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 23 27

Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 187 200

Other 1,055 998

Other Current Liabilities 4,082 3,899

Other Long-term Liabilities

Pension and postretirement (Note 16) 640 1,802

Tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 248 302

Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5) 139 178

Lease liability (Note 4) 654 747

Interest and penalties for uncertain tax positions (Note 5) 35 40

Insurance reserves 52 56

Asset retirement obligation 305 305

Unrealized losses on derivatives (Note 12) 73 8

Cost reduction programs (Note 3) 133 253

Other 516 497

Other Long-term Liabilities 2,795 4,188

Deferred Credits

Deferred income taxes (Note 5) 5,886 6,239

Other 913 759

Deferred Credits $ 6,799 $ 6,998

v3.22.4

Supplemental Information - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
1 Months Ended 12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2020

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Trade and Other receivables $ 4,964 $ 4,904

Provision for allowance for credit loss 163 129 $ 182

Depreciation 3,633 3,912 3,861

Amortization of intangibles (Note 10) 571 723 765

Repayments of long-term debt 1,785 1,468 2,681

Bond redemption $ 16 0 0 16

Purchase accounting impacts 22 15 $ 57

Estimated income tax payments 164 122

Long-term receivables reserves 36 33

4.05% Notes due 2021

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Repayments of long-term debt $ 500

Debt instrument, interest rate 4.05% 4.05%

3.00% Notes due 2021

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Repayments of long-term debt $ 500

Debt instrument, interest rate 3.00% 3.00%

Linde AG

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Depreciation 1,006 1,245

Amortization of intangibles (Note 10) 474 618

Trade Receivable | Less Than 1 Year

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Trade and Other receivables 4,498 4,425

Trade Receivable | Greater Than 1 Year

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Trade and Other receivables 321 329

Other Receivables

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Trade and Other receivables $ 145 $ 150

v3.22.4

Supplemental Information - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Derivatives – net of taxes $ 62 $ 75

Pension/OPEB funded status obligation (net of $54 million tax obligation in 2022 and $305 million tax benefit in 2021) (Note 16) (60) (1,130)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (5,782) (5,048)

Deferred tax obligation (benefit) 54 (305)

Americas

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes (3,942) (3,985)

EMEA

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes (1,249) 94

APAC

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes (835) 154

Engineering

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes (241) 24

Other

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes 483 (280)

Total

Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]

Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes $ (5,784) $ (3,993)

v3.22.4

Goodwill - Narrative (Details)
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill, Impairment Loss $ 0

v3.22.4

Other Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Amortization of intangible assets $ 571 $ 723 $ 765

Remaining weighted-average amortization period for intangible asset 24 years

v3.22.4

Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Estimated Future Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

2023 $ 565

2024 537

2025 519

2026 468

2027 460

Thereafter 8,165

Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets 10,714

Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2022 1,706

Net balance $ 12,420 $ 13,802

v3.22.4

Debt - Narrative (Details)

Dec. 07, 2022

USD ($)

extensionOption

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2021

Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]

Weighted average interest rate of short term debt borrowings 3.20% 0.00%

Five Year Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility

Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]

Line of credit facility period 5 years

Total facility $ 5,000,000,000

Line of credit facility, increase limit $ 6,500,000,000

Number of extension options | extensionOption 2

Line of credit facility, extension option period 1 year

364-Day Credit Agreement | Revolving Credit Facility

Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]

Line of credit facility period 364 days

Total facility $ 1,500,000,000

Credit Agreements | Revolving Credit Facility

Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]

Borrowings outstanding $ 0

v3.22.4

Debt - Other Debt Information (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

2023 $ 1,599

2024 1,219

2025 1,548

2026 1,686

2027 1,442

Thereafter 6,303

Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion $ 13,797 $ 13,044

v3.22.4

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2022
$ in Millions, € in Billions, ¥ in Billions

USD ($)

contract

EUR (€)

CNY (¥)

Derivative [Line Items]

Different types of derivative, number | contract 3

Net Investment Hedging

Derivative [Line Items]

Deferred gain $ 333

Designated as Hedging Instrument | Net Investment Hedging

Derivative [Line Items]

Loss on exchange rate movements 42

Line of Credit | Net Investment Hedging

Derivative [Line Items]

Deferred gain 473

Line of Credit | Designated as Hedging Instrument | Net Investment Hedging

Derivative [Line Items]

Intercompany Euro-denominated notes and loans 8,500 € 8.0

Intercompany CNY-denominated loan $ 500 ¥ 3.2

v3.22.4

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments Table (Details) - Not Designated as Hedging Instrument - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Derivative [Line Items]

Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings $ 20 $ 38 $ (165)

Debt-related

Derivative [Line Items]

Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings 12 42 (125)

Other balance sheet items

Derivative [Line Items]

Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings $ 8 $ (5) $ (40)

v3.22.4

Fair Value Disclosures - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Assets

Derivative assets $ 28 $ 136

Liabilities

Derivative liabilities 96 35

Level 1 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring

Assets

Derivative assets 0 0

Investments and securities 20 42

Total 20 42

Liabilities

Derivative liabilities 0 0

Level 2 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring

Assets

Derivative assets 28 136

Investments and securities 0 0

Total 28 136

Liabilities

Derivative liabilities 96 35

Level 3 | Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring

Assets

Derivative assets 0 0

Investments and securities 13 20

Total 13 20

Liabilities

Derivative liabilities $ 0 $ 0

v3.22.4

Fair Value Disclosures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Carrying value $ 13,797 $ 13,044

Level 2

Debt Instrument [Line Items]

Estimated fair value of long-term debt portfolio $ 11,994 $ 13,219

v3.22.4

Share-Based Compensation - Weighted-Average Assumptions (Details) - Stock Options
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]

Dividend yield 1.70% 1.70% 2.20%

Volatility 20.60% 18.40% 15.80%

Risk-free interest rate 1.70% 1.10% 0.60%

Expected term years 5 years 6 years 6 years

v3.22.4

Share-Based Compensation - Stock Options (Details) - Stock Options
$ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

$ / shares

shares

Number of Options (000’s)

Beginning balance, outstanding (in shares) | shares 7,166

Granted (in shares) | shares 476

Exercised (in shares) | shares (880)

Cancelled or expired (in shares) | shares (42)

Ending balance, outstanding (in shares) | shares 6,720

Exercisable (in shares) | shares 5,383

Average Exercise Price

Beginning balance, outstanding (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 152.56

Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares 270.99

Exercised (in dollars per share) | $ / shares 125.03

Cancelled or expired (in dollars per share) | $ / shares 239.21

Ending balance, outstanding (in dollars per share) | $ / shares 164.03

Exercisable (in dollars per share) | $ / shares $ 145.71

Average Remaining Life

Outstanding at December 31, 2022 5 years

Exercisable at December 31, 2022 5 years

Aggregate Intrinsic Value

Outstanding at December 31, 2022 | $ $ 1,090

Exercisable at December 31, 2022 | $ $ 971

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Narrative (Details)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

multiemployerPlan

employee

shares

Dec. 31, 2021

USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2020

USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2023

USD ($)

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Number of multiemployer plans participated in | multiemployerPlan 8

Estimated number of union employees in multiemployer plans | employee 200

Multiemployer plan, contributions by employer, percentage of employee contributions 1.00% 1.00%

Number of plans in red zone | multiemployerPlan 3

Pension contributions $ 51 $ 42 $ 91

Pensions

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Annual pay credits, percent of eligible compensation 4.00%

Minimum | Scenario, Forecast

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Estimated pension plan contributions during next fiscal year $ 40

Maximum | Scenario, Forecast

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Estimated pension plan contributions during next fiscal year $ 50

Praxair U.S. Defined Contribution Savings Plans

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Defined contribution plan contributions $ 56 51 46

Shares of common stock in esops (in shares) | shares 1,733,281

Praxair International Defined Contribution Savings Plans

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Defined contribution plan contributions $ 80 $ 101 $ 106

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Pension and Postretirement Benefit Costs (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost $ (237) $ (192) $ (177)

Pensions

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Service cost 127 157 152

Interest cost 201 154 213

Expected return on plan assets (518) (521) (482)

Net amortization and deferral 74 171 86

Settlement charges 6 4 6

Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost (237) (192) (177)

Net periodic benefit cost (benefit) $ (110) $ (35) $ (25)

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Funded Status (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Change in Plan Assets

Other long-term assets $ 661 $ 139

Other current liabilities (51) (38)

Other long-term liabilities (640) (1,802)

Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7) 54 (305)

Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7) 60 1,130

Pensions

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Service cost 127 157 $ 152

Interest cost 201 154 213

Change in Plan Assets

Fair value of plan assets, January 1 10,416

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 7,685 10,416

U.S. | Pensions

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, January 1 2,719 2,895

Service cost 34 39

Interest cost 60 48

Divestitures 0 0

Participant contributions 11 11

Plan amendment 0 0

Actuarial loss (gain) (528) (101)

Benefits paid (158) (166)

Plan settlement (9) (7)

Foreign currency translation and other changes 0 0

Benefit obligation, December 31 2,129 2,719 2,895

Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") 1,982 2,503

Change in Plan Assets

Fair value of plan assets, January 1 2,448 2,310

Actual return on plan assets (421) 281

Company contributions 0 0

Participant contributions 0 0

Benefits paid from plan assets (136) (143)

Divestitures 0 0

Foreign currency translation and other changes 0 0

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 1,891 2,448 2,310

Other long-term assets 13 15

Other current liabilities (38) (25)

Other long-term liabilities (213) (261)

Funded Status, End of Year (238) (271)

Net actuarial loss (gain) 357 364

Prior service cost (credit) (12) (13)

Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7) (85) (88)

Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7) 260 263

Non-U.S. | Pensions

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, January 1 9,398 10,010

Service cost 93 118

Interest cost 141 106

Divestitures 0 (13)

Participant contributions 17 19

Plan amendment 0 0

Actuarial loss (gain) (2,972) (210)

Benefits paid (296) (333)

Plan settlement (8) (13)

Foreign currency translation and other changes (787) (286)

Benefit obligation, December 31 5,586 9,398 10,010

Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") 5,508 9,278

Change in Plan Assets

Fair value of plan assets, January 1 7,968 7,653

Actual return on plan assets (1,302) 728

Company contributions 51 42

Participant contributions 17 19

Benefits paid from plan assets (248) (272)

Divestitures 0 (14)

Foreign currency translation and other changes (692) (188)

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 5,794 7,968 $ 7,653

Other long-term assets 648 124

Other current liabilities (13) (13)

Other long-term liabilities (427) (1,541)

Funded Status, End of Year 208 (1,430)

Net actuarial loss (gain) (343) 1,078

Prior service cost (credit) 4 6

Deferred tax obligation (benefit) (Note 7) 139 (217)

Amount recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 7) $ (200) $ 867

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Comparative Funded Status (Details) - Pensions - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Dec. 31, 2020

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 $ 7,685 $ 10,416

Non-U.S.

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, December 31 5,586 9,398 $ 10,010

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 5,794 7,968 $ 7,653

Funded Status, End of Year 208 (1,430)

United Kingdom

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, December 31 3,100 5,879

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 3,625 5,577

Funded Status, End of Year 525 (302)

Germany

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, December 31 1,485 2,240

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 1,285 1,359

Funded Status, End of Year (200) (881)

Other Non-U.S.

Change in Benefit Obligation ("PBO")

Benefit obligation, December 31 1,001 1,279

Fair value of plan assets, December 31 884 1,032

Funded Status, End of Year $ (117) $ (247)

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Changes In Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in OCI (Details) - Pensions - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Current year net actuarial losses (gains) $ (1,259) $ (787)

Amortization of net actuarial gains (losses) (75) (170)

Amortization of prior service credits (costs) 1 (1)

Pension settlements (6) (4)

Foreign currency translation and other changes (90) (39)

Total recognized in other comprehensive income $ (1,429) $ (1,001)

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Plans Where the ABO Exceeds Plan Assets Fair Value (Details) - Pensions - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") $ 1,895 $ 2,387

Fair value of plan assets 1,791 2,317

Non-U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Accumulated benefit obligation ("ABO") 1,848 8,404

Fair value of plan assets $ 1,472 $ 6,947

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Plan Where the PBO Exceeds Plan Asset Fair Value (Details) - Pensions - USD ($)
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

U.S.

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Projected benefit obligation ("PBO") $ 1,948 $ 2,467

Fair value of plan assets 1,791 2,317

Non-U.S.

Defined Contribution Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Projected benefit obligation ("PBO") 1,901 8,499

Fair value of plan assets $ 1,478 $ 6,964

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Pension Plan Assets (Details) - Pensions

Dec. 31, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

Equity securities | U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 60.00% 66.00%

Equity securities | Non-U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 20.00% 27.00%

Fixed income securities | U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 29.00% 25.00%

Fixed income securities | Non-U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 30.00% 35.00%

Other | U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 11.00% 9.00%

Other | Non-U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

Weighted average asset allocation 50.00% 38.00%

v3.22.4

Retirement Programs - Contributions and Estimated Future Benefit Payments (Details) - Pensions
$ in Millions

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

2023 $ 216

2024 158

2025 161

2026 160

2027 163

2028-2032 813

Non-U.S.

Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]

2023 320

2024 319

2025 327

2026 346

2027 345

2028-2032 $ 1,788

v3.22.4

Commitments and Contingencies (Details)
R$ in Millions, $ in Millions

Sep. 01, 2010

USD ($)

company

Dec. 31, 2022

USD ($)

Dec. 30, 2022

Dec. 31, 2021

USD ($)

Apr. 23, 2019

€ / shares

Apr. 08, 2019

shares

Sep. 01, 2010

BRL (R$)

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Brazil tax matters estimated exposure $ 240

Outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds 3,578

Contract liabilities 3,986 $ 3,699

RCA

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Contract liabilities $ 1,200

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Maximum allowed percent of net assets for asset disposal 5.00%

White Martins

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Number of defendants | company 5

Initial CADE civil fine imposed $ 417 R$ 2,200

Revised CADE civil fine 322 1,700

MG Industries GmbH

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Initial CADE civil fine imposed 45 237

Revised CADE civil fine $ 36 R$ 188

Linde AG

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Ordinary shares, outstanding (in shares) | shares 14,763,113

Squeeze-Out Transaction | Linde AG

Other Commitments [Line Items]

Business acquisition, share price | € / shares € 189.46

v3.22.4

Segment Information - Narrative (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2022

productLine

reportableSegment

extensionOption

distribution_method

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Number of major product lines | productLine 2

Number of geographic segments 3 3

Number of reportable segments | reportableSegment 4

Number of distribution methods | distribution_method 3

v3.22.4

Subsequent Events (Details) - nexAir, LLC - USD ($)
$ in Millions
12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Jan. 06, 2023

Subsequent Event [Line Items]

Annual sales of acquiree $ 400

Subsequent Event

Subsequent Event [Line Items]

Remaining ownership percentage acquired in acquisition 77.20%

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Cover - USD ($) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($) $ in Billions	Dec. 31, 2022	Jan. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38730
Entity Registrant Name	LINDE PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	L2
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1448883
Entity Address, Address Line One	Forge
Entity Address, Address Line Two	43 Church Street West
Entity Address, City or Town	Woking
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	GU21 6HT
Country Region	44
City Area Code	14
Local Phone Number	83 242200
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)
Trading Symbol	LIN
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 143
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		492,160,806
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Portions of the Proxy Statement of Linde plc for its 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated in Part III of this report.
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Central Index Key	0001707925
Other Address
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	10 Riverview Drive,
Entity Address, City or Town	Danbury
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06810

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
Audit Information	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	238
Auditor Name	PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Auditor Location	Stamford, Connecticut

Consolidated Statements of Income - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 33,364	$ 30,793	$ 27,243
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	19,450	17,543	15,383
Selling, general and administrative	3,107	3,189	3,193
Depreciation and amortization	4,204	4,635	4,626
Research and development	143	143	152
Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges	1,029	273	506
Other income (expenses) – net	(62)	(26)	(61)
Operating Profit	5,369	4,984	3,322
Interest expense – net	63	77	115
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(237)	(192)	(177)
Income From Continuing Operations Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	5,543	5,099	3,384
Income taxes on continuing operations	1,434	1,262	847
Income From Continuing Operations Before Equity Investments	4,109	3,837	2,537
Income from equity investments	172	119	85
Income From Continuing Operations (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	4,281	3,956	2,622
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	0	5	4
Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	4,281	3,961	2,626
Less: noncontrolling interests from continuing operations	(134)	(135)	(125)
Net Income – Linde plc	4,147	3,826	2,501
Net Income – Linde plc
Income from continuing operations	4,147	3,821	2,497
Income from discontinued operations	$ 0	$ 5	$ 4
Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share)	$ 8.30	$ 7.39	$ 4.74
Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.01	0.01
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	8.30	7.40	4.75
Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (in dollars per share)	8.23	7.32	4.70
Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations (in dollars per share)	0	0.01	0.01
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 8.23	$ 7.33	$ 4.71
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding (in shares)	499,736	516,896	526,736
Diluted shares outstanding (in shares)	504,038	521,875	531,157

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 5,436	$ 2,823
Accounts receivable – net	4,559	4,499
Contract assets	124	134
Inventories	1,978	1,733
Prepaid and other current assets	950	970
Total Current Assets	13,047	10,159
Property, plant and equipment – net	23,548	26,003
Equity investments	2,350	2,619
Goodwill	25,817	27,038
Other intangible assets – net	12,420	13,802
Other long-term assets	2,476	1,984
Total Assets	79,658	81,605
Liabilities and Equity
Accounts payable	2,995	3,503
Short-term debt	4,117	1,163
Current portion of long-term debt	1,599	1,709
Contract liabilities	3,073	2,940
Accrued taxes	613	429
Other current liabilities	4,082	3,899
Total Current Liabilities	16,479	13,643
Long-term debt	12,198	11,335
Other long-term liabilities	2,795	4,188
Deferred credits	6,799	6,998
Total Liabilities	38,271	36,164
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13	13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity:
Ordinary shares (€0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2022 and 2021 issued: 552,012,862 ordinary shares)	1	1
Additional paid-in capital	40,005	40,180
Retained earnings	20,541	18,710
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,782)	(5,048)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2022 – 59,555,235 shares and 2021 – 43,331,983 shares)	(14,737)	(9,808)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	40,028	44,035
Noncontrolling interests	1,346	1,393
Total Equity	41,374	45,428
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 79,658	$ 81,605

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - € / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Ordinary shares, par value (euro per share)	€ 0.001	€ 0.001
Ordinary shares, authorized (in shares)	1,750,000,000	1,750,000,000
Ordinary shares, issued (in shares)	552,012,862	552,012,862
Treasury stock (in shares)	59,555,235	43,331,983

Consolidated Statements of Equity - USD ($) $ in Millions	Total	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	Ordinary shares	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Treasury Stock	Noncontrolling Interests
Beginning balance, ordinary (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019			552,013,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 51,522	$ 49,074	$ 1	$ 40,201	$ 16,842	$ (4,814)	$ (3,156)	$ 2,448
Beginning balance, treasury (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019							17,632,000
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders	2,626	2,501			2,501			125
Other comprehensive income (loss)	157	124				124		33
Noncontrolling interests:
Dividends and other capital reductions	(161)							(161)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)	(193)							(193)
Redemption value adjustments	17	17			17
Dividends	(2,028)	(2,028)			(2,028)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans (in shares)							(1,208,000)
For employee savings and incentive plans	(53)	(53)		(132)	(154)		$ 233
Purchases of ordinary shares (in shares)							12,294,000
Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,451)	(2,451)					$ (2,451)
Share-based compensation	133	133		133
Ending balance, ordinary (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020			552,013,000
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 49,569	47,317	$ 1	40,202	17,178	(4,690)	$ (5,374)	2,252
Ending balance, treasury (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020							28,718,000
Issuances of ordinary shares:
Dividends per ordinary share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.852
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders	$ 3,961	3,826			3,826			135
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(358)	(358)				(358)
Dividends and other capital reductions	(118)							(118)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)	(876)							(876)
Dividends	(2,189)	(2,189)			(2,189)
For employee savings and incentive plans (in shares)							(1,026,000)
For employee savings and incentive plans	(46)	(46)		(150)	(105)		$ 209
Purchases of ordinary shares (in shares)							15,640,000
Purchases of ordinary shares	(4,643)	(4,643)					$ (4,643)
Share-based compensation	$ 128	128		128
Ending balance, ordinary (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	552,012,862		552,013,000
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 45,428	44,035	$ 1	40,180	18,710	(5,048)	$ (9,808)	1,393
Ending balance, treasury (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	43,331,983						43,332,000
Issuances of ordinary shares:
Dividends per ordinary share (in dollars per share)	$ 4.24
Net Income available for Linde plc shareholders	$ 4,281	4,147			4,147			134
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(778)	(734)				(734)		(44)
Dividends and other capital reductions	(81)							(81)
Additions (Reductions) - (Note 14)	(56)							(56)
Dividends	(2,344)	(2,344)			(2,344)
For employee savings and incentive plans (in shares)							(811,000)
For employee savings and incentive plans	(56)	(56)		(282)	28		$ 198
Purchases of ordinary shares (in shares)							17,034,000
Purchases of ordinary shares	(5,127)	(5,127)					$ (5,127)
Share-based compensation	$ 107	107		107
Ending balance, ordinary (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	552,012,862		552,013,000
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 41,374	$ 40,028	$ 1	$ 40,005	$ 20,541	$ (5,782)	$ (14,737)	$ 1,346
Ending balance, treasury (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	59,555,235						59,555,000
Issuances of ordinary shares:
Dividends per ordinary share (in dollars per share)	$ 4.68

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, United States 06810. Linde trades on the New York Stock Exchange and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the symbol LIN. On January 18, 2023, shareholders approved the company’s proposal for an intercompany reorganization that will result in the delisting of its ordinary shares from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Following the completion of legal and regulatory approvals, Linde anticipates that the intercompany reorganization and delisting process will be completed, and its ordinary shares will be delisted from the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, on or about March 1, 2023. In connection with the closing of the intercompany reorganization, Linde shareholders will automatically receive one share of the new holding company, to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange in exchange for each share of Linde plc they own. The new holding company will also be named “Linde plc” and will trade under the existing ticker LIN. Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (" U.S. GAAP") and include the accounts of all significant subsidiaries where control exists and, in limited situations, variable-interest entities where the company is the primary beneficiary. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation and any significant related-party transactions have been disclosed. Equity investments generally consist of 20% to 50% owned operations where the company exercises significant influence, but does not have control. Income from equity investments in corporations is reported on an after-tax basis. Pre-tax income from equity investments that are partnerships or limited-liability corporations is included in other income (expenses) – net with related taxes included in Income taxes. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances reflect that an impairment loss may have been incurred. Changes in ownership interest that result either in consolidation or deconsolidation of an investment are recorded at fair value through earnings, including the retained ownership interest, while changes that do not result in either consolidation or deconsolidation of a subsidiary are treated as equity transactions. Use of Estimates – The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While actual results could differ, management believes such estimates to be reasonable. Operations – Linde is the largest industrial gases company globally. The company produces, sells and distributes atmospheric, process and specialty gases to a diverse group of industries including aerospace, chemicals, food and beverage, electronics, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, and metals. Linde’s Engineering business offers its customers an extensive range of gas production and processing services including supplying plant components and services directly to customers. Revenue Recognition – Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services. See Note 19 for additional details regarding Linde's revenue recognition policies. Cash Equivalents – Cash equivalents are considered to be highly liquid securities with original maturities of three months or less. Inventories – Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average-cost method. Property, Plant and Equipment – Net – Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. The company capitalizes labor, applicable overhead and interest as part of the cost of constructing major facilities. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are also capitalized. Depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from 3 years to 40 years (see Note 8). Linde uses accelerated depreciation methods for tax purposes where appropriate. Maintenance of property, plant and equipment is generally expensed as incurred. The company performs a test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an individual asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Should projected undiscounted future cash flows be less than the carrying amount of the asset or asset group, an impairment charge reducing the carrying amount to fair value may be required. Fair value is determined based on the most appropriate valuation technique, including discounted cash flows. Asset-Retirement Obligations – An asset-retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which sufficient information exists to determine the fair value of the liability with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the related property, plant and equipment which is then depreciated over its useful life. The liability is initially measured at fair value and then accretion expense is recorded in each subsequent period. The company’s asset-retirement obligations are primarily associated with its on-site long-term supply arrangements where the company has built a facility on land leased from the customer and is obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. The company's asset-retirement obligations are not material to its consolidated financial statements. Foreign Currency Translation – For most foreign operations, the local currency is the functional currency and translation gains and losses are reported as part of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of equity as a cumulative translation adjustment (see Note 7). Financial Instruments – Linde enters into various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to fluctuating interest rates, currency exchange rates, commodity pricing and energy costs. Such instruments primarily include interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements; currency-swap agreements; forward contracts; currency options; and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes. Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments. There are three types of derivatives the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies. When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes unless they are related to forecasted transactions. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated as fair-value hedges are recognized in earnings as an offset to the change in the fair values of the underlying exposures being hedged. The changes in fair value of derivatives that are designated as cash-flow hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Provided the hedge remains highly effective, any ineffectiveness is deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are reclassified to earnings as the underlying hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedges of net investments in foreign subsidiaries are recognized in the cumulative translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets to offset translation gains and losses associated with the hedged net investment. Derivatives that are entered into for risk-management purposes and are not designated as hedges (primarily related to currency derivatives other than for firm commitments) are recorded at their fair market values and recognized in current earnings. See Note 12 for additional information relating to financial instruments. Goodwill – Acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method which requires allocation of the purchase price to assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on estimated fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired is recorded as goodwill. Allocations of the purchase price are based on preliminary estimates and assumptions at the date of acquisition and are subject to revision based on final information received, including appraisals and other analyses which support underlying estimates. The company performs a goodwill impairment test annually as of October 1 or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have been incurred. The impairment test allows an entity to first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value then the company will estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting units to their carrying value, including goodwill. Reporting units are determined based on one level below the operating segment level. The qualitative analysis of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2022 showed the fair value of the reporting units substantially exceeded the carrying value, as such further analysis was not performed. See Note 9 for additional information relating to goodwill. Other Intangible Assets – Other intangible assets, primarily customer relationships, are amortized over the estimated period of benefit. The determination of the estimated period of benefit will be dependent upon the use and underlying characteristics of the intangible asset. Linde evaluates the recoverability of its intangible assets subject to amortization when facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, impairment is measured as the amount by which the carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value. Fair value is generally estimated based on either appraised value or other valuation techniques. Indefinite lived intangible assets related to the Linde brand are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate an impairment loss may have occurred. See Note 10 for additional information relating to other intangible assets. Income Taxes – Deferred income taxes are recorded for the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets whenever circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized in future periods. Under the guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the company can recognize the benefit of an income tax position only if it is more likely than not (greater than 50%) that the tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. Otherwise, no benefit can be recognized. The tax benefits recognized are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Additionally, the company accrues interest and related penalties, if applicable, on all tax exposures for which reserves have been established consistent with jurisdictional tax laws. Interest and penalties are classified as income tax expense in the financial statements. See Note 5 for additional information relating to income taxes. Retirement Benefits – Most Linde employees participate in a form of defined benefit or contribution retirement plan, and additionally certain employees are eligible to participate in various post-employment health care and life insurance benefit plans. The cost of contribution plans is recognized in the year earned while the cost of other plans is recognized over the employees’ expected service period to the company, all in accordance with the applicable accounting standards. The funded status of the plans is recorded as an asset or liability in the consolidated balance sheets. Funding of retirement benefits varies and is in accordance with local laws and practices. See Note 16 for additional information relating to retirement programs. Share-based Compensation– The company has historically granted share-based awards which consist of stock options, restricted stock and performance-based stock. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the stated vesting period. For stock awards granted to full-retirement-eligible employees, compensation expense is recognized over the period from the grant date to the date retirement eligibility is achieved. For performance-based awards, compensation expense is recognized only if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. See Note 15 for additional disclosures relating to share-based compensation. Reclassifications – Certain prior years’ amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Accounting Standards Implemented in 2022 There were no new accounting pronouncements that would materially impact the 2022 financial statements.

Acquisitions and Divestitures	12 Months Ended
Acquisitions and Divestitures	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
Acquisitions and Divestitures	Acquisitions and Divestitures Acquisitions Acquisitions were $110 million, $88 million and $68 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Acquisitions in 2022 and 2021 primarily related to the Americas and EMEA. Acquisitions in 2020 primarily related to the Americas. Divestitures Sale of GIST business In the third quarter of 2022, the company completed the sale of its GIST business. Proceeds from the sale were $184 million, net of cash divested of $75 million, for net proceeds of $109 million. The sale resulted in a loss of $21 million (benefit of $3 million, after tax), recorded within the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges in the consolidated statement of income (see Note 3). Deconsolidation of Joint Venture in APAC Effective January 1, 2021, Linde deconsolidated a joint venture with operations in APAC, due to the expiration of certain contractual rights that the parties mutually agreed not to renew. From the effective date, the joint venture is reflected as an equity investment on Linde's consolidated balance sheet with the corresponding results reflected in income from equity investments on the consolidated statement of income. The fair value of the joint venture at January 1, 2021 was determined using a discounted cash flow model and approximated the carrying amount of its net assets. The net carrying value of $852 million was mainly comprised of assets of approximately $1.9 billion (primarily Other intangibles and Property plant and equipment - net), net of liabilities of approximately $1.0 billion. Upon deconsolidation an equity investment was recorded representing Linde's share of the joint venture's net assets. The deconsolidation resulted in a gain of $52 million recorded within 2021 charges (see Note 3) related to the release of the CTA balance recorded within AOCI. The company did not receive any consideration, cash or otherwise, as part of the deconsolidation. The joint venture contributed sales of approximately $600 million in 2020.

Equity and Noncontrolling Interests	12 Months Ended
Equity and Noncontrolling Interests	Dec. 31, 2022
Equity [Abstract]
Equity and Noncontrolling Interests	EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity At December 31, 2022 and 2021, Linde has total authorized share capital of €1,825,000 divided into 1,750,000,000 ordinary shares of €0.001 each, 25,000 A ordinary shares of €1.00 each, 25,000 deferred shares of €1.00 each and 25,000,000 preferred shares of €0.001 each. At December 31, 2022 there were 552,012,862 and 492,457,627 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2022 there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding. At December 31, 2021 there were 552,012,862 and 508,680,879 of Linde plc ordinary shares issued and outstanding, respectively. At December 31, 2021, there were no shares of A ordinary shares, deferred shares or preferred shares issued or outstanding. Linde’s Board of Directors may from time to time authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock and, in connection with the creation of such series, determine the characteristics of each such series including, without limitation, the preference and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of the series. Other Linde plc Ordinary Share and Treasury Share Transactions Linde may issue new ordinary shares for dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plans and employee savings and incentive plans. No new ordinary shares were issued in 2022, 2021 and 2020. On January 22, 2019 the company’s board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $6.0 billion of its ordinary shares under which Linde had repurchased 24,847,354 shares through December 31, 2021. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2021. On January 25, 2021 the company's board of directors approved the additional repurchase of $5.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2021 program") under which Linde had repurchased 16,662,678 shares through December 31, 2022. This program is set to expire on July 31, 2023. Linde completed the repurchases under this program in the first quarter of 2022. On February 28, 2022, the company's board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program for up to $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2022 program") under which Linde had repurchased 15,474,759 shares through December 31, 2022. This program expires on July 31, 2024. Noncontrolling Interests Noncontrolling interest ownership changes are presented within the consolidated statements of equity. 2022 includes the impact of deconsolidating the company's Russian gas and engineering business entities (see to Note 3). The decrease during 2021 is primarily related to the deconsolidation of a joint venture with operations in APAC (see to Note 2). The decrease during 2020 primarily relates to the initiated buyout of minority interests in the Republic of South Africa. As of December 31, 2020, the conditions of the buyout were met obligating the company to execute in January 2021. Therefore, the company reclassified $196 million from non-controlling interest to other current liabilities reflecting the transaction price. An additional $35 million of dividends declared to the minority owners, reflected on the Dividends and other capital reductions line, was also reclassified to other current liabilities at December 31, 2020 and was paid in 2021. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests Noncontrolling interests with redemption features, such as put/sell options, that are not solely within the company’s control (“redeemable noncontrolling interests”) are reported separately in the consolidated balance sheets at the greater of carrying value or redemption value. For redeemable noncontrolling interests that are not yet exercisable, Linde calculates the redemption value by accreting the carrying value to the redemption value over the period until exercisable. If the redemption value is greater than the carrying value, any increase is adjusted directly to retained earnings and does not impact net income. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the redeemable noncontrolling interest balance includes an industrial gas business in EMEA where the noncontrolling shareholders have put options.

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES The company accrues non income-tax liabilities for contingencies when management believes that a loss is probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated, while contingent gains are recognized only when realized. In the event any losses are sustained in excess of accruals, they will be charged against income at that time. Attorney fees are recorded as incurred. Commitments represent obligations, such as those for future purchases of goods or services, that are not yet recorded on the company’s balance sheet as liabilities. The company records liabilities for commitments when incurred (i.e., when the goods or services are received). Contingent Liabilities Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate individually or in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period. Significant matters are: •During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil. •At December 31, 2022 the most significant non-income and income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters and a federal income tax matter where the taxing authorities are challenging the tax rate that should be applied to income generated by a subsidiary company that previously received favorable rulings. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $240 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgments, after considering judgments and opinions of outside counsel. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. On February 8, 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. The timing of when this decision will be final and the potential impact on the company’s tax liability remain uncertain at this time. •On September 1, 2010, CADE (Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense) announced alleged anticompetitive activity on the part of five industrial gas companies in Brazil and imposed fines. Originally, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$2.2 billion Brazilian reais ($417 million) on White Martins, the Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde Inc. The fine was reduced to R$1.7 billion Brazilian reais ($322 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against White Martins was overturned by the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Ninth Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE has filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice and a decision is pending. Similarly, on September 1, 2010, CADE imposed a civil fine of R$237 million Brazilian reais ($45 million) on Linde Gases Ltda., the former Brazil-based subsidiary of Linde AG, which was divested to MG Industries GmbH on March 1, 2019 and with respect to which Linde provided a contractual indemnity. The fine was reduced to R$188 million Brazilian reais ($36 million) due to a calculation error made by CADE. The fine against Linde Gases Ltda. was overturned by the Seventh Federal Court in Brasilia. CADE appealed this decision, and the Federal Court of Appeals rejected CADE's appeal and confirmed the decision of the Seventh Federal Court of Brasilia. CADE filed an appeal with the Superior Court of Justice, and a final decision is pending. Linde has strong defenses and is confident that it will prevail on appeal and have the fines overturned. Linde strongly believes that the allegations of anticompetitive activity against our current and former Brazilian subsidiaries are not supported by valid and sufficient evidence. Linde believes that this decision will not stand up to judicial review and deems the possibility of cash outflows to be extremely unlikely. As a result, no reserves have been recorded as management does not believe that a loss from this case is probable. •On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims lack merit, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution. •On December 30, 2022, the Russian Arbitration Court of the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction is not expected to have any impact on the operations of Linde’s Russian businesses. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) as a preliminary measure to secure payment of an eventual award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intends to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Ust Luga, Russia entered into between a consortium of Linde Engineering and Renaissance Heavy Industries LLC, and RCA on July 7, 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions and in accordance with a decision by the sanctions authority in Germany. As of December 31, 2022, Linde had approximately $1.2 billion of advance payments recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects with RCA which are subject to sanctions and have been suspended accordingly as of May 27, 2022. Contract liabilities are typically recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde deconsolidated its Russian gas and engineering business entities as of June 30, 2022 (see Note 3), and the remaining investment value of its Russia subsidiaries is immaterial. As such, the obligation to satisfy any residual contract liabilities is not expected to have an adverse impact on earnings, but may result in net cash outflows. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of this matter. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the injunction and arbitration proceedings. Commitments At December 31, 2022, Linde had undrawn outstanding letters of credit, bank guarantees and surety bonds valued at approximately $3,578 million from financial institutions. These relate primarily to customer contract performance guarantees (including plant construction in connection with certain on-site contracts), self-insurance claims and other commercial and governmental requirements, including non-U.S. litigation matters. Other commitments related to leases, tax liabilities for uncertain tax positions, long-term debt, other post retirement and pension obligations are summarized elsewhere in the financial statements (see Notes 4, 5, 11, and 16).

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	SUBSEQUENT EVENTSOn January 6, 2023, Linde purchased the remaining 77.2% ownership interest in nexAir, LLC. nexAir, LLC is one of the largest independent packaged gas distributors in the United States with annual sales of approximately $400 million in 2022.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 contract
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Different types of derivative, number	3
Minimum
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Useful life	3 years
Maximum
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Useful life	40 years

Acquisitions and Divestitures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jan. 01, 2021	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Payments to acquire businesses, net of cash acquired			$ 110	$ 88	$ 68
Disposal Group, Not Discontinued Operation, Gain (Loss) on Disposal, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Russia-Ukraine conflict and other charges
Equity investments			2,350	2,619
Assets			79,658	81,605
Liabilities			38,271	36,164
Sales			$ 33,364	30,793	27,243
Taiwan Joint Venture
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Equity investments	$ 852
Sales					$ 600
Taiwan Joint Venture
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Assets	1,900
Liabilities	1,000
Merger related and other charges
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Gain from APAC joint venture deconsolidation				$ 52
Merger related and other charges \| Taiwan Joint Venture
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Gain from APAC joint venture deconsolidation	$ 52
Disposal Group, Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations \| GIST
Business Acquisition, Equity Interests Issued or Issuable [Line Items]
Consideration for sale of business		$ 184
Proceeds from divestiture of businesses		75
Net proceeds		109
Loss on sale of business		(21)
After tax benefit from loss on sale of business		$ (3)

Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Leases - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease expense	$ 284	$ 317
Finance lease, depreciation, amortization, and interest expense	57	51
Operating lease, payments	$ 254	$ 290

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Leases
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other long-term assets	Other long-term assets
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 726	$ 853
Operating Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current liabilities	Other current liabilities
Other current liabilities	$ 181	$ 215
Operating Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other long-term liabilities	Other long-term liabilities
Other long-term liabilities	$ 540	$ 618
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 721	$ 833
Finance Leases
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other long-term assets	Other long-term assets
Finance lease right-of-use assets	$ 146	$ 163
Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other current liabilities	Other current liabilities
Other current liabilities	$ 42	$ 47
Finance Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Long-term debt	Long-term debt
Other long-term liabilities	$ 114	$ 129
Total finance lease liabilities	$ 156	$ 176

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Operating Lease Information (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted average lease term (years)	8 years	9 years
Weighted average discount rate	3.26%	2.91%

Leases - Schedule of Future Lease Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating Leases
2023	$ 196
2024	140
2025	106
2026	79
2027	58
Thereafter	258
Total future undiscounted lease payments	837
Less imputed interest	(116)
Total reported lease liability	721	$ 833
Financing Leases
2023	48
2024	37
2025	29
2026	19
2027	12
Thereafter	57
Total future undiscounted lease payments	202
Less imputed interest	(46)
Total reported lease liability	$ 156	$ 176

Income Taxes - U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Tax Act) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Deemed repatriation tax payable	$ 178	$ 178
Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5)	139	178
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Income Taxes [Line Items]
Tax Act liabilities for deemed repatriation (Note 5)	$ 139	$ 178

Income Taxes - Valuation Allowances Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Carryforwards	$ 289	$ 358
Valuation allowance	276	235	$ 243	$ 222
Deferred tax assets, net operating losses	215
Deferred tax assets, net operating losses, expiring within 5 years	90
Deferred tax assets, net operating losses, expiring after 5 years	42
Deferred tax assets, net operating losses, no expiration	83
Deferred tax assets, tax credit carryforwards	74
Deferred tax assets, tax credit carryforwards, expiring within 5 years	5
Deferred tax assets, tax credit carryforwards, expiring after 5 years	66
Deferred tax assets, tax credit carryforwards, no expiration	3
Accrued income taxes	545
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries	33,000
Unrecognized tax benefits	$ 325	$ 387	$ 452	$ 472

Supplemental Information - Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Derivatives – net of taxes	$ 62	$ 75
Pension/OPEB funded status obligation (net of $54 million tax obligation in 2022 and $305 million tax benefit in 2021) (Note 16)	(60)	(1,130)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,782)	(5,048)
Deferred tax obligation (benefit)	54	(305)
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(3,942)	(3,985)
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,249)	94
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(835)	154
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(241)	24
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	483	(280)
Total
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ (5,784)	$ (3,993)

Property, Plant & Equipment - Net - Property, Plant & Equipment - Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	$ 50,687	$ 48,456
Less: accumulated depreciation	(27,139)	(22,453)
Property. plant and equipment - net	23,548	26,003
Production plants
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	30,554	29,120
Storage tanks
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	4,807	4,441
Transportation equipment and other
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	3,434	2,973
Cylinders
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	4,604	4,474
Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	3,002	3,265
Land and improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	1,047	1,121
Construction in progress
Property, Plant and Equipment
Gross balance	$ 3,239	$ 3,062
Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	3 years
Minimum \| Production plants
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	10 years
Minimum \| Storage tanks
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	15 years
Minimum \| Transportation equipment and other
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	3 years
Minimum \| Cylinders
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	10 years
Minimum \| Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	25 years
Minimum \| Land and improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	0 years
Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	40 years
Maximum \| Production plants
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	20 years
Maximum \| Storage tanks
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	20 years
Maximum \| Transportation equipment and other
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	15 years
Maximum \| Cylinders
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	30 years
Maximum \| Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	40 years
Maximum \| Land and improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Useful life	20 years

Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 27,038	$ 28,201
Foreign currency translation and other	(1,231)	(966)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	(62)	(243)
Goodwill, ending balance	25,817	27,038
Americas
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	9,087	9,083
Foreign currency translation and other	5	(41)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	0	0
Goodwill, ending balance	9,136	9,087
EMEA
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	10,278	10,844
Foreign currency translation and other	(773)	(559)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	(41)	(8)
Goodwill, ending balance	9,492	10,278
APAC
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	4,854	5,262
Foreign currency translation and other	(304)	(173)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	0	(235)
Goodwill, ending balance	4,550	4,854
Engineering
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	2,496	2,682
Foreign currency translation and other	(146)	(186)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	(1)	0
Goodwill, ending balance	2,349	2,496
Other
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	323	330
Foreign currency translation and other	(13)	(7)
Disposals (Note 2 & Note 3)	(20)	0
Goodwill, ending balance	290	323
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	72	46
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions \| Americas
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	44	45
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions \| EMEA
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	28	1
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions \| APAC
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	0	0
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions \| Engineering
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	0	0
2018 Non-Merger Related Acquisitions \| Other
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Acquisitions	$ 0	$ 0

Goodwill - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Goodwill - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill, Impairment Loss	$ 0

Other Intangible Assets - Schedule of Estimated Future Amortization Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 565
2024	537
2025	519
2026	468
2027	460
Thereafter	8,165
Total amortization related to finite-lived intangible assets	10,714
Indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2022	1,706
Net balance	$ 12,420	$ 13,802

Debt - Summary of Outstanding Debt (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2022 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2022 EUR (€)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 EUR (€)
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper			$ 3,926	$ 278
Other borrowings (primarily non U.S.)			191	885
Total short-term debt			4,117	1,163
Long-term
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			13,797	13,044
Less: current portion of long-term debt			(1,599)	(1,709)
Total long-term debt			12,198	11,335
Total debt			17,914	14,207
Repayments of long-term debt			$ 1,785	1,468	$ 2,681
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2022
Long-term
Interest rate		0.25%	0.25%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0	1,137
Repayments of long-term debt \| €		€ 1,000
2.20% Notes due 2022
Long-term
Interest rate	2.20%		2.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0	500
Repayments of long-term debt	$ 500
2.70% Notes due 2023
Long-term
Interest rate			2.70%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 501	500
2.00% Euro denominated notes due 2023
Long-term
Interest rate			2.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 699	759
5.875% GBP denominated notes due 2023
Long-term
Interest rate			5.875%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 367	432
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
Long-term
Interest rate			1.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 588	625
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024
Long-term
Interest rate			1.875%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 324	356
4.800% Notes due 2024
Long-term
Interest rate			4.80%			4.80%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 299	0
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 300
4.700% Notes due 2025
Long-term
Interest rate			4.70%			4.70%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 598	0
Debt instrument, face amount						$ 600
2.65% Notes due 2025
Long-term
Interest rate			2.65%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 400	399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
Long-term
Interest rate			1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 533	565
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
Long-term
Interest rate			0.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 751	799
3.20% Notes due 2026
Long-term
Interest rate			3.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 724	725
3.434% Notes due 2026
Long-term
Interest rate			3.434%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 198	197
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
Long-term
Interest rate			1.652%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 88	94
0.250% Euro denominated notes due 2027
Long-term
Interest rate			0.25%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 802	850
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027
Long-term
Interest rate			1.00%				1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 536	0
Debt instrument, face amount \| €							€ 500
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
Long-term
Interest rate			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 749	879
1.10% Notes due 2030
Long-term
Interest rate			1.10%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 696	696
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
Long-term
Interest rate			1.90%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 111	118
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031
Long-term
Interest rate			1.375%				1.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 803	0
Debt instrument, face amount \| €							€ 750
0.550% Euro denominated notes due 2032
Long-term
Interest rate			0.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 798	847
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
Long-term
Interest rate			0.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 529	565
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035
Long-term
Interest rate			1.625%				1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 849	0
Debt instrument, face amount \| €							€ 800
3.55% Notes due 2042
Long-term
Interest rate			3.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 665	664
2.00% Notes due 2050
Long-term
Interest rate			2.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 296	296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
Long-term
Interest rate			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 731	788
Non U.S. borrowings
Long-term
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			152	243
Other
Long-term
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			10	10
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value \| Interest rate swaps \| Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Long-term
Fair value increase			$ 56	$ 42

Debt - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 07, 2022 USD ($) extensionOption	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Weighted average interest rate of short term debt borrowings		3.20%	0.00%
Five Year Credit Agreement \| Revolving Credit Facility
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility period	5 years
Total facility	$ 5,000,000,000
Line of credit facility, increase limit	$ 6,500,000,000
Number of extension options \| extensionOption	2
Line of credit facility, extension option period	1 year
364-Day Credit Agreement \| Revolving Credit Facility
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility period	364 days
Total facility	$ 1,500,000,000
Credit Agreements \| Revolving Credit Facility
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings outstanding		$ 0

Debt - Other Debt Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 1,599
2024	1,219
2025	1,548
2026	1,686
2027	1,442
Thereafter	6,303
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion	$ 13,797	$ 13,044

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2022 $ in Millions, € in Billions, ¥ in Billions	USD ($) contract	EUR (€)	CNY (¥)
Derivative [Line Items]
Different types of derivative, number \| contract	3
Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Deferred gain	$ 333
Designated as Hedging Instrument \| Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Loss on exchange rate movements	42
Line of Credit \| Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Deferred gain	473
Line of Credit \| Designated as Hedging Instrument \| Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Intercompany Euro-denominated notes and loans	8,500	€ 8.0
Intercompany CNY-denominated loan	$ 500		¥ 3.2

Financial Instruments - Summary of Notional Amount and Gross Fair Value (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	$ 4,726	$ 7,121
Derivative Assets	28	136
Derivative Liabilities	96	35
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Assets	24	101
Other Noncurrent Assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Assets	4	35
Other Current Liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Liabilities	23	27
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Liabilities	73	8
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	3,547	5,112
Derivative Assets	22	49
Derivative Liabilities	17	32
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	3,056	4,427
Derivative Assets	13	22
Derivative Liabilities	7	17
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	449	537
Derivative Assets	9	6
Derivative Liabilities	9	11
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Cross-currency swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	42	148
Derivative Assets	0	21
Derivative Liabilities	1	4
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Assets	0	0
Derivative Liabilities	0	0
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	1,179	2,009
Derivative Assets	6	87
Derivative Liabilities	79	3
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	0	0
Derivative Assets	0	0
Derivative Liabilities	0	0
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	323	758
Derivative Assets	6	14
Derivative Liabilities	5	3
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Assets	0	49
Derivative Liabilities	4	0
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	856	1,251
Derivative Assets	0	24
Derivative Liabilities	$ 70	$ 0

Fair Value Disclosures - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Derivative assets	$ 28	$ 136
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	96	35
Level 1 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	20	42
Total	20	42
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Level 2 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	28	136
Investments and securities	0	0
Total	28	136
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	96	35
Level 3 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	13	20
Total	13	20
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ 0